State of Failure
Page 23
/2002/06/14/world/mideast-turmoil-succession-6-men-who-could-be-contenders
-lead-palestinians-if.html.
106.James Bennet, “Palestinians Approve Limited Scope for Premier Post,” New York Times, March 11, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/03/11/world/palestinians-approve
-limited-scope-for-premier-post.html.
107.Greg Myre, “Palestinian Premier Faces Competing Demands Over Cabinet,” New York Times, April 9, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/04/09/world/palestinian
-premier-faces-competing-demands-over-cabinet.html.
108.Rubin and Rubin, Yasir Arafat, p. 269.
109.Steven Weisman, “White House Is Pressing Israelis to Take Initiatives in Peace Talks,” New York Times, April 17, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/04/17/world
/white-house-is-pressing-israelis-to-take-initiatives-in-peace-talks.html.
110.James Bennet, “MidEast Peace Proposal: The Peace Plan; U.S. and Partners Present Proposal for MidEast Peace,” New York Times, April 30, 2003, www.nytimes
.com/2003/05/01/world/mideast-peace-proposal-peace-plan-us-partners-present-proposal-for-mideast-peace.html.
111.“Bolstering the Palestinian Premier,” New York Times, June 4, 2003, www.nytimes
.com/2003/06/04/opinion/bolstering-the-palestinian-premier.html.
112.Greg Myre, “Abbas Says He Will Use Persuasion, Not Force, in Dealing with Palestinian Militants,” New York Times, June 10, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/06/10
/world/abbas-says-he-will-use-persuasion-not-force-dealing-with-palestinian
-militants.html.
113.Interview with Ghaith al-Omari, Washington, DC, January 18, 2013.
114.James Bennet, “Abbas in Clash Over His Stance in Peace Talks,” New York Times, July 8, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/07/09/world/abbas-in-clash-over-his-stance
-in-peace-talks.html.
115.Robin Wright, “Bush Gives Abbas Praise and Promises,” Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2003, http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jul/26/world/fg-abbas26.
116.Jim Zanotti, “The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service, August 30, 2011, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf.
117.Interview with Ghaith al-Omari, Washington, DC, January 18, 2013.
118.Steven R. Weisman, “The MidEast Turmoil: White House; The U.S. Option: Staying the Course,” New York Times, September 7, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07
/world/the-mideast-turmoil-white-house-the-us-option-staying-the-course.html.
119.Ibid.
120.Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Admits Mideast Plan Is Stalled and Blames Arafat,” New York Times, September 18, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/09/19/world/bush-admits
-mideast-plan-is-stalled-and-blames-arafat.html.
121.Zanotti, “The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations,” www.fas.org/sgp/crs
/mideast/RL34074.pdf.
122.Aaron Pina, “Palestinian Elections,” Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2006, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33269.pdf.
123.Steven R. Weisman, “Bush Welcomes Abbas as Palestinian Leader,” New York Times, January 11, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/01/10/world/americas/10iht
-diplo.html.
124.John Ward Anderson, “Abbas Seeks Revival of ‘Road Map’ Peace Plan,” Washington Post, January 16, 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11464
-2005Jan15.html.
125.Interview with Elliott Abrams, Washington, DC, March 8, 2013.
126.Barry Rubin, “After Arafat,” Middle East Quarterly 11, no. 2 (Spring 2004), www
.meforum.org/606/after-arafat.
127.Ehud Yaari, “The Morning After,” in After Arafat? The Future of Palestinian Politics, ed. Robert Satloff (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001), www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus42.pdf.
128.Haim Malka, “One Law, One Army: A Strategy for Palestinian Disarmament,” Oxford Journal on Good Governance 2, no. 2 (August 2005): 45.
129.Jim Zanotti, “U.S. Security Assistance to the Palestinian Authority,” Congressional Research Service, January 8, 2010, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40664.pdf.
Chapter 8 The Rise of Hamas
1.Ilene Prusher, “Palestinian ‘Third Way’ Rises,” Christian Science Monitor, December 13, 2005, www.csmonitor.com/2005/1213/p06s02-wome.html.
2.“Hamas Landslide Shakes Mideast,” CNN, January 26, 2006, www.cnn.com/2006
/WORLD/meast/01/26/palestinian.election.1604/index.html.
3.Ibid.
4.Interview with Elliott Abrams, Washington, DC, March 8, 2013.
5.Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of the Militant Islamic Movement (New York: Nation Books, 2007), pp. 9–10.
6.Matt Levitt, Hamas: Politics, Charity and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 24.
7.“Hamas Covenant 1988,” The Avalon Project, August 18, 1988, http://avalon.law
.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp.
8.Ibid., pp. 33–34.
9.Azzam Tamimi, Hamas: A History From Within (Northampton, MA: Olive Branch Press, 2007), p. 189.
10.Boaz Ganor, “Hamas—The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Territories,” Survey of Arab Affairs, February 2, 1992, http://jcpa.org/jl/saa27.htm; Graham Usher, “The Rise of Political Islam in the Occupied Territories,” Middle East International, June 25, 1993, p. 20.
11.Michel Jubran and Laura Drake, “The Islamic Fundamentalist Movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,” Middle East Policy 2, no. 2 (May 1993): 13.
12.“FM Peres Reaction to Afula Attack,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, April 6, 1994, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/Speeches/FM%20PERES%20REACTION
%20TO%20AFULA%20ATTACK%20-%2006-Apr-94.
13.Amira Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land Under Siege (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1996), p. 77.
14.Clyde Haberman, “Arafat’s Forces Arrange a Truce with Militants,” New York Times, November 20, 1994, www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/world/arafat-s-forces
-arrange-a-truce-with-militants.html.
15.Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza, p. 84.
16.“Amnesty International Report 1996,” Amnesty International, January 16, 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/19971015003230/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/ai
report/ar96/index.html.
17.Haim Malka, “Hamas: Resistance and Transformation of Palestinian Society,” in Understanding Islamic Charities, ed. Jon B. Alterman and Karin Von Hippel (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007), p. 111.
18.Khaled Abu Toameh, “Abbas: Hamas Planning W. Bank Takeover,” Jerusalem Post, October 28, 2007, www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=80021.
19.Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 180.
20.Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza, p. 76.
21.Chehab, Inside Hamas, pp. 6, 113–114, 224.
22.Ali El-Saleh, “Interview with Hamas’s Said Siyam,” Asharq al-Awsat, November 25, 2007.
23.“Arafat Arrests Hamas Leaders: Angered Militants Promise to Resume Bombings,” CNN, March 9, 1996, http://web.archive.org/web/20000903184821/http://www2
.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/jerusalem_blast/03-09/index.html.
24.Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza, p. 91.
25.“Palestinian Authority Arrests Hamas Leader Rantisi,” CNN, April 9, 1998, http://web.archive.org/web/20010608224324/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD
/meast/9804/09/hamas.arrest/.
26.Amira Hass, “Top Hamas Officials Still in PA Custody,” Haaretz, October 15, 2000.
27.David Schenker, “Palestinian Fictions—Yasser Arafat Stands Alone as th
e Undisputed Leader of the Palestinian Authority and the Palestinians,” The World and I 16, no. 11 (November 2001): 26.
28.Dore Gold, The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West and the Future of the Holy City (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2007), p. 5.
29.Chehab, Inside Hamas, p. 134.
30.Daniel Sobelman and Amos Harel, “PA Frees Hamas Prisoners,” Haaretz, October 6, 2000.
31.Amira Hass, “Hamas Blamed for Attacks against Gaza Liquor Stores,” Haaretz, October 15, 2000.
32.Levitt, Hamas, p. 40.
33.Tamimi, Hamas: A History From Within, p. 201.
34.Ely Karmon, “Hamas’s Terrorism Strategy: Operational Limitations and Political Restraints,” Middle East Review of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (March 2000), www.offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/2000-karmon.pdf.
35.Malka, “Hamas: Resistance and Transformation of Palestinian Society,” p. 106.
36.Levitt, Hamas, pp. 116–117.
37.“Interviews from Gaza: Palestinian Options Under Siege,” Middle East Policy 9, no. 4 (December 2002): 118.
38.“Hamas, Fatah to Resume Ceasefire Talks Within Days: Palestinians,” Agence France-Presse, December 8, 2002 (accessed via LexisNexis).
39.Lamia Lahoud, “Fatah Threatens Hamas in Leaflet,” Jerusalem Post, December 11, 2002 (accessed via LexisNexis).
40.Tamimi, Hamas: A History from Within, p. 187.
41.James Bennet, “Hamas Leader Tells Muslims to Retaliate If U.S. Attacks,” New York Times, February 8, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/02/08/international/middle
east/08MIDE.html.
42.“Hamas Leader Killed in Israeli Air Strike,” PBS, March 22, 2004, www.pbs.org
/newshour/updates/mideast_03-22-04.html.
43.Ibid.
44.Greg Myre, “In Loss of Leaders, Hamas Discovers a Renewed Strength,” New York Times, April 25, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/world/in-loss-of-leaders
-hamas-discovers-a-renewed-strength.html.
45.Yossi Alpher, “Bankruptcy,” Bitterlemons.org, March 29, 2004, www.bitterlemons
.org/previous/bl290304ed12.html.
46.Myre, “In Loss of Leaders, Hamas Discovers a Renewed Strength.”
47.Mitchell Bard, “Will Israel Return to Gaza?” inFocus Quarterly 1, no. 2 (Fall 2007), www.jewishpolicycenter.org/article/60.
48.“Ariel Sharon Describes ‘Disengagement Plan,’” Jewish Virtual Library, December 18, 2003, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/sharon_1203.html.
49.Chehab, Inside Hamas, p. 52.
50.Bard, “Will Israel Return to Gaza?”
51.Khaled Abu Toameh, “PA Official Threatens ‘Fallujah-Style’ Operation Against Hamas,” Jerusalem Post, January 6, 2005 (accessed via LexisNexis).
52.Michael Eisentstadt, The Palestinians: Between State Failure and Civil War (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2007), p. 13, www.wash
ingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=285.
53.Chehab, Inside Hamas, pp. 2–6.
54.Mark Dubowitz, “Terrorist TV in Eurabia,” inFocus Quarterly 1, no. 3 (Winter 2007), www.jewishpolicycenter.org/92/terrorist-tv-in-eurabia.
55.Khaled Abu Toameh, “The Fallen Hope for Palestinian Press Freedom,” Jerusalem Post, January 4, 2006 (accessed via LexisNexis).
56.Robert Berger, “VOA News: First Votes Cast in Palestinian Elections,” US Fed News—Voice of America, January 21, 2006 (accessed via LexisNexis).
57.Rashid Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2006), p. 152.
58.Sara Toth, “Hamas TV Campaign Ad Shows Violence Aimed Symbolically at Government Corruption,” Associated Press, January 22, 2006 (accessed via LexisNexis).
59.“Hamas Calls for Palestinian Unity,” Ma’an News Agency, November 1, 2005, www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=179066.
60.“Hamas Announces PLC List for Tulkarem District,” Ma’an News Agency, December 7, 2005, www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=180294.
61.“Hamas Leader Hania Lays Out Elections Agenda, Including Three Points,” Ma’an News Agency, December 9, 2005, www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails
.aspx?ID=180394.
62.“Hamas to Enter Qassam Brigades Into PA Security Forces, End ‘Bombing Operations,’” Ma’an News Agency, December 19, 2005, www.maannews.net/eng/View
Details.aspx?ID=180783.
63.“Hamas Rejects Relating Kidnappings to Resistance,” Ma’an News Agency, December 31, 2005, www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=181261.
64.“Hamas PLC List Begins Campaign in Jenin, Vows to Combat Corruption and Unemployment,” Ma’an News Agency, January 7, 2006, www.maannews.net/eng
/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=181655.
65.“Popular Resistance Committees Support Hamas List, Announce Joint Operations Room for Armed Resistance Groups,” Ma’an News Agency, January 25, 2006, www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=182377.
66.Aaron Pina, “Palestine Elections,” Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2006, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33269.pdf.
67.“A Crumpling Peace Process and a Greater Public Complaint of Corruption and Chaos Gave Hamas a Limited Advantage Over Fateh, but Fragmentation Within Fateh Turned That Advantage into an Overwhelming Victory,” Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, February 15, 2006, http://pcpsr.org/survey
/polls/2006/exitplcfulljan06e.html.
68.Khaled Abu Toameh, “Fatah Leaders Reeling From ‘The Big Punishment,’” Jerusalem Post, January 27, 2006, www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx
?id=11391.
69.Chris McGreal, “Palestinian Authority ‘May Have Lost Billions,’” Guardian, February 5, 2006, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/06/israel.
Chapter 9 Civil War
1.Shmuel Rosner, “Bush Urges Abbas to Remain in Office Despite Hamas Win,” Haaretz, January 26, 2006, www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/bush-urges-abbas
-to-remain-in-office-despite-hamas-win-1.178627.
2.“Despite Negative Evaluation of Palestinian Conditions Since the Election of Abu Mazin, and Despite the Continued Rise in the Popularity of Hamas, Expected Elections’ Outcome Gives Fateh 44% and Hamas 33% of the Seats of the Next PLC,” Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, June 13, 2005, www.pcpsr.org
/survey/polls/2005/p16epressrelease.html; “On the Eve of the Israeli Withdrawal From the Gaza Strip, 84% See It as Victory for Armed Resistance and 40% Give Hamas Most of the Credit for It; But 62% Are Opposed to Continued Attacks Against Israelis From the Gaza Strip, 60% Support Collection of Arms From Armed Groups in Gaza, Fateh’s Electoral Standing Improved at Hamas’ Expense (47% to 30%), Optimism Prevails Over Pessimism, and 73% Support the Establishment of a Palestinian State in the Gaza Strip That Would Gradually Extend to the West Bank,” Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, September 25, 2005, www.pcpsr.org/survey/polls/2005/p17a.html; “Six Weeks Before the Parliamentary Elections: Fateh Makes Further Gains Compared to September 2005 Results,” Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, December 11, 2005, www.pcpsr
.org/survey/polls/2005/p18epressrelease.html.
3.Martin Kramer, “Polls That Hid Hamas,” Sandbox, January 28, 2006, www.martin
kramer.org/sandbox/2006/01/polls-that-hid-hamas/.
4.Interview with Elliott Abrams, Washington, DC, March 8, 2013.
5.Khalid Amayreh, “Palestinian PM Quits After Poll Upset,” Al-Jazeera, January 27, 2006, www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/01/20084914467631187.html.
6.“Black Pages in the Absence of Justice: Report on Bloody Fighting in the Gaza Strip From 7 to 14 June 2007,” Palestine Center for Human Rights, October 1, 2007, pp. 11–12, www.pchrgaza.org/files/Report
s/English/pdf_spec/Gaza%20Conflict%20-%20
Eng%209%20october.pdf.
7.Ibrahim Barzak, “Fatah, Hamas Gunmen Clash in Gaza,” Associated Press, April 23, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/22/AR2006
042200481.html.
8.Ibid.
9.“Hamas, Fatah Clash Again in Gaza,” Voice of America, May 9, 2006, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/05/10/2006051061003.html.
10.Mohammad Yaghi, “The Growing Anarchy in the Palestinian Territories,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policywatch 1103, May 16, 2006, www.washington
institute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-growing-anarchy-in-the-palestinian-territo
ries.
11.Taghreed al-Khodary, “Gaza: Life Under Hamas Rule,” Arab Reform Bulletin 5, no. 9 (November 2007), www.carnegieendowment.org/files/novemberkhodary1.pdf.
12.Taghreed al-Khodary, “Hamas Police Force Recruits Women in Gaza,” New York Times, January 18, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/01/18/world/middleeast/18gaza
.html.
13.“Black Pages in the Absence of Justice,” p. 13.
14.Ibid.
15.“Black Pages in the Absence of Justice,” pp. 12–15.
16.“Hamas Accuses Fatah Over Attack,” Al-Jazeera, December 15, 2006, www.al
jazeera.com/news/middleeast/2006/12/200852513152100682.html.
17.“Fragile Ceasefire Holds in Gaza,” Al-Jazeera, December 18, 2006, www.aljazeera
.com/news/middleeast/2006/12/200852513816270213.html.
18.Ali El-Saleh, “Interview With Hamas’s Said Siyam,” Asharq al-Awsat, November 25, 2007.
19.Michael Eisentstadt, “The Palestinians: Between State Failure and Civil War,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus 78, December 2007, www
.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=285.
20.“Black Pages in the Absence of Justice,” pp. 16–19.
21.Alfred B. Prados and Christopher M. Blanchard, “Saudi Arabia: Terrorist Financing Issues,” Congressional Research Service, December 8, 2004, www.fas.org/irp
/crs/RL32499.pdf.
22.“Text of Palestinians’ Mecca Agreement,” Agence France-Presse, February 9, 2007, www.lebanonwire.com/0702MLN/07020923AF.asp.