Iron Kingdom
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144. Memorandum of 27 September 1945, HQ IA&C Division C. C. for Germany, BAOR, PRO 1049/595.
145. Allied Control Council Coordinating Committee, Abolition of the State of Prussia, Memorandum by the British Member, 8 August 1946, PRO FO 631/2454, p. 1.
146. Arnd Bauerkämper, ‘Der verlorene Antifaschismus. Die Enteignung der Gutsbesitzer und der Umgang mit dem 20. Juli 1944 bei der Bodenreform in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone’, Zeitschift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 42 (1994), pp. 623–34; id., ‘Die Bodenreform in der Provinz Mark Brandenburg’, in Werner Stang (ed.), Brandenburg im Jahr 1945 (Potsdam, 1995), pp. 265–96.
147. For a panoramic account of the fate of the East-Elbian noble families and their estates, see Walter Görlitz, Die Junker. Adel und Bauer im deutschen Osten. Geschichtliche Bilanz von 7 Jahrhunderten (Glücksburg, 1957), pp. 410–24.
148. Heiger Ostertag, ‘Vom strategischen Bombenkrieg zum sozialistischen Bildersturm. Die Zerstörung Potsdams 1945 und das Schicksal seiner historischen Gebäude nach dem Kriege’, in Bernhard R. Kroener (ed.), Potsdam: Staat, Armee, Residenz in der preussisch-deutschen Militärgeschichte (Berlin, 1993), pp. 487–99; Andreas Kitschke, Die Potsdamer Garnisonkirche (Potsdam, 1991), p. 98; Olaf Groehler, ‘Der Luftkrieg gegen Brandenburg in den letzten Kriegsmonaten’, in Stang (ed.), Brandenburg, pp. 9–37.
149. Cited in Kossert, Ostpreussen, p. 341.
150. Henning Köhler, Das Ende Preussens in französischer Sicht (Berlin, 1982), pp. 13, 18, 20, 23, 25, 29, 40, 43, 47, 75, 96.
151. Uta Lehnert, Der Kaiser und die Siegesallee: réclame royale (Berlin, 1998), pp. 337–40.
152. On these trends in Allied education policy, see Riccarda Torriani, ‘Nazis into Germans: Re-education and Democratisation in the British and French Occupation Zones, 1945–1949’, Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge (2005). I am grateful to Dr Torriani for letting me see a copy of her manuscript before its completion. On Bismarck, see esp. Lothar Machtan, ‘Bismarck’, in François and Schulze (eds.), Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, vol. 2, pp. 620–35, here p. 101.
153. Franz-Lothar Kroll, ‘Friedrich der Grosse’, in François and Schulze (eds.), Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, vol. 2, pp. 86–104, here p. 634.
154. Theodor Fontane, ‘Mein Erstling: Das Schlachtfeld von Gross-Beeren’, in Kurt Schreinert and Jutta Neuendorf-Fürstenau (eds.), Meine Kinderjahre (= Sämtliche Werke, vol. XIV) (Munich, 1961), pp. 189–91.
155. Theodor Fontane to Heinrich von Mühler, Berlin, 2 December 1863, in Otto Drude et al. (eds.), Theodor Fontane. Briefe (5 vols., Munich, 1976–94), vol. 2, pp. 110–11.
156. Cited in Kenneth Attwood, Fontane und das Preussentum (Berlin, 1970), p. 146.
157. Gordon A. Craig, Theodor Fontane. Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich (New York, 1999), p. 50.
158. Rüdiger Schütz, ‘Zur Eingliederung der Rheinlande’, in Peter Baumgart (ed.), Expansion und Integration. Zur Eingliederung neugewonnener Gebiete in den preussischen Staat (Cologne, 1984), pp. 195–226, here p. 225.
159. Kurt Jürgensen, ‘Die Eingliederung Westfalens in den preussischen Staat’, in Baumgart (ed.), Expansion, pp. 227–54, here p. 250.
160. Walter Geschler, Das Preussische Oberpräsidium der Provinz Jülich-Kleve-Berg in Köln 1816–1822 (Cologne, 1967), pp. 200–201; Oswald Hauser, Preussische Staatsräson und nationaler Gedanke. Auf Grund unveröffentlichter Akten aus dem Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landesarchiv (Neumünster, 1960); Arnold Brecht, Federalism and Regionalism in Germany. The Division of Prussia (New York, 1945).
161. See Hans-Georg Aschoff, ‘Die welfische Bewegung und die Deutsch-Hannoversche Partei zwischen 1866 und 1914’, Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, 53 (1981), pp. 41–64.
162. Kurt Jürgensen, ‘Die Eingliederung der Herzogtümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg in das preussische Königreich’, in Baumgart (ed.), Expansion, pp. 327–56, here pp. 350–52.
163. Georg Kunz, Verortete Geschichte. Regionales Geschichtsbewusstsein in den deutschen Historischen Vereinen des 19. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 2000), pp. 312–22. On the interchangeability of local, regional and national concepts of Heimat, see Alon Confino, ‘Federalism and the Heimat Idea in Nineteenth-century Germany’, in Maiken Umbach (ed.), German Federalism (London, 2002), pp. 70–90.
164. Attwood, Fontane und das Preussentum, pp. 15–30. A nuanced monographic study is Gerhard Friedrich, Fontanes preussische Welt. Armee – Dynastie – Staat (Herford, 1988).
165. This essay (and two others on the same theme published in 1848) can be found in Albrecht Gaertner (ed.), Theodor Fontane. Aus meiner Werkstatt. Unbekanntes und Unveröffentlichtes (Berlin, 1950), pp. 8–15.
166. Attwood, Fontane und das Preussentum, pp. 166–7.
167. Andreas Dorpalen, ‘The German Struggle Against Napoleon: The East German View’, Journal of Modern History, 41 (1969), pp. 485–516.
168. See Jan Palmowski, ‘Regional Identities and the Limits of Democratic Centralism in the GDR’, in Journal of Contemporary History (forthcoming). My thanks to Jan Palmowski for allowing me to see this fascinating piece before its appearance in print.
169. Ibid. On Klüss, see also the informative notes in Karl-Heinz Steinbruch, ‘Gemeinde Brunow. History of the Villages of Gemeinde Brunow’, at http://www.thies-site.com/loc/brunow/steinbruch—history—kluess-en.htm; last accessed 23 December 2004.
Index
Abbt, Thomas 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 230
Abegg, Wilhelm 633
absolutism 42, 112–14, 122, 148–9
Aix-La-Chapelle, Peace of (1748) 194–5, 197–8
Albrecht, Duke, of Prussia 9
Albrecht Friedrich, Duke, of Prussia 9–10
Alexander, Tsar 305, 308, 309, 353, 357, 363, 365
Allgemeines Landrecht see General Law Code
Alsace-Lorraine: annexation of 553–4; Zabern affair 607
Altenstein, Karl von 331, 407–8, 416, 432, 434
Alt-Friedland 170–71
Alt-Quilitz 170–71
Altmark 2, 3, 21, 35, 49, 173, 180, 206
Ancillon, Jean Pierre Frédéric 362, 402, 403
Ansbach and Bayreuth, Principalities of 278–80, 300, 342
Anton, Paul 136
Anna of Prussia 10, 15, 28, 76, 120
Archenholtz, Johann Wilhelm 220
Army of Brandenburg-Prussia: mistreatment of Brandenburg subjects in Thirty Year Wars 34–5, transition to a standing army 38, 42, 43, 51–2, 56; introduction of the cantonal system 95–101, 244; standardization of drill and equipment 95–7; Pietism and 132–3; impact on towns 151–3; impact on nobility 157–8; experience of war 206–9; size after 1763 215; movement for reform of 275; decline after 1763 306–7; reforms in Napoleonic era 312–13, 323–7; attitude to insurrection against the French 346–51; mobilization in 1813 361, 363; performance of militia units 373–4, 379–80; role in 1848 484–6; crisis over reform (1859–62) 515–16; roots of success in 1866 537–41; needle-gun and fire tactics 537–40; in French war 550–52; Prussian army in the German Empire 559; discrimination against Jewish officer aspirants 585; ‘Jew Count’ of 1916 585–6; anomalous constitutional status after 1870 603–11; compromise with the political leadership after First World War 622–3; questionable political support for Weimar Republic 628–30, 647; involvement with anti-Nazi resistance 668
Arndt, Ernst Moritz 378, 383, 401, 439
Arnim, Bettina von 453
Arnim, Johann von 55
Arnim-Boitzenburg, Dietlof Count 639
Arnim-Suckow, Heinrich Alexander von 478, 490, 492
Attlee, Clement 673, 674
Atzendorf 99
Auerstedt, Battle of (1806) 298, 307
Auerswald, Hans Jakob von 355–6
Auerswald, Rudolf von 441, 479, 507
Augsburg, Peace of 7, 115
August William, Prince of Prussia 223
Augustenburg, Prince Frederick of 524, 525
Austerlitz, Battle of (1805) 301, 303
Australia 419
Aust
ria (see also Habsburg Monarchy): opposes German union in 1848–50 493–4, 495–6, 498; responses to Prussian initiatives in 1859–65 511, 525–6, 532–3; in war of 1866 538–41; as ally after 1870 554
Austrian Netherlands (see also Belgium) 217
Austrian Succession, War of the 194–5
Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel 185
Baculard d’Arnaud, François Marie 187–8
Baden 218, 295, 485–6, 496, 498, 536
Bamberger, Ludwig 571
Barsewisch, Ernst von 158, 206–7, 208–9
Basle, Treaty of (1795) 292–3, 294, 300
Bautzen, Battle of 365
Bavaria 190–91, 194, 196, 216–17, 295, 368, 393, 395, 496, 498, 536, 546–7, 596
Behrens, Peter 564, 565
Belgium 285, 389, 390
Below, Carl and Gustav von 414–15
Benedek, Ludwig 541–2
Benedetti, Vincent de 548–9
Bennigsen, Rudolf von 515, 545
Berends, Julius 479
Berenhorst, Georg Heinrich 215
Berg, Duchy of 191
Berlin-Cölln (later Berlin) 3, 4, 35–6, 42; religious controversy 117, 121–2, 157; as economic centre 180; centre of enlightenment 249, 251–2, 254–5, 256, 257, 261, 274–6; under French occupation 298, 307, 352–3; University 331–3, 432; poverty in 453–4; revolution of 1848 in 468–75, 476; the ‘Captain of Köpenick’ 596–9; peace rallies 601; partition after 1945 680–81
Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules 366, 367
Bernhard, Isaac 263
Bernstorff, Count Christian Günther von 394, 395, 396, 511
Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich 216
Bernstorff-Wedendorf, Count Andreas von 639
Besser, Garrison Chaplain at Küstrin 109
Besser, Johann von 79
Bestuzhev-Riumin, Alexis P. 197
Bethman Hollweg, Theobald von 607, 611, 653
Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand von 546, 552, 553
Bevin, Ernest 673
Beyme, Karl Friedrich von 346, 403
Bielefeld 180
Biester, Johann Erich 249, 252
Binn, Nikolaus 207–8
Bismarck, Otto von 421, 433, 500, 508; suppresses factionalism within the government 506; press policy 509; appointed Minister-President 517; character and outlook 518–23; Schleswig-Holstein crisis, Danish War 526–32; tactics vis-à-vis parliament 530–31; and Austria in 1864–66 532–4; alliance with Italy (1866) 533; and the victory of 1866 542, 544–6; German policy after Königgrätz 547–50; and Spanish succession crisis 548–50; annexations in 1870 553; motives for attacking Catholic organizations 570–76; hostility to Poles 579–81; relationship with William I 520–21, 588; initiatives in social policy 617–18
Blaskowitz, Johannes 666
Blücher, Gebhardt Leberecht von 350, 354, 366, 371, 372, 373
Böckenberg 167
Bodelschwingh, Ernst von 472
Bonaparte see Napoleon
Borcke, Johann von 296–8, 307
Boyen, Hermann von 325, 386, 403, 440
Brandenburg, Count Friedrich Wilhelm von 481
Brandenburg as province, later federal Land 682–8
Brandenburg-Prussia: geography 1–4; agriculture in 3–4, 162–3; immigration to 3–4, 36, 92, 122, 123, 140–44, 175, 212; political status of 5; hereditary unity of 5–6; geopolitical predicament of 26–7, 44, 48–53; foreign policy 48–53; relations with Habsburg Monarchy 44, 50, 53, 65, 70; attitudes to Poland 233
Brandenburg, City of 30, 31, 145–7
Brass, August 454
Braun, Otto 631, 633, 641, 642, 643, 645, 646, 647, 651–2, 654
Breithaupt, Joachim Justus 136
Breslau 363–364, 452, 454
Breslau, Treaty of 194–5, 221
Breton, William 79, 97
Britain 197, 198–9; as ally of Prussia in Seven Years War 200; as factor in Prussian policy vis-à-vis Napoleon 301–2; as ally against Napoleon 367, 369; policy regarding dissolution of Prussia in 1945–47 675
Brüning, Heinrich 641–2, 643, 644, 648, 650
Brunswick-Lüneburg, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of 288, 298
Brunswick Manifesto 288
Bülow, Bernhard von 583, 606
Bülow, Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von 369, 370, 371
Bunsen, Carl Josias 438
Burg, Meno 425
Callenberg, Johann Heinrich 135
Calvinism 14–15, 21, 22, 28, 40, 254; as religion of the Brandenburg administration 61–2, 67, 115–24; Calvinists as refugees 140–41
Camphausen, Ludolf 477, 478, 479
Caprivi, Leo von 554, 561, 581, 618
Carsted, Samuel Benedikt 99
Catherine II, Tsaritsa of Russia 205
Catholics: toleration of 122–3, 241, 252; in West Prussia 236–7; religious revival 419–20; conflict over interdenominational marriages 420–21, 430; folk religion 421–3; and Hegelianism 433–4; anti-Prussian activism in the south 547; assault on Catholic organizations after 1870 568–76; response to unification 569–70; links to minority ethnicities 569–70; failure of the ‘Kulturkampf’ 572–5; in Polish areas 579–80
Cavour, Camillo di 511
censorship 253, 256–7, 269, 271–273, 463–4, 506–7, 509
Centre Party 575, 617, 630, 631, 633–4
Charles VI, Emperor 142, 190, 193
Charles X of Sweden 44
Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, sometime Emperor 194, 196
Charles Emmanuel, Prince 102
Charlotte, Princess of Prussia, later Alexandra Fedrovna of Russia 398, 494
Charlottenburg 72
Chodowiecki, Daniel 229, 262
Chotusitz, Battle of 195
Christian VIII of Denmark 491
Christian IX of Denmark 523, 531
Churchill, Winston xix, 673
Christian William, Margrave 25
Clausewitz, Karl von 325, 326, 327, 351, 358, 372, 674, 686
Cocceji, Samuel von 164, 253
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 86, 90
Cologne 295, 421, 437, 476, 482, 490, 573
Communists 622, 624–5, 626–7, 641, 642, 643
Conservatives 402–6, 407, 444–5, 456–7, 461–2, 478, 483–4, 503, 560–62, 614–15; 635–6
Cranach, Lucas 8, 117
Crimean War (1854–56) 510
Customs Union of 1834 391–4
Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph 490, 492
Dahrendorf, Ralf 672
Danzig 289
Darget, Claude E. 188
Dawson, William Harbutt 671
Denmark 21–2, 30
Derfflinger, Georg 45
Diestel, Heinrich 423
Diets (see also Parliaments): Provincial 404–5, 408–12, 439; United of 1847 458–62, Second United of 1848 478; Confederal in Frankfurt 534
Disraeli, Benjamin 552
Dohm, Christian Wilhelm 265, 331, 336, 338, 424, 584
Domhardt, Johann Friedrich 236
Dorothea of Holstein 102
Dresden, Peace of (1745) 194
Dreyse needle-gun 537–9
Droste-Vischering, Clemens August Count 420–21
Droysen, Johann Gustav 492, 500
dualism between Austria and Prussia 216, 288, 292–3; in the German Confederation 391–8; in 1848–50 493–4, 496–9; in 1859–66 525–6, 532–3; comes to an end in 1866 545–6, 552–3
Ducal Prussia (later East Prussia) 10–14, 22, 49, 52, 280; Brandenburg acquires sovereignty over 53–4; Estates in, as opponents of Elector’s policy 53–60, 65; crisis of 1709–10 86–7; nobility of 157; in Seven Years War 210; strategic significance of 244–5; political complexion 408–10, 428; after 1945 677–8
Duhan de Jandun, Jacques-Egide 104, 189
Duppel, Battle of (1866) 528–9
Düsseldorf 462, 482, 485, 591, 601