Iron Kingdom

by Clark, Christopher

  Düsselthal 413–14

  Dutch Republic 101; as alliance partner 15, 51–2; as model for Brandenburg policy 40–41, 43; economic significance for western provinces 180; William II’s flight to Holland in November 1918 613–14

  East Prussia see Ducal Prussia

  Ebel, Johann Wilhelm 423

  Ebert, Friedrich 621, 622, 623, 625, 653–4

  Edelmann, Johann Christian 254–5

  Eden, Anthony 673

  Ehrhardt, Hermann 628–9

  Eichel, August Friedrich 245

  Eichhorn, Emil 625–6

  Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich von 396, 439–40

  Elbe river 2, 93

  Elisabeth, Tsaritsa of Russia 197, 199, 204, 245, 662

  Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, Queen of Prussia 109–10, 111, 188–9, 193

  Emmerich 210

  Engel, Andreas 115–16

  Engels, Friedrich 464, 488, 498–9

  Enlightenment 247–83

  Eosander, Johann Friedrich 73

  Ephraim, Veitel Heine 257–8

  Ermland 232

  Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg 42

  Estates of Brandenburg-Prussia: political role of 14, 21; resistance to the Elector’s foreign policy 28–9; fiscal privileges of 28–9, 37; conflict with the central executive after the Northern War 54–64; decline in political power 61–4, 93–4; endurance of provincial authority 113–14; involvement in religious controversy 118; in the era of reform 278; and General Code 281–2; role in East Prussian upheavals of 1812–13 360–62; increasingly plutocratic character after 1815 408–9

  Eupen-Malmédy 428

  Eylert, Rulemann Friedrich 416

  executive structures of the Brandenburg-Prussian state: early consolidation 15; confessional and political factionalism 14, 26–9, 87; concentration during and after the Northern War of 1655–60 43–4, 58, 61–4; centralizing reforms under Frederick William I 85–94; limited scope of in early 18th century 111–14; factionalism in the Napoleonic era 301–304; efforts to streamline in Napoleonic era 321–3, 341–2; limits of reform in same 338–44; fissures after 1815 facilitate Austrian interference 396–7, 498; Cabinet Order of 1852 506

  Falkenhayn, Erich von 610

  Fäsch, Johann Rudolf 181

  Fassmann, David 80

  Fehrbellin 44–7, 50, 220

  Ferdinand II, Habsburg Emperor 19, 22, 25

  Ferdinand III, Habsburg Emperor 49

  Fichte, Johann Gottlob 264, 377, 386, 663

  Firmian, Archbishop Anton 142

  First World War 607–11; anti-Prussian sentiments in troop contingents 609; extension of Law of Siege to Empire 609

  Flottwell, Eduard Heinrich 411, 439

  Fontane, Theodor 168, 381, 681–3

  France: role in the Jülich-Kleve crisis 16; in Thirty Years War 19, 139; as supporter of Brandenburg territorial claims in 1648 48; as ally and enemy during reign of Louis XIV 51–2; as model for administrative reforms 86, 90; as model, ally and enemy for Frederick II 111, 184–5, 198–200; impact of Seven Years War on 211; war scares in 1830 and 1840 394–5, 396; news of revolution in 1848 468; opposes Prussia-led union in 1848–50 499; mobilization against (1859) 511; neutral in Austro-Prussian conflict 533; after Königgrätz 547–9; Spanish succession crisis 548–50; war of 1870–71 550–52; hostility to the German Empire after 1870 553–4

  Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 218

  Francis Joseph, Austrian Emperor 532, 542, 595

  Francke, August Hermann 124–6, 128–36, 138

  Frankfurt/Main 130, 542

  Frankfurt/Oder 23, 154, 221, 252

  Frederick I, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Elector of Brandenburg 4

  Frederick I, King in Prussia, formerly Frederick III Elector of Brandenburg 67–77, 78, 83, 84, 102–3, 140–141

  Frederick II, ‘the Great’xxv, 19, 73, 84, 98, 101; conflict with his father 101–11; and religion 136, 217–19; and the nobility 157; economic policy 175–9, 213–15; personality 183–90; invasion of Silesia 192–200; battle tactics 200–204; and Russia 212; social policy 213–14; patriotic enthusiasm for 219–30; attitude to Poland 233–9; and the Prussian state 239–46; as practitioner of enlightenment 252–5, 282; and League of Princes 217, 285; as model for Napoleon 307; in Nazi memory 661, 663; Hitler’s regard for 662; fluctuating place in German official memory after 1945 680, 686

  Frederick III, Emperor 517, 542, 589

  Frederick V, Elector Palatine 28, 40, 139

  Frederick VII of Denmark 491, 492, 523, 524

  Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony, aka King Augustus III of Poland 192–3

  Frederick Augustus I, King of Saxony 310

  Frederick Charles, Prince, of Prussia 528

  Frederick Henry of Orange, Stadtholder 40

  Frederick William, Crown Prince see Frederick III, Emperor

  Frederick William, ‘the Great Elector’ xxiv, 322; consolidation of army and state 38–66; conflict with his father 101–2; 120, 121–4; confessional foreign policy 139–40; in Nazi memory 661

  Frederick William I, King: and the repudiation of court culture 75, 78–84; administrative reform 85–94, 111–14, 245–6; and the grain economy 92–3; obsession with the military 95–7; conflict with his son 101–11; and the Pietists 131–4; and Salzburg Protestants 141–4; and the nobility 157; and relations with Austria 191–2 in Nazi memory 661

  Frederick William II 84, 267–9, 280; and foreign policy 285–7, 292–4

  Frederick William III: foreign policy in the Napoleonic era 298–310; public and private persona 314–20; involvement in reform 312–14, 318–20, 325, 327, 333; foreign policy 1809 345–7; opposes insurrection against French 349–50, 353, 354, 357–8, 362; opts for anti-French alliance 362–3; Wars of Liberation 365; turn to conservatism 402–3, 436; and Poles in Prussia 410; advocacy of Prussian Church Union 415–16; conflict with Old Lutheran separatists 417–19; and evangelization of Jews 425–6

  Frederick William IV 76, 397; personality, political outlook 436–40; attitude to Catholicism 437–8; ecclesiastical policy 438; romanticism of 438–9; quashes liberal speculation 440–42; popular opposition and caricature 448–9; opens the United Diet of 1847 460–61; response to revolution in 1848 471–2, 474–5, 476–7, 479, 488–9; commitment to national cause 489–91, 494–5, 497–8, 556; creates Prussian ‘House of Lords’ 560–61; sympathy with Polish national aspirations 577

  Freemasonry 248, 252, 268, 270, 275

  Frick, Heinrich 641

  Friedländer, David 261, 267, 336, 337

  Friedrich, Caspar David 383

  Friedrichsburg (West Africa) 38, 41, 98

  Friedrichswalde 179

  Fuchs, Paul von 52

  Füssel, Martin 117

  Gastein, Convention of (1865) 532–3

  Gayl, Wilhelm von 644, 645, 652

  Gedicke, Lampertus 132

  Gedike, Friedrich 249

  gender relations: at the Brandenburg court 28, 76–7, 83; among the nobility 169–71; among peasantry 171–4; at the court of Frederick II 188–9; in the Berlin enlightenment 264; at the court of Frederick William II 267–8; and the Wars of Liberation 375, 376–8

  General Law Code (Allgemeines Landrecht of 1794) 242, 255, 281–3, 418, 427, 430

  General Directory 87–9, 93, 241, 245, 328

  Gentz, Friedrich 266, 379

  George William, Elector 14, 20–29, 41, 55, 76, 101, 105, 310

  Gerhardt, Paul 121

  Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von 571

  Gerlach, Leopold von 330, 364, 386, 437, 444, 462, 481

  German Confederation 389–91, 501

  German Empire, constitution of 1871: place of Prussia in 556–60; the Prussian monarch in 587–96

  Gersdorff, Rudolf von 669–70

  Gigas, David 121

  Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig 221, 225–6, 250–51

  Glogau 240

  Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Neidhardt von 325, 350–51, 353, 373, 403, 440, 661, 674

&nb
sp; Goebbels, Josef 647, 651, 655–7, 658, 660–62

  Goering, Hermann 650, 664

  Goerres, Joseph 421

  Goldbeck, Heinrich Julius von 319

  Goltz, August Friedrich Ferdinand von der 346, 350

  Gossler, Christoph 182

  Götzen, Sigismund von 27

  Gotzkowsky, Ernst 181–2

  Grattenauer, Karl Wilhelm 265–6

  Gregory XVI, Pope 420

  Groeben, Karl von der 437

  Groener, Wilhelm 622–3, 625, 654

  Grolman, Karl Wilhelm Georg von 325–6, 372, 386, 403

  Gross Friedrichsburg 41, 93

  Gross Salze 176, 177

  Grossbeeren, Battle of (1813) 367, 371, 681

  Grosz, George 627

  Grumbkow, Friedrich Wilhelm von 105, 111, 188

  Grün, Karl 455

  Gruner, Justus 349, 355, 403

  Grunholzer, Heinrich 453–4, 455

  Grzesinski, Albert 642, 645, 650–51

  Gulbransson, Olav 593–4

  Gumbinnen 357, 429

  Gundling, Jakob Paul von 80–83

  Gustavus Adolphus, King 22, 23

  gymnastic movement (Turnbewegung) 351–2, 377, 384–5, 401–2

  Habsburg monarchy 5; opposed to Brandenburg expansion 50, 52–3; and royal Prussian title 70–71, 191–2; and the invasion of Silesia 190–201; involvement in Polish partitions 231–2; foreign policy in revolutionary era 294, 296, 304; in Wars of Liberation 365–6

  Halberstadt 48, 154, 159, 220, 221, 244, 251, 298

  Halle 127–37, 176, 253, 272

  Hamann, Johann Georg 138, 250

  Hanover, Electorate (later Kingdom of) 217, 278, 299–300, 389, 393, 496, 535, 536–7, 542, 545; focus of provincial identity after 1866 684

  Hansemann, David 461–2, 477, 479

  Hardenberg, Karl August von: activities before 1806 278–80, 301–2, 303–4, 318, 320–21; critique of ‘cabinet system’ 321–3; constitutional reforms 334–5, 340; economic reforms 339–41; Jewish emancipation 336–7, 424, 663; State Indebtedness Law 342, 458, 459, 504; publicity and communication 342–4; opposes insurrection against French 353–4, 362; loyalty to Prussia 386; conservative opposition to 338–40, 402–3, 404

  Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von 212, 293, 301, 302

  Hauptmann, Gerhard 563–4

  Havelberg 45, 147–8

  Havelland district 3, 30, 35, 45–6, 91

  Hecker, Johann 134

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 138, 431–5, 615–16, 652

  Heimannsberg, Marcus 633–4, 646

  Heine, Heinrich 452, 462–3, 464–5

  Heinitz, Friedrich Anton von 177, 241

  Herero: uprising 604; extermination of 604–7

  Herklot, Karl Alexander von 315

  Hermes, Hermann Daniel 272

  Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf von 285–6, 289

  Herz, Henriette 264, 266

  Hesse-Darmstadt 391, 536, 542, 567

  Hesse-Kassel 218, 389, 496–7, 542

  Heyde, Johann Friedrich 222

  Heydt, August von der 505

  Hildesheim 295

  Hillmer, Gottlob Friedrich 272

  Hindenburg und Beneckendorff, Paul von: ascendancy during First World War 609–11; blocks leftist initiatives in 1918/1919 623–4; insubordination 628; loses faith in Brüning 643–4; role in dissolution of democratic Prussia 644–6; decides against a coup d’état 648–9; appoints Hitler 650; place in Prussian history 653–4; at ‘Day of Potsdam’ (1933) 656–7; burial honours 658

  Hippel, Theodor Gottfried 363

  history: awareness of within the Brandenburg elite 65–6, 71, 186, 431–2

  Hitler, Adolf 642, 649, 650, 651, 654, 655–9

  Hobbes, Thomas 36

  Hochkirch, Battle of (1758) 204, 206–7

  Hohenfriedberg, Battle of 194, 195

  Hohenzollern dynasty: Franconian origins 4; marital alliances 9–10, 15; styles of kingship 84; tension between the generations 101–11

  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Leopold of 548

  Holocaust: Prussia and 666–7

  Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 4–6, 57–8, 200, 215–16, 242–3, 287, 293, 294, 295, 296

  Hoym, Carl Georg Heinrich von 177

  Hubertusburg, Peace of 186, 206

  Hufeland, Gottfried 271

  Humboldt, Wilhelm von 264, 280, 331–3, 336, 389, 403, 481

  Hungary 285, 533

  Independent Social Democrats (USPD) 622, 624, 625

  Italian War (1859) 511, 513

  Itzig, Daniel 257–8

  Itzig, Isaac Daniel 261

  Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 351–2, 377, 384–5, 401, 730 (n. 93)

  Jakoby, Johann 443

  Jena, Battle of (1806) 296–8, 307

  Jews: readmitted under Great Elector 123–4; evangelization of 135, 137, 260; and enlightenment 257–7; legal restrictions on 258–9; occupational structure 259–60; emancipation 336–8, 341, 427–8, 583; as military volunteers 374–5, 381–2; and the ‘Christian state’ 424–7; project to organize on a corporate basis (1841) 445; discrimination against applicants for public office 583–7; anti-Jewish riot in Konitz (West Prussia) 586; anti-Semitism after 1918 637–8

  Joachim I, Elector 6, 7

  Joachim II, Elector 7–8, 9

  Joachim Frederick, Elector 6, 10

  John Casimir, King of Poland 49

  John George, Elector 6, 8–9

  John George II of Anhalt 61

  John George of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf, Margrave 117–18

  John Sigismund, Elector 10, 15, 16, 17, 41, 115–20

  Joseph I, Emperor 191

  Joseph II, Emperor 212, 217

  Jülich-Kleve territorial complex: Hohenzollern claim to 10–13, 16; geopolitical situation of 10–13; international crisis of 1610 16; Estates activism in 55, 57

  Junker: as type 167–9

  Jutland 44, 50

  Kamptz, Karl Albert von 403, 440

  Kant, Immanuel 137, 247–8, 255, 270, 271

  Kanter, Johann Jakob 250

  Kapp, Wolfgang 629, 633, 646

  Karsch, Anna Louise 226

  Kashubians 239, 428

  Katte, Hans Hermann von 106–10, 129, 661

  Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von 197–8, 200, 212, 216

  Keith, Jakob (James) 206–7

  Kesseldorf, Battle of 194

  Kessler, Harry 619–20, 626, 627

  Kircheisen, Friedrich Leopold von 280

  Klein, Ernst Ferdinand 252, 275, 331

  Kleist, Andreas Joachim 167

  Kleist, Christian Ewald von 221–2

  Kleist, Hans von 571

  Kleist, Heinrich von 47, 264, 351, 481

  Kleist, Maria Elisabeth von 169

  Kleist-Retzow, Hans Hugo von 508

  Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von 668

  Kleve 17, 42, 54, 55, 57, 89, 91, 150, 210, 223, 244, 277, 428

  Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich von dem 324, 357

  Knesebeck, Levin von 27

  Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenceslaus von 241

  Knyphausen, Dodo von 85

  Kolbe von Wartenberg, Johann Casimir 87

  Kolberg 157, 325, 347, 354, 421, 661

  Kolin, Battle of 203

  Kollwitz, Käthe 565

  Königsberg: 17, 42, 53; as core of resistance to Elector Frederick William 54, 58–60; as site of the coronation of 1701 69–70; as centre of Lutheran resistance to Calvinist policy 121, 122; Pietism in 134, 138; commercial and political decline of 149; patriotism in 223; centre of enlightenment 247–8, 250, 261; during French occupation 347, 348; centre of insurrection in 1813 360–62; religious stirrings in 423; centre of liberal dissent 441–;2, 467; revolution of 1848 476; Jews in 584; national church congress of 1927 637; destruction and re-settlement after 1945 677–8