Iron Kingdom
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Königgrätz, Battle of 536, 541–2
Köpenick, 24
Körner, Theodor 379
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 292
Kottwitz, Hans Ernst von 413
Kotzebue, August von 399–400
Krefeld 180, 181
Kulm 239
Kunersdorf, Battle of (1759) 203–4, 208
Küstrin 23, 25, 38, 106, 109–10, 243
La Motte Fouqué, Friedrich Karl de 316
Laing, Samuel 429
Landwehr: in action in 1813–15 370, 373–4; political significance of 379–80; in 1848 484; decline after 1848 513–15
Langenbielau 450–41, 465
Lavater, Johann Kaspar, 265
League of Princes (1785) 217
Leber, Julius 670
Leipzig 124–5, 130
Leipzig, Battle of (1813): 367–371; memory of 380–81, 399
Leistikow, Walter 565
Lenzen 34
Leopold, Emperor 51, 102
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 222, 250, 262, 263
Lestwitz, Charlotte Helene von 170–71
Leuchtmar, Johann Friedrich von 42–3
Leuthen, Battle of (1757) 202, 208
Leuthinger, Nicolaus 1
Leutwein, Theodor Gotthilf von 604–6
Levin, Rahel, 264, 266, 375
Leyen, Johann and Friedrich von der 181–2
Liberals: in the pre-March 441–3, 460–61; in 1848 478; collaboration with government after 1848 504–5; opposition to military reforms 515–16; constitutional crisis 516–17; response to Prussian victory in 1866 542–4; in Prussian cities after 1871 563; anti-Catholicism 570–71; support for Germanization measures in Prussian Poland 581, and anti-militarism 599–600; in Prussia’s republican coalitions 630; in police administration 633; collapse of electoral support in Prussia 643
Lieberkühn, Philipp Julius 155
Liebermann, Max 565
Liebknecht, Karl 626
Liège, Bishopric of 285–6
Liegnitz, Battle of (1760) 201
Ligny, Battle of (1815) 372
Lithuania, Prussian: 134, 142, 429
Lobositz, Battle of (1756) 201, 207–8
Löcknitz, 35, 165
Louis XIV of France, 44, 45, 47, 75, 139, 294, 322
Louis XV of France, 198, 211
Louis XVI of France, 211, 255, 289
Louis Ferdinand, Prince 304
Louise Henriette of Orange, 40
Luckenwalde 179
Ludendorff, Erich 609–11, 622–3
Ludwig I of Bavaria 439
Lünig, Johann Christian 69
Luise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia 299, 303, 310, 312, 316–18; 376–7
Lutheranism: 61, 254; in conflict with the Calvinist executive 115–24; and Pietism 132–9; opposition to Prussian Union of 1817 416–19, 438; folk religion 422–3; pressure on ecclesiastical infrastructure after 1918 636–8
Lüttwitz, Walther von 625, 628, 629, 633, 646
Lützen, Battle of 365
Lützow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von 364, 379–80
Luxemburg, Rosa 624, 626
Lysius, Heinrich 134
Macdonald, Alexandre 358, 367, 369
Magdeburg, 24–5, 48, 99, 104, 157, 159, 243, 244; Estates resist new taxes 91; Lutheran hostility to Calvinists and Pietists 127–8; as economic centre 180, 220
Mainz 295
Malapane Hütte, 176
Malmø, Armistice of 492–3
Manteuffel, Edwin von 516–17, 522
Manteuffel, Otto von 500, 502, 503, 504, 505–506, 507, 522, 578
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg 23, 28, 76
Maria Theresa, Empress 142, 190, 193–4, 197–8, 201, 218
Marie Antoinette of France, 211, 285
Mark, County of 16, 20, 27, 55, 57, 63, 89, 91, 180, 210, 223, 277
Marwitz, Friedrich August Ludwig von der 330, 444, 652
Marx, Karl 435, 457, 483, 498–9
Massenbach, Christian von 323
Masuria 134, 212, 428, 580, 608, 640
Mazarin, Cardinal 139
Meisner, Balthasar 120
Mendelssohn, Moses 250, 260–63
Menzel, Adolph 229
Messel, Alfred 564, 565
Metternich, Prince Clemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von 1, 365, 371, 391–2, 404, 471, 490
Mettrie, Jules Offray de la 187
Mevissen, Gustav 543
Miquel, Johannes 545
Mieroslawski, Ludwik 577, 578
Militarism 600–603
Miller Arnold Affair 243–4
Minden 48, 278
Minutoli, Julius von 469, 472
Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riquetti, Count 178–9, 267
Mittelmark 2, 166, 179
Mittenzwei, Ingrid 686
Mittwochsgesellschaft see Wednesday Club
Möllendorf, Wichard Joachim Heinrich 324–5
Moeller van der Bruck, Arthur 657
Mohrungen 408, 409
Mollwitz, Battle of 194, 195
Moltke, Helmut von 458, 526, 536, 537, 544, 551
Motz, Friedrich von 394
Müller, Hermann 641
Münchow, Ludwig Wilhelm von 240–41
Muir, Ramsay 670–71
Mylius, Christian Otto 106
Nantes, Edict of 140
Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul, Emperor 284, 294, 295, 300, 302, 304, 305–6, 307–9, 322, 338, 349, 352–6, 365–72
Napoleon III, French Emperor 512, 525, 547–8, 552
Nassau, County of 294, 393, 542
Nassau-Siegen, John Moritz von 61–2
nationalism: as problem for post-Napoleonic Prussia 386–95; in 1848 486–95; and small-German union 499–500, 514–15; in Schleswig-Holstein crisis 524, 530; nationalist organizations and Germanization measures in Prussian Poland 581; nationalists (DNVP) in Weimar Prussia 635, 636–7; press for dissolution of Landtag 643
National Socialists (Nazis): 640–45, 647–51, 655–70; cult of ‘Prussiandom’ 655–63; dissolution of Prussia as administrative entity 663–4
neo-stoicism 40
Netze District 232, 233, 237, 238–9
Neuenburg/Neuchâtel 244
Neumark, 2, 22, 159, 210
Neurath 422
Neuruppin 155
Neustadt 356
neutrality, as geopolitical option 23–4; 293–4; 299–305
Nicholas I, Tsar 398, 492, 499
Nicolai, Friedrich 129, 222, 224, 227–8, 252, 263, 273
nobility (see also Estates): and the army 98–9, 113–14, 157; wealth and status 155–6; kinship networks 156–7; plurality of provincial nobilities 157; financial difficulties of 159–60; as landowners 160–64; and changes in manorial justice 164; in the face of peasant disobedience 166–7; gender roles in 167–71; state conservation of 237; patrimonial justice in the era of reform 341; decline of corporate privilege 408–9; changing patterns of landownership 502; impact of 1918 defeat 638–9; agrarian interest politics 638–9; and monarchism 639, 664–5; quest for authoritarian leadership 639; role in dissolution of democratic Prussia 644, 650; relationship with Nazi movement and regime 665–6; role in anti-Nazi resistance 667; demise of East-Elbian nobility 676
North German Confederation 542, 545–6
Northern War (1655–60) 43, 44
Northern War, Great (1700–1721) 86
Noske, Gustav 625, 626–7, 628
Nowy Targ 231
Nymphenburg, League of 194, 242
Oberbarnim District 31
Oder river 2, 35, 48, 93, 192, 237
Oderbruch floodplain 35, 91–2
Oliva, Peace of 50, 54, 58
Olmütz, Punctation of 497–500
Oppenheimer, Moritz Daniel 382
Ortelsburg 312
Osterwieck 154
Paderborn 295, 421
Palatinate, The 14–15, 295, 395, 533
Panin, Nikita 215
Papen, Franz von 644, 645, 647, 648, 649, 652
&nb
sp; Paris, Treaty of (1763) 206
parliaments (see also Diets): National Assembly in Berlin (1848) 478–82; in Frankfurt (1848) 487–8, 493–4; Prussian Landtag after 1848 501–2, 560, 581; Prussian ‘House of Lords’ 560, 669; German Reichstag 560, 562–3; three-class franchise in Prussia 561–2; abolition of same 635; DNVP call for dissolution of Landtag 643
peasants: labour services 163–4; resistance of illegitimate demands from landlords 164–7; gender relations, moral economy 171–4; and manorial justice 174; in annexed areas of Poland 238; as objects of reformist initiatives 319–20, 327–30
Peitz 3, 60
Perleberg, County of 687–8
Pfalz-Neuburg, Dukes of 16, 17
Pfuel, Ernst Heinrich Adolf von 471, 472, 480–81
Pietism: as movement of reform within Lutheranism 124–7; in the city of Halle 127–37; cultural impact 137–9
Pillnitz, Declaration of 287
Poelzig, Hans 564, 565
Poland: and the Brandenburg claim to Ducal Prussia 10, 39, 42, 44, 49, 50, 58–60, 65, 70; Brandenburg relations with 79; Russian designs on in Seven Years War 200; declining political stability 230–31; Partitions of 186, 211, 231–9, 289–92; nobility of 237–8; impact of partitions on Prussian security 293–4; Wars of Liberation and 363; re-partition in 1814–15 388; regional politics in Posen 410–11; uprising of 1830 410–11; Poles as linguistic and ethnic minority 428, 439, 466; national movement 443, 478, 577–8; Prussian Poles in the German Empire 576–83; ‘Germanization’ measures in Prussian Poland 578–83; Polish uprising in 1918 620
Polish Succession, War of the (1733–38) 190
Pomerania 9, 20, 25, 26, 42, 44, 48–50, 55, 150, 156, 157, 159, 210, 220, 347–8, 414–15, 484
Poniatowski, Stanislaw August, King of Poland, see Stanislaw, King 231
Posen, Grand Duchy, later Province of 410–11; anti-Catholic campaign in 573
Potsdam: 2, 35–6, 262; refuge of Frederick II after Seven Years War 227; in 1848 477; ‘Day of Potsdam’ (1933) 655–7
Potsdam, Edict of 140
Plaue 30, 32
Plehwe, Hans Rudolf von 402
Pragmatic Sanction 190–91
Prague, Battle of (1757) 202, 220
Prague, Peace of 25
Prenzlau 151, 154
Preuss, Hugo 620, 621
Preussisch-Eylau, Battle of 308
Prignitz, 2, 21, 30, 34, 36, 156, 165–6
Prittwitz, Karl Ludwig von 471, 472, 474
Privy Council (Geheimer Rat) 14, 62
Protestant church (Prussian Union) after 1918 636–8; ethnocentrism and anti-Semitism in 637–8
‘Prussian School’ (of historians) xix–xx
Pufendorf, Samuel, 36–7, 47, 71, 240, 615
Quantz, Johann Joachim 185
Raby, Lord 72, 78
Radowitz, Joseph Maria von 397, 495, 498, 511
Radziwill, Prince Boguslav 61–2
Ramler, Karl Wilhelm 219, 250–51
Ranke, Leopold von 434
Rastatt 295, 486
Rathenow 45
Ravensberg, County of 16, 20, 180, 278
Ravenstein, Lordship of 16
Rebeur, Jean-Philippe, 103
Rechberg, Johann Bernhard von 525
Recke, Count Adalbert von der 413–14
Reden, Friedrich Wilhelm von 179
Reformation 7–9
Reichenbach, Convention of (1790) 286
Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813) 366
Rhineland Province: Prussian acquisition of (1815) 389, 391; political mobilization in 405, 406, 411–12, 446–7; legal system 427; revolutions of 1848 476, 481–2, 483, 485; industrial growth in 531; bastion of oppositional politics after 1871 562–3; separatism in, after First World War 620; regionalist sentiment 684
Ritter, Doris 107
Rochlitz, Friedrich 368–9
Rochow, Gustav Adolf Rochus von 418–19, 440–41
Rodbertus, Carl 616
Roon, Albrecht von 517, 529
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 673–4
Rosenberg, Alfred 657
Rosenberg, Hans 162
Rosicrucians 268–9, 270
Rossbach, Battle of (1757) 201, 202, 219, 225
Roth, Hieronymus 59–60
Royal Prussia (see also West Prussia) 231–9
Rüchel, Ernst Wilhelm Friedrich von 296–7, 303
Rühle von Lilienstern, Johann Jakob Otto August 395, 396
Ruge, Arnold 457
Rumbold, Sir George 300
Russia: as a factor in Prussian foreign policy 190, 197, 198–200; and Seven Years War 198–200, 203–5, 211–12; attitudes to 224–5; role in partitions of Poland 231–2, 289–92; relations with Napoleonic France 299–300, 303, 308; as prospective Prussian ally after 1809 345, 353–4, 356; in anti-French coalition 362–3, 366; as factor in Russian foreign policy after 1815 398; opposes Prussian-led union in 1848–50 492, 496, 499; breaks with Austria after Crimea 512; neutral in Austro-Prussian conflict 533–4; gravitates towards France in 1880s and 1890s 554–5; attitude to Prussian tradition in 1944–45 674–5
Saalfeld, Battle of (1806) 306
Sack, August Friedrich Wilhelm 220
Sack, Johann August 345, 348, 349
St Germain, Peace of 50
St Petersburg, Convention of (1755) 198
St Petersburg, Treaty of (1793) 289
Salzburg, Archbishopric of, exodus of the Protestants from 141–144
Sand, Karl 399–401, 447
Saxony, Electorate of, later Kingdom of: 7, 20, 23, 139; expulsion of the Pietists 124–5; invasion of 186, 199–200; rivalry with Prussia 190, 193, 194, 196, 217; as ally against Napoleon in 1806 303; sides with Napoleon in 1813 364, 366; troops defect to Allies in 1813 369; partition of in 1815 388–9; in the German Confederation 393; source of Lutheran activism 417; defects from Erfurt Union 496, 498; Austrian ally in 1866 535
Schack, Major von 109
Schadow, Johann Gottfried 275, 316, 317
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von 324, 326, 355, 360, 363, 383, 440, 686
Scharnweber, Christian Friedrich 339
Scheidemann, Philipp 613, 619, 625
Schill, Ferdinand von 347–349, 350, 364, 661
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 382–3, 565, 659–60
Schleicher, Kurt von 644, 645, 647, 649, 650, 652–3
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 264, 663
Schleinitz, Alexander von 511, 513
Schleswig-Holstein: 44, 50, 488, 491–3, 523–5; under joint Austro-Prussian occupation 531–3; annexed by Prussia 542; regionalist sentiment 684–5
Schlüter, Andreas 73
Schmalz, Theodor Anton Heinrich 378–9
Schmoller, Gustav 179, 616–17
Schön, Theodor von 318, 357, 384, 423, 441, 460
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (1805) 301–2
Schools: 112, 133–4; military 157–8; reforms 331–2; after 1815 406–7
Schroetter, Friedrich Leopold von 280, 318, 336
Schuckmann, Kaspar Friedrich von 280
Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof von der 665, 667, 668