The Three Emperors
Page 64
41 GRADUALLY TURNED INTO: Figes, A People’s, p. 263.
42 LOW PERSONAL INTERESTS … TO CONQUER: Gilliard, p. 137.
43 THIS IS SO: Lincoln, p. 692.
44 FULLY IN TUNE: Krivoshein, quoted in ibid.
45 CATASTROPHE: Vorres, p. 148.
46 MADE POLITICS A … SECRET WISHES: Gilliard, pp. 205, 142.
47 HOW I WISH: 30 Aug. 1916, Fuhrman, p. 558.
48 EXTREMELY NERVOUS: Mossolov, p. 174.
49 SHE OFTEN HAD: Gilliard, p. 143.
50 WE ARE NOT: 17 Jan. 1915, Stevenson, p. 26.
51 IT LENT £40 MILLION: See Neilson, p. 351.
52 AUNT ALIX WIRES: Minny to N, 1 [OS]/14 Feb. 1915, Bing, p. 292.
53 I HAVE JUST: Minny to N, 22 May [OS]/4 June 1916, ibid., p. 297.
54 IT IS SUCH: N to G, 11 [OS]/24 Jan. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/5.
55 WILLIAM’S SPEECH AT: G to N, 13 July 1916, GARF 601/1/1219.
56 I WAS VERY BUSY: N to G, 25 June [OS]/8 July 1915, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/3.
57 I CAN ASSURE YOU: G to N, 8 Aug. 1915, GARF 601/1/1219.
58 SHE IS RUINING: Kokovtsov, p. 296.
59 I AM SURE SHE: Alexandra to G, RA GV/PRIV/AA35/6.
60 THE PRO-GERMANS IN: 22 Nov. 1916, Stevenson, p. 127.
61 A COUNTRY I DID NOT: Gilliard, p. 110.
62 IN HER OUTWARD: Maylunas, p. 412.
63 GERMAN AGENTS … FRIENDSHIP: G to N, 23 Aug. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1500/313.
64 DETACH RUSSIA AND: G to N, 1 Oct. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/314.
65 VIOLENT AND … IN PEACE: 8 Aug. 1916, Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 191.
66 THE EMPEROR HAD NO: Strandemann, Rathenau, p. 126.
67 HE FEELS IT: Esher, 3, p. 207.
68 VERY OFTEN I: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 505.
69 I STILL HAVE TO: G to N, 7 Jan. 1916, GARF 601/1/1219.
70 THE MOST HARROWING: Airlie, p. 138.
71 RUINED VILLAGES … NEW SOUTH WALES: 4–11 July 1917, RA/PRIV/GVD.
72 YOU CAN’T CONCEIVE: Gore, p. 293.
73 HOLLOWED OUT: Buxhoeveden, p. 245; see also Vorres, p. 150.
74 LIFELESS … HELPLESSNESS: Kokovtsov, p. 478.
75 DESPONDENCY, APATHY: Maylunas, p. 475.
76 LET US REMAIN: Mossolov, p. 162.
77 WELL-INFORMED AGENTS OF: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 185.
78 SHE DISMISSED ME: Yusupov, p. 157.
79 BE THE MASTER … TINY WILL: 14 Dec. 1916, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 456.
80 THE WRETCHED RUSSIAN MONK: Alexandra to G, RA GV/PRIV/AA35/6.
81 I BELIEVE IN NO: Alexander Mikailovich, p. 275.
82 EVERYONE—OFFICERS: Massie, Nicholas, p. 368; see also Alexander Mikhailovich, pp. 283–84.
83 IF THINGS DON’T: Xenia to Minny, 21 Jan. 1917, van der Kiste, p. 97.
84 IS IT POSSIBLE: Rodzianko, p. 252.
85 ONE LAST EFFORT: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 41.
86 LIKE A MAN TRYING TO: Buxhoeveden, p. 240.
87 BRINGING RUSSIA: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 47.
88 ACCORDING TO TWO: Buxhoeveden, p. 240.
89 IN THE GRAND DUCAL: Maylunas, p. 513.
90 WHAT! YOU MOSSOLOV: Mossolov, p. 131.
91 GOD’S WISHES SHALL: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 186.
92 FEELS HIMSELF OVERWHELMED: Paléologue, 3, pp. 151–52.
93 THE WEAK STATE: N to G, 4 [OS]/17 Feb. 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/8.
94 COME DOWN WITH MEASLES: N to A, Nicholas II, Letters, p. 313.
95 MAKE THESE DISORDERS: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 278.
96 FAT RODZIANKO: Pares, p. 443.
97 AN EXCRUCIATING: N to Alexandra, 26 Feb. [OS]/11 March 1917, Fuhrman, p. 696.
98 HIS OFFICERS WERE UNEASY: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 279.
99 BEGGED ON HIS KNEES: Mossolov, p. 27.
100 MY ABDICATION … DECEIT: Nicholas II, Journal, 2 [OS]/15 March 1917, p. 278.
101 BAD NEWS FROM RUSSIA … IN DESPAIR: 13–15 March 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
102 THE GREATEST SERVICE: Grigg, Lloyd George, War Leader, p. 58.
103 A LITTLE STRONG: Stamfordham, memo on discussion with Lloyd George, 22 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M.
104 EVENTS OF LAST: G to N, 19 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/318.
105 TO GET THE EMPEROR OUT OF RUSSIA: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 104.
106 ANY VIOLENCE DONE: Nicolson, King George, p. 300.
107 IT’S FOR THE BEST: Buxhoeveden, p. 262.
108 PUT THEM ON: See Gilliard, p. 217, Benckendorff, pp. 30–35, Hanbury Williams, p. 170.
109 IF NOT, HE: Hanbury Williams, p. 170.
110 THAT THE PROPOSAL … EXCEPT BALMORAL: Stamfordham memo, 22 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/M/1067/29.
111 AND SOBBED: Vyrubova, p. 212.
112 LIKE AN OLD: Dehn, p. 189.
113 YOU CAN’T GO: Vyrubova, p. 213.
114 NICHOLAS WROTE: Nicholas’s diary, 5 April 1917, GARF 601/1/221.
115 THE KING HAS: Stamfordham to Balfour, 30 March 1917, quoted in Nicolson, King George, p. 301.
116 HIS MAJESTY’S MINISTERS: Balfour to Stamfordham, 2 April 1917, ibid.
117 EVERY DAY: Stamfordham to Balfour, 6 April 1917, LG/F/3/2/19, Parliamentary Archives.
118 HE MUST BEG: Stamfordham to Balfour, 6 April 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/1067/52.
119 TO IMPRESS UPON HIM … OF DELAY: Stamfordham memo, 10 April 1917, RA PS/PSO/M/1067/61.
120 PLACED IN AN: Balfour to Lloyd George, 6 April 1917, LG/F/3/2/19, Parliamentary Archives.
121 HIS MAJESTY’S: Balfour to Sir George Buchanan, 13 April 1917, FO 800/205 PRO.
122 ANY DANGER: Sir George Buchanan to FO, 15 April 1917, FO 800/206 PRO.
123 DEEPLY UPSET: Meriel Buchanan, p. 196.
124 THE DAYS PASSED: Gilliard, p. 217.
125 THE ANCIENT TRAPPINGS: The Times, 21 April 1917.
126 ALIEN AND … AN ALIEN: Nicolson, King George, p. 308.
127 THOUGH HE ALSO FALSELY: Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 3, p. 1644.
128 RANKLED UNDULY: Nicolson, King George, p. 309.
129 THE WONDERFUL POPULARITY: The Times, 13 Nov. 1918.
130 RESTRAINTS WITH EXTRAORDINARY: Gilliard, p. 216.
131 AN EXTREMELY RESERVED: Kerensky, p. 125.
132 NICHOLAS DECIDED TO: Benckendorff, p. 77.
133 AN INSIGNIFICANT LITTLE: Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 285.
134 NOW I MAY AS: Clark, Wilhelm II, p. 238.
135 IT NOW GAVE HIM … TRAITORS: Gilliard, pp. 244, 257.
136 THEIR MAJESTIES: Ibid., p. 256.
137 LIVE BANNER: Figes, A People’s, p. 638.
138 WHAT?: Kerensky, p. 237.
139 I DID ALL THAT WAS: Waters, pp. 254–55.
140 A DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND: Footnote, Figes, A People’s, p. 385.
141 ON LENIN’S OWN: See Michael Pearson, The Sealed Train, London, Macmillan, 1975.
142 A SERVICE AT … BRUTAL MURDER: 25, 28 July 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
143 I HEAR FROM: 31 Aug. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
144 WAS THERE EVER: 25 July 1918, Stamfordham to Esher, quoted in Rose, p. 217.
145 GEORGE SHOULDN’T: Stamfordham to Balfour, 22 July 1917, ibid., p. 216.
146 CONFIDENCE IN THE INNATE: Windsor, A King’s, pp. 131–32.
147 I FOUND THE EMPEROR: B. Hulderman, Albert Ballin, London, Cassel, 1922, p. 375.
148 IT AIMS DIRECTLY: MacDonogh, p. 402.
149 SHOOT UP THE TOWN: Ibid., p. 406.
150 TREACHERY, TREACHERY: Ibid., p. 412.
151 WE GOT THE NEWS: 9 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
152 THE GERMAN PEOPLE … ITS RULER: MacDonogh, p. 414.
153 HOW ABOUT A: Lady N. Bentinck, The Ex-Kaiser in Exile, London, Hodder, 1922, p. 23.
154 WILLIAM ARRIVED: 11 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
EPILOGUE
1 THE FIGURES VARY: For a digest of casualty figures for the First World War, see, for example, the Web site 20th Century Atlas—death tolls.
2 VIOLENT TIRADE … THE BETTER: Rose, pp. 231, 229.
3 PROTECT THE COUNTRY … ODIOUS MAN: Airlie, p. 142.
4 A SULLEN … STRODE INDOORS: Windsor, A King’s, p. 131.
5 THEIR PRESENCE WOULD BE: Van der Kiste, p. 166.
6 IN TODAY’S MONEY: I am indebted to Jasper Heinzen for his calculations using Samuel H. Williamson, Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present, MeasuringWorth, 2008; see measuringworth.com/uscompare/.
7 LIES OF … AND SAVE THEM: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 306.
8 STRUCK OVER AND OVER: Röhl, “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” p. 29.
9 THAT HORRIBLE AND: Rose, p. 388.
10 EITHER THE WORLD: 16 Feb. 1918, Esher, 4, p. 181.
11 THE ELEMENT OF: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 522.
12 SPIRIT OF HARD WORK: Harold Laski, Authority in the Modern State, 1919.
13 AS A LIVING: Stamfordham to Bishop of Chelmsford, 25 Nov. 1918, RA PS/PSO/GV/O/1106/65.
14 I MUST SAY THEY: G to Alexandra, 17 Feb. 1924, RA GV/PRIV/AA/38/65.
15 THE MURDERERS … ABOUT BOLSHEVIKS, ETC: Rose, pp. 333–34.
16 HM FIRED UP: 10 May 1935, Stevenson, p. 309.
17 INCORRIGIBLE … PRO-JEW: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 352.
18 THE LOWEST IRISH: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 12.
19 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEATH: Rose, p. 408.
20 A SOFT SPOT: Lees-Milne, 2, p. 237.
21 DEEPLY MOVED BY: W to Mary, 2 Feb. 1936, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/O/2572/19.
22 I HAVE NOT THE: W to Mary, 1 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/270.
23 I AM ABSOLUTELY: W to Mary, 13 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/272,3.
24 POLITICAL LUNACY: W to Mary, 30 Aug. 1939, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/45/1199.
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