The Three Emperors
Page 63
13 MORE MUDDLE: C. Howard, p. 28.
14 HE SEEMED OSTENSIBLY … WITH RESTRAINT: T. Cole, “The Daily Telegraph Affair,” p. 256.
15 ALL-OUT BETRAYAL: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 137.
16 NOT FOR THE … ENERGETIC PIROUETTES: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 8 Feb. 1909, pp. 252–53.
17 RIGOR MORTIS WAS SO FAR: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 310.
18 ROTTEN AND MARCHING: ii Nov. 1908, Hardinge papers 1, Cambridge University Library; see also Hardinge, p. 170.
19 I KNOW THE E[MPEROR]: E to Knollys, 25 Nov. 1908, RA VIC/MAIN/W/53/37.
20 ANNOUNCED THAT HE COULD: See Zedlitz-Trützschler, 26 Nov. 1908, p. 224.
21 A KIND OF … WAS TERRIFYING: Topham, pp. 200–201.
22 HE WAS THE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 259.
23 I AM NOT … MARVELLOUS TIMES: Hardinge, p. 171.
24 THE GERMAN EMPEROR: Trevelyan, pp. 154–55.
25 A PIECE OF BRIGANDAGE: Mansergh, p. 127.
26 EUROPEAN CONFLAGRATION: Bülow to W, 11 Jan. 1909, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, Rep 53, Lit B 16a, Bd Iv.
27 HELMUTH VON MOLTKE … PROVOKED A WAR: Fromkin, pp. 74–75.
28 WERE “PROPITIOUS” … DIFFICULTIES: Berghahn, pp. 91, 93.
29 TO RESOLVE THE CRISIS: N to W, 15 [OS]/28 Dec. 1908, GP, 26(i), no. 9187, pp. 387–88.
30 A GENUINE SURPRISE … MORE AND MORE: W to N, 5 Jan. 1909, GP, 26(i), pp. 388–91; W to N, 8 Jan. 1909, Grant, pp. 243–44.
31 INFORMAL RELATIONS … PUT UP WITH: E to Knollys, 25 Nov. 1908, RAVIC/MAIN/W/53/37.
32 THE KING OF ENGLAND: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 10 Feb. 1909, p. 258.
33 HORROR: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 253.
34 TERRIBLY UPSET: Redesdale, 1, p. 78.
35 THE CLOSEST COOPERATION: Hardinge, pp. 163–64.
36 THE DEAREST: Hardinge to Knollys, Lee, 2, p. 262.
37 USEFUL RESULTS: W to N, 8 Jan. 1908, Grant, p. 242.
38 FORCED JOKES: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 258.
39 OPENLY EXPRESSED HER … BIG STORES: W to Franz Ferdinand, 12 Feb. 1908, Kann, p. 332.
40 IN EVERY RESPECT: McLean, p. 134.
41 HAD A VERY: Kann, p. 332.
42 THE EFFECT OF THIS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 258.
43 WE EXPECT A: Pourtalès to Izvolsky, GP, 26, p. 693.
44 SHAME! SHAME!: Lieven, Origins, pp. 22, 21.
45 THE ENEMIES: Ibid., p. 132.
46 IT WAS CONSIDERED: Nicolson to Grey, 29 March 1909, in Grey, p. 189.
47 THE FORM AND THE METHOD: N to Minny, 19 March [OS]/2 April 1909, Bing, p. 241.
48 A TOKEN OF UNDIMINISHED: W to N, 3 April 1909, Grant, pp. 246–47.
49 BE TURNED INTO A MILITARY: Hardinge to E, 7 April 1909, RA VIC/MAIN/W/55/16.
50 CONSIDERED WORTHLESS: McLean, p. 60.
51 LACKED ALL APPETITE FOR IT: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 26 March 1909, p. 265.
52 GREAT DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH: Ibid., 9 April 1909, p. 267.
53 I HATE THE SLAVS: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 176.
54 WHEN GERMANY MADE: Roosevelt to Sir G. O. Trevelyan, 1 Oct. 1911, Letters of T. Roosevelt VII, ed. Morrison, p. 397.
55 INCREDIBLE AS IT MIGHT: K Young, p. 248.
56 HE HAD EDWARD INFORMED: See RA VIC/MAIN/X/22/64.
57 CONVICTION OR PRINCIPLE: Massie, Dreadnought, p. 621.
58 TOLD HIM TO STONEWALL: Ibid. and n.
59 NONSENSE!: Woodward, p. 238, n. 4.
60 THAT ENGLAND: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, pp. 264–65.
61 IF I AM SUPPORTED: T. Cole, “The Daily Telegraph Affair,” p. 261.
62 CIVIL LIBERTIES RECORD: Neilson, p. 308.
63 OCTOBER 1908: 10 March 1909, ibid., p. 304.
64 DEAR NICKY LOOKING: 2 Aug. 1909, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
65 ELABORATE POLICE GUARD: Duke of Windsor, A King’s, p. 69.
66 BRITAIN WOULD NEVER: Mossolov, p. 109.
14 EDWARD’S MANTLE 1910–11
1 WITCH OF THE AIR: 6 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
2 MOULDED THE DESTINIES … ANTAGONIST: Brook Shepherd, pp. 536–37.
3 HE MIGHT HAVE BEEN: Scawen Blunt, My Diaries, London, 1919, pp. 721–22.
4 HONOUR AND INTEREST: Wickham Steed, p. 289.
5 THE SCHEMING AND … MUCH CALMER: W to Bethmann-Hollweg, 7 May 1910, Abteilung 1A, England Nr 78, Secretissima, Ban 25 (R 5791).
6 AN ENGLISH COUNTRY: Görlitz, Der Kaiser, p. 78.
7 I HAVE LOST: 6 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
8 HOW DEEPLY I: N to G, 28 April [OS]/8 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/129.
9 AROUND £325,000: Google the Victorian Web: wages, the cost of living and contemporary equivalents.
10 BEAUTIFULLY ARRANGED: Minny to N, 7 [OS]/20 May 1910, Bing, p. 254.
11 THE GREAT ARBITER: Daily Telegraph, 24 May 1910.
12 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: Ibid., 20 May 1910.
13 WHERE WE PUT: 19 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
14 A SYMBOL: Daily Chronicle, 20 May 1910.
15 NONE WHO SAW: Daily Mail, 20 May 1910.
16 BEING AT WINDSOR: W to Bethmann-Hollweg, GP, 28, p. 326.
17 WILLIE DEAR: Battiscombe, p. 274.
18 LET HIM GET: Epkenhans, p. 33.
19 AT FIVE IN THE: 16 May 1910, Esher, 3, p. 3.
20 THE MOST TRYING: 7 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
21 THE LITTLE KING: David Cecil, Max, London, Bodley Head, 1964, p. 331.
22 HER DEVOTION: Airlie, p. 128.
23 GEORGE SULKED … SUCH ROT: F. Ponsonby to Ria Ponsonby, 4 April 1913, quoted in Rose, p. 147.
24 EVERYTHING COMPLEX: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 421.
25 WE ARE BACK: 18 April 1911, Esher, 3, pp. 48–49.
26 WE HAVE SEEN: Rose, p. 96.
27 THAT CURIOUS: 21 Aug. 1910, Esher, 3, p. 15.
28 IS IT NOT HARD: Rose, p. 77.
29 I WANT SYMPATHY: G to Godfrey-Faussett, 28 July 1914, ibid., p. 158.
30 IDLERS AND WASTRELS … UNCALLED FOR: Rose, p. 173.
31 MANGOLD-WURZELS: Blake, Bonar Law, p. 167.
32 THE EXTRAORDINARY: 21 Jan. 1914, Esher, 3, p. 54.
33 THE KING IS: 8 Sept. 1910, Lloyd George, Letters, p. 152.
34 I UNDERSTAND THAT: Rose, p. 110.
35 HE IS A NICE: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Sept. 1912, Asquith, p. 42.
36 REALLY IT IS: 12 May 1912, Rose, p. 160.
37 SPLENDID ISOLATION: See Metternich to Bethmann-Hollweg, 25 Sept. 1911, GP, 29, pp. 244–46.
38 I HOPE WE SHALL: G to N, 27 May 1910, GARF 601/1/1219.
39 I RATHER FEAR: G to N, 15 March 1911, ibid.
40 TO DO FOR THE EMPIRE: 25 Aug. 1910, Esher, 3, p. 17; G to N, 14 Feb. 1912, GARF 601/1/1219.
41 I UNDERSTAND THE … AND HER INDIAN EMPIRE: Gore, p. 197.
42 I THINK IT A: N to G, 15[OS]/26 Jan. 1911, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/151.
43 A MAGNIFICENT: G to N, 14 Feb. 1912, GARF 601/1/1219.
44 WE DECIDED HE: Oct. 1912, Hobhouse, Diaries of Charles Hobhouse, ed. E. David, London, Murray, 1977, p. 123.
45 THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH: See Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 362.
46 A FULLY EQUIPPED: Plumptre, p. 243.
47 I HAVE NEVER IN MY LIFE: 14 Oct. 1911, Esher, 3, p. 65.
48 IN ENGLAND WHERE A SOVEREIGN: Massie, Nicholas, p. xiii.
49 I AM NOT CUT: 16 Sept. 1910, Lloyd George, Letters, p. 158.
50 UNENDURABLE: Adonis, Bonar Law, p. 114.
15 CELEBRATIONS AND WARNINGS 1911–14
1 YOU ARE PERFECTLY RIGHT: W to G, 15 Feb. 1911, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/152.
2 SATURATED WITH LONGING: Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, pp. 139–41.
3 I DON’T THINK: 19 May 1910, Morley, 2, p. 344.
4 HIS VISIT: G to N, 15 March 1911, GARF 601/1/1219.
5 YOU MUST BE: Hough, p. 242.
6 PLACE AND … OURS TO ENDURE: Strachan, p. 40.
7 OUT OF THIS: Grey, p. 233.
8 RECKONING WITH THE: Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, p. 122.
9 PREPARED TO USE H
IS SWORD: Massie, Dreadnought, p. 740.
10 I ABSOLUTELY … CALLED A COWARD: Nicolson, King George, p. 186.
11 AND THEN HE WOULD: H. Pogge von Strandemann (ed.), Rathenau, Notes and Diaries, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 147.
12 IRRELEVANT: Asquith, cabinet meeting notes, 15 Feb. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/R/157.
13 AT HEART: Epkenhans, p. 27.
14 SCOUNDRELS … SHYLOCK: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 172.
15 I HAVE NEVER: W to Metternich, GP, 31, p. 183.
16 I CANNOT UNDERSTAND: Neilson, p. 69.
17 AN AGREEMENT: Sazonov, pp. 27–34.
18 I WAS EXTREMELY: N to G, 15 [OS]/28 Nov. 1910, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/146.
19 HEAPS OF … MORE SEDATE: N to Minny, 31 Oct. [OS]/13 Nov. 1910, Bing, p. 260.
20 EVERYTHING WENT OFF: N to Minny, 20 June 1912, ibid., p. 270.
21 ARMING HERSELF AT … WORLD CONFLAGRATION: Kokovtsov, pp. 320– 23.
22 HE [SAZONOV] IS A STRAIGHTFORWARD: N to G, 1 [OS]/14 Sept. 1912, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/187.
23 THE PILGRIMAGE OF: Neilson, p. 323.
24 I PERSONALLY BECAME: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 170.
25 INTERFERENCE … ANYBODY ELSE: N to Minny, 12 [OS]/25 Oct. 1912, Bing, p. 279.
26 I AM SURE YOU ARE: N to W, 23 Oct. [OS]/5 Nov. 1912, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, BPH 53/247.
27 I ANSWERED: G to Grey, 8 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/1A.
28 PERHAPS ON … WITH FRANCE: Heinrich to W, GP, 39, p. 119.
29 MORAL DECLARATION: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 186.
30 I BELIEVE WAR: Strachan, p. 42.
31 YOUR INSTRUCTIONS … DARE STIR?: Heinrich to G, 14 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/2A.
32 TENDER PLANTS: Woodward, p. 405.
33 WHEREVER WE WENT: Vorres, p. 130.
34 WE NEED ONLY: King, p. 401.
35 THE TSAR’S: Kokovtsov, p. 360.
36 NEVER IN THE HISTORY: Quoted in Sösemann, p. 53.
37 STRONG, ABLE LEADER: Kershaw, 1, p. 80.
38 OF PRUSSIA AND ITS: Frankische Tagespost, 1913, quoted in Sösemann, p. 54.
39 BEEN TREATED AS: Berliner Tageblatt, 1913, ibid., p. 58.
40 THERE WAS NOTHING: Kokovstov, p. 360.
41 UTILITARIAN OBJECTS: King, p. 410.
42 HOLLOW: Van der Kiste, p. 79.
43 FORCED: Vorres, p. 130.
44 I AM SURE: Kokovtsov, p. 283.
45 THE EMPEROR IS BY: Bruce-Lockhart to Grey, 22 Jan. 1916, Neilson, p. 83.
46 THUS IT HAS BEEN: Kokovtsov, p. 308.
47 OLD GIRL: Paléologue, 1, p. 331.
48 THE KING IS HOSTILE: Lloyd George, 16 Sept. 1911, p. 158.
49 WHATEVER I DO: Undated memo, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/K/2553/1/70.
50 HIS OWN POSITION: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, 26 March 1914, Asquith, p. 61.
51 GREAT SPIRITS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 299.
52 IT WENT OFF: W to Franz Ferdinand, 27 May 1913, Kann, p. 348.
53 WILLIAM’S EAR WAS: Quoted in Rose, p. 166.
54 HOPES THAT ENGLAND: Heinrich to G, 14 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/2A.
55 DISCUSSING HORSEFLESH: Maclean, p. 243.
56 A HUNDRED POLICEMEN: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 293.
57 I HAD A LONG: 23 May 1913, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
58 ENTIRELY AGREED UPON: G to N, 16 June 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/624/3.
59 HAD THEN OFFERED: Kokovtsov, p. 389.
60 IN SPITE OF … BEEN REACHED: Ibid., pp. 391, 398.
61 GERMANISATION OF THE: Footnote, Fischer, pp. 334–36.
62 NOW I HAVE ONLY: Oldenburg, p. 133; see Kokovtsov, pp. 402–3, Macdonald, pp. 193–95.
63 A PERHAPS INEVITABLE: McLean, p. 67.
64 HE HAD REASON TO: Ibid., p. 197; PRO FO 371 2.092, 15,312, 3 April 1914, pp. 292–96.
65 THAT WAR IS INEVITABLE: Paul Benckendorff quote in Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 197.
66 I CAN ONLY TELL: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 117.
67 SO ANXIOUS UPON: G to N, 16 June 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/624/3.
68 FRANCE AND RUSSIA: Pan-German League declaration, 19 April 1914.
69 THE CHIEF OF STAFF … AT ANY TIME: Fromkin, p. 110.
16 JULY 1914
1 THE TERRIBLE CROSS-FIRE: G to Asquith, 26 March 1914, Asquith, p. 61.
2 TERRIBLE SHOCK FOR: 28 June 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
3 KAISER WILHELM WILL: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 257.
4 NOW OR NEVER: Geiss, pp. 64–65.
5 HE’D DEMANDED WAR: Strachan, p. 11.
6 ELIMINATED … COMPLICATION: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 200.
7 THIS TIME I: Fromkin, p. 164.
8 READY FOR WAR: Geiss, p. 77.
9 TO FULFIL HER HISTORIC: Macdonald, p. 204.
10 I CAN’T BELIEVE: Paléologue, 1, pp. 12–13.
11 HE TOLD ME: Quoted in Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 200.
12 WE HAD ONLY TO SEE: Gilliard, p. 100.
13 YOU HAVE COOKED: Bülow, 3, p. 184.
14 A GREAT MORAL: Geiss, p. 222.
15 NO LONGER HAD: Fromkin, p. 219.
16 BUCHANAN COULDN’T BELIEVE: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 198.
17 IT LOOKS: 25 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
18 THE GRAVEST EVENT: Asquith to G, 25 July 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/R/157.
19 WE SHALL TRY ALL: Nicolson, King George, p. 246.
20 LICHNOWSKY, THE AMBASSADOR: Geiss, p. 206.
21 STILL NOT A: Jenkins, p. 325.
22 HE’D HAD TO CANCEL: Bradford, p. 76.
23 I APPEAL TO YOU: N to W, 29 July 1914, 1 a.m., World War One Document Archive, Willy and Nicky telegrams (hereafter WWODA).
24 YOU WILL DOUBTLESS … COUSIN WILLY: W to N, 29 July 1914, 1:45 a.m., WWODA.
25 AUSTRIA HAS GONE: N to G, 16 [OS]/29 July 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/1.
26 WHERE WILL IT: 29 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
27 I HAVE THE WORD: Nicolson, King George, p. 245.
28 WHICH WILL ANNIHILATE: Fromkin, p. 224.
29 A DISGRACE: Grey, p. 317.
30 REMAIN A SPECTATOR: W to N, 29 July 1914, 6:30 p.m., WWODA.
31 TRUST IN YOUR: N to W, 29 July 1914, 8:20 p.m., WWODA.
32 I HOPE FROM ALL: N to W, 30 July 1914, 1:20 a.m., WWODA.
33 AND THESE MEASURES: Massie, Nicholas, p. 257.
34 AUSTRIA HAS ONLY: W to N, 30 July 1914, 1:20 a.m., WWODA.
35 IT IS TECHNICALLY: N to W, 31 July 1914, WWODA.
36 IN MY ENDEAVOURS: W to N, 31 July 1914, WWODA.
37 A MEAN CREW: Geiss, p. 290.
38 WERE TO SAY ONE: Geiss, pp. 288–90.
39 SO THE CELEBRATED: W on Pourtalès to Jagow, 30 July 1914, Geiss, p. 295.
40 YOU CAN’T STOP: Mossolov, p. 256.
41 UNDERSTAND YOU ARE: N to W, 1 Aug. 1914, WWODA.
42 PRAYING WITH ALL … HIS EFFORTS: Gilliard, p. 105.
43 HE WAS NEVER SINCERE: Paléologue, 1, pp. 196–97.
44 WE ARE UNABLE TO REMAIN: FO telegram, quoting telegram from German government, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/11.
45 THE POOR KING: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Asquith, p. 140.
46 A LAST RESORT: 31 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
47 MY DEAR NICKY: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Asquith, p. 140.
48 I CANNOT HELP: G to N, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/11; also in archives at GARF 601/1/1219.
49 WHETHER WE SHALL: 1 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
50 I WOULD GLADLY: N quoted by Buchanan to G, 2 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/15.
51 THE GERMAN EMPEROR: Ibid.
52 THE COMMUNICATION FROM: W to G, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/12.
53 YOUR UNCLE WOULD HAVE: Tuchman, Guns of August, pp. 80–81.
54 STILL HOPED FOR PEACE: Clark, Wilhelm II, p. 213.
55 SOMETHING IN ME: Footnote, Tuchman, Guns of August, pp. 80–81.
56 I THINK THERE MUST: G to W, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/1.
57 NOW YOU CAN: Tuchman, Guns of August, p. 81.
58 YOU, ME
AND: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 385.
59 THERE HAS BEEN: The Times, 4 Aug. 1914.
60 AT 10:30 … SOON OVER: 2–4 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
61 I DON’T BELIEVE: Röhl, “Delusion or Design,” p. 87.
62 IF ONLY BECAUSE … HIS WILL: Gilliard, p. 107.
17 A WAR 1914–18
1 MAY AND I: 3 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.
2 THE VAST CROWD: Gilliard, p. 107.
3 RUSSIA SEEMED TO HAVE: George Buchanan, 1, p. 213.
4 BETRAYAL OF THE: Figes, A People’s, p. 292.
5 A RESURRECTION: Kershaw, 1, p. 89.
6 A MAGNIFICENT: Radzinsky, p. 1, n.
7 THERE ARE NOW: Figes, A People’s, p. 252.
8 IN THE STRUGGLE: MacDonogh, p. 364.
9 A GOOD SPORTSMAN: Somervell, p. 495.
10 THOSE INFINITESIMAL: 14 Oct. 1914, Asquith, p. 278.
11 ACCUSED HIM: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 329.
12 FILTHY RAGS: Rose, p. 225.
13 TO ATTEND TO: Windsor, Family Album, p. 54.
14 7 INSPECTIONS: Nicolson, King George, p. 252.
15 THE KING CAME: Rose, p. 169.
16 OUGHT TO TAKE: Ibid., p. 201.
17 I AM QUITE READY: G to Alexandra, 18 Nov. 1917, RA GV/PRIV/AA37/73.
18 ABOUT AS FUTILE: 25 Jan. 1915, Stevenson, p. 25.
19 THE KING EXPRESSED: Nicolson, King George, p. 288.
20 A DICTATORSHIP BY: Grigg, p. 499.
21 THE FRENCH AND: G to N, 1 Oct. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/314.
22 WE ARE HAPPY: Figes, A People’s, p. 256.
23 LIKE THE HUNS: Balfour, The Kaiser, pp. 226–27.
24 AFTER ALL HE WAS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 317.
25 THESE ZEPPELIN RAIDS: G to N, 15 Jan. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/302.
26 INSIDE THE HEAD: Hull, Entourage, p. 267.
27 HE IS EXTREMELY NERVOUS: Oct. 1914, Pless, p. 295.
28 SEND A ZEPPELIN: Gerard, p. 237.
29 NOW HE IS NO: Afflerbach, p. 202.
30 THE CONFERENCE: Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 190.
31 THE GENERAL STAFF … GENTLEMEN: 6 Nov. 1914, ibid., p. 42.
32 I PUT MY: Afflerbach, p. 209.
33 LIVING AN … HIS GENERALS: Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm, p. 227.
34 NO GENTLEMAN: Gerard, p. 179.
35 THE NAVY HAS: Epkenhans, p. 35.
36 TEN BULLETS A DAY: Figes, A People’s, p. 262.
37 ONE BRITISH OBSERVER: Knox, 1, p. 319.
38 WITH STICKS IN: Vorres, p. 147.
39 THE TSAR’S VISIT: Figes, A People’s, p. 263.
40 17,000 WOUNDED SOLDIERS: Rodzianko, Rasputin, pp. 115–17.