The Three Emperors

by Miranda Carter

  23 UNCLE BERTIE: Athlone, p. 148.

  24 FERDINAND OF BULGARIA … THE DWARF: See Cecil, “Wilhelm II and His Russian ‘Colleagues,’” p. 99.

  25 TO ALL THE OBSTACLES: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 246.

  26 A PACK OF: See Waters, p. 37.

  27 ALREADY HAD TO: Eckhardstein, p. 217.

  28 AND WALK HAND IN HAND: E to Lascelles, 25 Dec. 1901, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/49.

  29 THE PRESS IS AWFUL: W to E, 30 Dec. 1901, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/51.

  30 NO ONE CAN BE: Cecil, William, 2, p. 84.

  31 CONGLOMERATION: W to E, 6 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/52.

  32 QUANTITÉ NÉGLIGEABLE: Lascelles to Knollys, 17 Jan. 1902, FO 800/10.

  33 I THINK THAT UNDER: E to W, 15 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/W/42/58.

  34 THIS IS MOST: G to Bigge, 9 Jan. 1902, Gore, p. 176.

  35 HE’D NEVER RECEIVED: See Knollys to Lansdowne, 22 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/W/42/65.

  36 MOST CIVIL … KINDNESS ITSELF: G to May, 27 Jan. 1902, RA QM/PRIV/CC3/13.

  37 FRANK TALK … THE FUTURE: Bülow, 1, pp. 548–50.

  38 THE AMOUNT ONE … ANOTHER UNIFORM: G to May, 27 Jan. 1902, RA QM/PRIV/CC3/13.

  39 HURT ABOMINABLY: 26 Jan. 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

  40 ADMIRED AND … WAS PAST: Topham, p. 197.

  41 NOTHING BUT AN … EXACTLY: Eckhardstein to Bülow, 17 Sept. 1902, Auswärtiges Amt, England 78/Bd 6.

  42 NONE OF HIS PARENTS’ HEAT: See Bülow, 1, p. 333.

  43 ROYALTY RIDICULOUS: Pope-Hennessy, p. 289.

  44 ALL SAFE AND: W to E, 28 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/W/42/70.

  45 YELLOW PERIL … WHITE RACE: Bülow, 2, p. 61.

  46 CIVILIZED: Balfour, DNB.

  47 GUARANTEE OF: W to E, 26 Feb. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/55.

  48 THANK GOD: 1 June 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

  49 AN ESTIMATED 75,000 DEAD: Estimates for casualties for the Boer War (and other wars of the time) vary enormously; my figures are from Hobsbawm, p. 306, Ferguson, Empire, p. 280, and T. Pakenham, The Boer War, London, Weidenfeld, 1979.

  50 A NEW, CRUDE: History of the Times, 3, pp. 366–68.

  51 SETTLED DISLIKE: Neilson, p. 67.

  52 AS HEARTY … THE DEVIL: 1 June 1902, Lee, 2, pp. 145, 153.

  53 2,201 PHEASANTS: 12 Nov. 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

  54 HE MADE HIMSELF: G to N, 30 Dec. 1902, GARF 601/1/1219.

  55 THANK GOD HE’S: Eckhardstein, p. 245.

  56 WITH SUCH BRUTAL FRANKNESS: 3 Feb. 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/49.

  57 WE SHOULD REMEMBER: Lascelles to Knollys, 20 March 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/63.

  58 THERE IS A: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 230.

  59 IN GOOD SPIRITS: N to Minny, 2 [OS]/15 Sept. 1901, Bing, p. 151.

  60 ALWAYS FIGHT: Bülow to FO, 14 Sept. 1901, GP, 18, pp. 24–29.

  61 THE POLITEST MAN: Hardinge, p. 108.

  62 WITTE’S MAN: Izvolsky, p. 29.

  63 BETWEEN PEOPLES WITH: 19 July [OS]/1 Aug. 1901, Geyer, p. 166.

  64 A THOROUGH … A COMPLETE WRECK: Mossolov, p. 204.

  65 THOUGH HE APPARENTLY: Bülow, 1, p. 541.

  66 BE FRIENDLY AND: A to N, 22 July 1902, Maylunas, p. 216.

  67 THE ADMIRAL OF: Bülow, 1, p. 573.

  68 HE’S RAVING: Mossolov, p. 203.

  69 I WILL ARRANGE EVERYTHING: Bülow to W, 11 July 1902, GP, 18(i), p. 55.

  70 IT IS ONE OF: Mossolov, p. 246.

  71 I AM SO SORRY: G to N, 3 Jan. 1902, GARF 601/1/1219.

  72 MORE AND MORE: Mackenzie Wallace, 10 Nov. 1903, RA VIC/W/43/149.

  73 RUSSIA OUGHT NOT … CHANGE: Mackenzie Wallace to Knollys, 1 Sept. 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/121.

  74 AN UNBECOMING: Hardinge, DNB.

  75 MADE ALL THE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 159.

  76 THE KING, HOWEVER: See Cambon, 22 Dec. 1920, The Times.

  77 MOST OF THE … HISTORY: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, pp. 154, 170.

  78 YOUR PRESENCE IN: Heffer, p. 188.

  79 I CAN STILL: Vorres, p. 88.

  80 HE HAD TO: Bülow, 7 Nov. 1903, GP, 18(i), no. 5422, p. 71.

  81 DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES: W to N, 19 Nov. 1903, Grant, p. 99.

  82 REGARDED WITH: Osten-Sacken, 15 [OS)/28 April 1904, GARF 601/1/703.

  83 THE FOREIGN SECRETARY RESENTED: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 128.

  84 SO FAR AS I: Young, p. 202.

  85 LONG SUSTAINED DISCUSSION: Grey, p. 206.

  11 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES 1904–5

  1 CHINA, TIBET, AFGHANISTAN: Geyer, p. 190.

  2 FROM A FRENCH BROTHEL: Figes, A People’s, p. 169.

  3 ACCORDING TO EDWARD VII: Bülow, 2, p. 28.

  4 LITTLE SHORT-TAILED: Lincoln, p. 640.

  5 ABSOLUTELY INDIFFERENT: Hardinge to Knollys, 25 May 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/103.

  6 ZHIDS: Witte, p. 189.

  7 BRITISH-BUILT: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 217.

  8 THE JAPANESE: W to N, 9 Jan. 1904, Grant, p. 106.

  9 TO US …: W to N, 3 Jan. 1904, ibid., p. 105.

  10 NOTHING COULD BE: Neilson, p. 239.

  11 A PERSONAL MESSAGE: Lansdowne to Edward, 18 Feb. 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/34.

  12 THE ENTENTE CORDIALE: See Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 389, n. 7.

  13 GERMAN TARIFFS: Geyer, p. 168.

  14 THE KING EXPRESSED … HIS MAJESTY: Lee, 2, p. 285.

  15 A MAN OF … EARNEST DESIRE: E to N, 12 May 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/95.

  16 I AM LOOKED UPON: Hardinge to Knollys, 25 May 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/103.

  17 AN INTRUDER HIDING: Hardinge to Knollys, 19 Sept. 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/88.

  18 I APPROVE: Patrick French, Younghusband, 1994, p. 253.

  19 EDWARD’S OVERTURES: See Alvensleben to Bülow, 11 May 1904, GP, 19(i); see also W note on Bernstorff to Bülow, 5 May 1904, England, Nr 81 Nr 1, Bd 12, Geheimes Staatsarchiv.

  20 IT COULDN’T: Bülow to W, GP, 20(i), p. 24, no. 6379.

  21 THE IMPORTANCE: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 21 July 1904, p. 80.

  22 A WHOLE TROOP OF: Bülow, 2, p. 23.

  23 HARDLY ABLE … OVERESTIMATED: Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 80–81.

  24 A UNIVERSAL NECESSITY … GREAT POWERS: Bülow, 2, p. 27.

  25 HE IS VERY LIVELY: 28 June 1904, Lee, 2, p. 295.

  26 EVERYONE IS: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 21 June 1904, p. 80.

  27 A BRAVE, CHIVALROUS … SMALLEST BOAT: Bülow, 2, pp. 25–28, 23.

  28 BEEN GREETED BY: Marder, p. 477.

  29 THERE AWOKE IN ME … AN INVASION: Bülow, 2, pp. 30, 26.

  30 MERE APOLOGIES … PAINFUL IMPRESSION: Lee, 2, p. 302.

  31 THESE SUSPICIONS: Kokovtsov, p. 46.

  32 LURING: N to E, 24 Oct. 1904, Lee, 2, p. 301.

  33 ENGLISH PERFIDY … TO ME: Hardinge, p. 108.

  34 IF THEY IMAGINED: G to E, 24 Oct. 1904, Nicolson, King George, p. 83.

  35 THE ENGLISH ARE: N to Minny, 13 [OS]/26 Oct. 1904, Bing, p. 178.

  36 STRONGLY DEPRECATE: Lee, 2, pp. 303–4.

  37 I HAVE NO WORDS: N to W, 16 [OS]/28 Oct. 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

  38 PRIVATE SOURCE … INCENDIARIES: W to N, 30 Oct. 1904, Grant, p. 139.

  39 NOT BEING: W to N, 21 Dec. 1904, ibid., p. 151.

  40 DIRECT PROVOCATION: 17 Nov. 1904, ibid., p. 142.

  41 URGENT ASSURANCES: See N to W, 28 Nov. [OS]/11 Dec. 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

  42 CONVINCED THAT IT IS: 21 Nov. 1904, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 106.

  43 ABSOLUTELY APPRISED: Bülow, 2, p. 83.

  44 THE EMPEROR HAS OFTEN: Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 161.

  45 EDWARD TOLD: See Cambon, 17 Nov. 1904, DDF, 2.5, p. 535.

  46 THE RUSSIAN BALTIC FLEET: 7 Dec. 1904, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 109.

  47 THAT IS BEGINNING: 29 June 1905, Maylunas, p. 278.

  48 A TERRIBLE AND: 21 Dec. 1904, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 197.

  49 A TERRIBLE DAY: 9 Jan. 1905, ibid., p. 207.

  50 INDISPUTABLE … LOWER CLASSES: Hardinge, pp. 113–14.

  51 I AM GLAD: W to N, 6 Feb. 1905, Grant, p. 160.


  52 SUCH AN APPEARANCE: W to N, 21 Feb. 1905, ibid., p. 171.

  53 THE TRAITORS AND: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 204.

  54 THE TSAR VIEWED: Kokovtsov, p. 50.

  55 HE LETS EVERYTHING: Figes, A People’s, p. 171.

  56 I FEEL VERY … WITH HAPPINESS: Hardinge to Knollys, Feb. 1905, RA VIC/W/45/109.

  57 HER FIERCE STARE: E. Morris, Theodor Rex, p. 385.

  58 ILLITERATE RUSSIAN: Waters to Davidson, 7 May 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/X/19/32.

  59 IT MAKES ME: N to Minny, 19 Oct. [OS]/1 Nov. 1905, Bing, p. 187.

  60 ALL REPORTS SEEM: Hardinge to Knollys, 6 June 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/36.

  61 THE AGITATION AND DISTURBANCE: Hardinge to Knollys, 5 July 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/64.

  62 SUCH NONSENSE IS: Hardinge to Knollys, 22 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/144.

  63 JUMPY … CLUMSY: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 95.

  64 THE MOST MISCHIEVOUS: Lee, 2, p. 340.

  65 A GRATUITOUS: E to Louis of Battenburg, 15 April 1905, Hough, p. 188.

  66 TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT: See Magnus, p. 345, and Lascelles to Knollys, 24 March 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/146.

  67 IT IS A WILD: Footnote, Roosevelt to Spring-Rice, 16 June 1905, quoted in Fiebig von Hase, p. 153.

  68 DIVIDE FATHER … HER SLIPPER: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 334.

  69 OFF-COLOUR REMARKS: Bülow, 2, p. 182.

  70 ALTHOUGH I LIKE: G to Knollys, 26 March 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/147.

  71 MIGHT CREATE: Seckendorff to E, 15 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/231.

  72 RUN AFTER [HIM]: Knollys to Seckendorff, 23 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/285.

  73 HE TALKS AND: Newton, p. 330.

  74 UNREPEATABLE: Bülow, 2, pp. 146–47.

  75 AT HOME NOBODY: N to W, 7 [OS]/20 July 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

  76 THE GREATEST MISCHIEF-MAKER: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220, p. 460.

  77 THE BRITISH WERE USING: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 389, n. 7.

  78 ABSOLUTE PASSION FOR: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220, p. 460.

  79 A RAY OF SUNLIGHT: Bülow, 2, p. 13.

  80 MUST REMEMBER … OF THE WORLD: W to N, 27 July 1905, Grant, pp. 192–94.

  81 FROM THE HIDEOUS PINCERS: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220.

  82 EVEN JAPAN MAY … FIRM FRIEND: W to N, 27 July 1905, Grant, pp. 192– 94.

  83 VERY MUCH WORRIED: Izvolsky, p. 49; see also Macdonald, p. 80.

  84 BOUNDLESS VANITY: Lerman, p. 90.

  85 TO BE TREATED … CHILDREN: See Bülow, 2, pp. 138–47; GP, 19(ii), no. 6237, pp. 499–500.

  86 WE JOINED HANDS: W to N, GP, 19(ii), pp. 513–14.

  87 IN ENGLAND, OF COURSE: N to Minny, 27 Oct. [OS]/9 Nov. 1905, Bing, p. 191.

  88 EITHER YOU SIGN IT: Witte, p. 247, Mossolov, p. 90.

  89 THERE WERE ONLY … A YEAR: N to Minny, 19 Oct. [OS]/1 Nov. 1905, Bing, pp. 186–87.

  12 CONTINENTAL SHIFTS 1906–8

  1 GERMANY’S CONDUCT: E. Morris, p. 441.

  2 A SIGN OF WEAKNESS: Hull, “The Entourage,” p. 129.

  3 A QUESTION OF HONOUR: Oppel, p. 324.

  4 THE WHOLE OF EUROPE … MACHINATIONS: 13 March 1906, Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 169, 160–62.

  5 WE ARE—MY: Lee, 2, p. 525.

  6 THE WHOLE LETTER: W to E, 1 Feb. 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/62.

  7 ALL THE WRETCHED: GP, 21(i), 9 March 1906, pp. 267–68.

  8 CARRYING ON AGAINST: 19 March 1907, Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 177–78.

  9 A CLEAR, PRACTICAL: 13 March 1906, ibid., p. 162.

  10 IN HIS HEART OF: 13 March 1906, ibid., pp. 169–70.

  11 I’M SURE NOT … ENVIOUS: Lee, 2, pp. 352, 528.

  12 NOT THE SLIGHTEST … IN THE AIR: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 182.

  13 WHO CAN FAIL: 15 April 1907, Lee, 2, pp. 541–42.

  14 L’ALLEMAGNE C’EST L’ENNEMIE: Esher, 2, pp. 182–83.

  15 “GERMANY,” HE WROTE … IN THE WORLD: Steiner, p. 43.

  16 WITH MORE EXPERIENCE: Grey, p. 85.

  17 THE MOST VIOLENT: Spring-Rice to Knollys, 1 March 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/75.

  18 PATRIOTIC … 690 POGROMS: Figes, A People’s, p. 197.

  19 A WHOLE MASS: N to Minny, 27 Oct. [OS]/9 Nov. 1905, Bing, pp. 190–91.

  20 VIRTUAL PRISONERS: N to Minny, 30 Aug. [OS]/12 Sept. 1906, ibid., p. 217.

  21 THE EMPEROR IS: Spring-Rice to Grey, 18 April 1906, FO 800/72.

  22 PERSONAL CONTACT WITH: Nicolson, 2 Jan. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/50/152.

  23 I HAVE NEVER SEEN SUCH: N to Minny, 12 [OS]/25 Jan. 1907, Bing, p. 212.

  24 PROGRESSIVE HYSTERIA: Massie, Nicholas, p. 153.

  25 MINNY COMPLAINED … TO ACHE: Maylunas, p. 291.

  26 IT IS MORE: Battiscombe, p. 254.

  27 THEY GAVE ONE: Mossolov, p. 139.

  28 REPULSIVE FACES: Maylunas, p. 293.

  29 NABOKOV’S GREAT-UNCLE: Footnote, Nabokov, p. 60.

  30 THEY LOOKED AT US: Kokovtsov, p. 131.

  31 I FELT SO: Alexander Mikhailovich, pp. 228–29.

  32 BECAUSE THE WORKING: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 344.

  33 THE MASSACRES IN: Dugdale, 1, p. 335.

  34 THE OLD IDEA: Steiner, p. 139.

  35 THE GREAT UNIONIST: Balfour, DNB.

  36 WHETHER THE COUNTRY WAS: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 402.

  37 ALL DOWN HISTORY: Bentley Brinkerhoff, p. 17.

  38 GOOD TASTE AND PROPRIETY: Plumptre, p. 189.

  39 ALMOST MORE: E to G, 19 March 1906, Jenkins, p. 91.

  40 DEPLORABLY COMMON: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 409.

  41 NOT QUITE: Rose, p. 71.

  42 THESE PEOPLE: Hibbert, p. 210.

  43 AN OVERGROWN: A. C. Benson, 10 Nov. 1908, Rose, p. 119.

  44 HOW YOU CAN: 15 May 1910, Hobhouse diaries, ed. David, p. 91.

  45 ONE MUST LET: N to Minny, 29 March [OS]/11 April 1907, Bing, pp. 228–29.

  46 VIVE LA DOUMA!: Grey, p. 145.

  47 A GROTESQUE DEPUTATION: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 219.

  48 BEEN PREVENTED FROM: Lascelles to Grey, Nov. 1906, RA VIC/W/50/39.

  49 A TRIUMPH OF: Witte, p. 432.

  50 RUSSIAN DESPOTISM: Grey, p. 154.

  51 IT WILL COMPLETE: Grey to Knollys, 28 March 1906, Trevelyan, p. 183.

  52 LITTLE EDWARD ICONS: Pless, p. 159.

  53 THE GERMAN ARMY … AS A WHOLE: Von Miquel to Bülow, 27 Sept. 1907, GP, 25(i), no. 8537, pp. 45–47.

  54 HARDINGE GANG: See Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 130.

  55 WHAT A LONG TIME: G to N, 28 Dec. 1907, GARF 601/1/1219.

  56 MADE EVERYTHING LOOK DIFFERENT … GREATNESS: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 233.

  57 EVERYTHING IS SO: Minny to N, 28 Feb. [OS]/13 March 1907, Bing, p. 222.

  58 DESPAIRING, HORRIFIED: Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, p. 15.

  59 HE [WILHELM] SAT: Witte, p. 457.

  60 THE REPRESSION OF: Sombart, in Röhl and Sombart, p. 304. Homosexualität: first used in Britain in translations and glosses of Krafft-Ebing’s work, see OED.

  61 DISGUSTING ORGIES: The Times, 25 Oct. 1907.

  62 AM SUFFERING: W to E, 31 Oct. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/52/47.

  63 IN VERY GOOD: Bülow, 2, p. 296.

  64 YOUR TELEGRAM: E to W, 31 Oct. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/52/48.

  65 HE IS ALWAYS ANXIOUS: Footnote, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 38.

  66 THERE WERE GREAT: 13 Nov. 1907, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

  67 COMING HOME: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 137.

  68 EVEN THOSE: Morley, 2, p. 237.

  69 BE A MEMBER: Haldane, p. 221.

  70 OUR KING MAKES A: Esher, 2, p. 285.

  71 IT TRANSPIRED THAT THE KAISER: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 134.

  72 EXCEPT PERHAPS … AIR OF FRAUD: 14 Dec. 1907, Holstein, 4, p. 509.

  73 YOU MAY LAUGH: 20 Dec. 1907, Morley, 2, p. 238.

  74 UNMITIGATED BALDERDASH … THE SEA: Lee, 2, p. 605.

  75 ONLY NOW!: W on Metternich to Bülow, GP, 24, no. 8193, p. 46.

  76 AN INSULT TO OUR COUNTRY: M
acDonald, The Labour Leader, May 1908.

  77 COULDN’T BE DESTROYED: Plumptre, p. 208.

  78 A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCH: Footnote, Felix Semon, Autobiography, 1926, p. 267.

  79 SHOULD HAVE KNOWN: Heffer, p. 253.

  80 DEPLORABLY UNSOPHISTICATED … BUSINESS: Cecil, “William II and His Russian ‘Colleagues’,” pp. 132–33.

  81 MARKED DIFFERENCE … AT HIM: Hardinge, p. 157.

  82 A DÉCLASSÉ ACCENT: Trewin, p. 10.

  83 EXCEPT WHEN ON DUTY!: Mossolov, pp. 211, 210.

  84 SOBBING ALONE: Hardinge, p. 156.

  85 SING WEIRD RUSSIAN: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 196.

  86 FEAST OF PEACE: Gibbes, p. 8.

  87 CONFESS HIS IMPOTENCE: Grey, p. 212.

  88 VERY SEARCHINGLY: Brook-Shepherd, p. 330.

  89 CONNIVING TO ENCIRCLE: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 363.

  90 THE BLACKEST AND MOST NAUSEOUS: 12 Aug. 1908, C. Howard, p. 176.

  91 GERMAN BILL: Ibid., p. 11.

  92 I CANNOT RESIST … CATASTROPHE: Wickham-Steed, p. 282.

  93 THAT’S COMPLETE … AN IDEA: Bülow, 2, p. 313.

  94 A LOT OF NONSENSE: Hardinge, p. 162.

  95 FRANK CONVERSATION: Bülow, 2, p. 313.

  96 THE ONLY RESULT: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 19 April 1907, p. 183.

  97 ALBERT BALLIN: Bülow to W, 15 July 1908, GP, 24, no. 8216, pp. 96–99.

  98 A MERE BAGATELLE: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 134.

  99 MECHANICAL TOY: Epkenhans, p. 15.

  100 IMPULSIVE SOVEREIGN: Clemenceau to Pichon, 29 Aug. 1908, DDF, 2.11, pp. 749–52.

  101 IMPOSSIBLE … THE KING!: 26 Sept. 1908, Esher, 2, p. 343.

  102 STOP THE KING!: W on Stumm to Bülow, 8 Sept. 1908, Auswärtiges Amt, England Nr 78, Bd 6.

  13 A BALKAN CRISIS 1908–9

  1 UNLESS SOME HOPE IS: E to Asquith, 13 Oct. 1908, RA VIC/MAIN/R/29/53.

  2 A RARE AUDIENCE: Nicolson to Grey, 4 Nov. 1908, Neilson, p. 58, Grey papers, FO 800/222.

  3 VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD: Neilson, p. 302.

  4 DENIED ALL KNOWLEDGE … AGGRESSOR: Kokovtsov, p. 216.

  5 SINCERE AND IMPULSIVE: Nation, 31 Oct. 1908.

  6 WELL MEANT: Westminster Gazette, 31 Oct. 1908.

  7 AMAZING: Esher, 2, 28 Oct. 1908, p. 352.

  8 DYNAMITE BOMB: Bülow, 2, p. 376.

  9 THE EMPEROR IS: Footnote, Haller, 2, p. 72.

  10 POOR PHILI: Footnote, Hull, “Kaiser Wilhelm and the Liebenberg Circle,” p. 145.

  11 OF ALL THE: Magnus, p. 400.

  12 BüLOW HAD READ IT: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 13.