State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  56. Coventry Evening Telegraph, 21 January 1973; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 240–43; Independent, 17 May 2009; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 240–41.

  57. The Ecologist, March 1974; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 242.

  58. Stevens, ‘The Importance of the Environmental Movement’, pp. 77–8; Cherry, Town Planning in Britain Since 1900, pp. 208–9; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 250; The Times, 5 August 1975.

  59. Christopher Frayling, ‘The Crafts’, in Boris Ford (ed.), The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain, vol. 9: Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 173, 186–7; Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain, pp. 343–4; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 253–4; Joe Moran, Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime (London, 2007), pp. 14, 18, 138–40.

  CHAPTER 6. A BLOODY AWFUL COUNTRY

  1. The Times, 4 July 1970, 6 July 1970; Sunday Times, 5 July 1970; Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 214–21; Peter Taylor, Provos: The IRA and Sinn Fein (London, 1998), pp. 78–83; Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London, 1996), p. 142.

  2. Peter Taylor, Brits: The War Against the IRA (London, 2002), pp. 25, 29, 32; for good summaries of the origins of the Troubles, see David McKittrick and David McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles (London, 2001), pp. 1–61; Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939: The Persistence of Conflict (London, 2007), pp. 180–217.

  3. Taylor, Provos, pp. 72–4; PRO PREM 15/100, ‘Background Brief for PM by Burke Trend’, 21 June 1970.

  4. PRO PREM, 15/100, ‘Meeting of the Special N.I. Cabinet Ministers’, 22 June 1970; Jeremy Smith, ‘Walking a Real Tight-rope of Difficulties: Sir Edward Heath and the Search for Stability in Northern Ireland, June 1970–March 1971’, Twentieth Century British History, 18:2 (2007), pp. 223–5; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud 2004), pp. 367–8; Taylor, Provos, pp. 75–7; Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, p. 212.

  5. Richard English, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (London, 2003), pp. 128–9, 147; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), p. 179; Clive Irving, Pox Britannica: The Unmaking of the British (New York, 1974), p. 177; Baston, Reggie, p. 364; Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, pp. 212–13.

  6. McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 53, 57, 63–4; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 213, 218; PRO CAB 129/141, C (69) 45, ‘Northern Ireland’, 5 May 1969; PRO CAB 128/44, CC (69) 21, 7 May 1969; PRO PREM 15/101, Trend to Heath, 9 July 1970; and see Smith, ‘Walking a Real Tight-rope of Difficulties’, pp. 233–5.

  7. Taylor, Provos, pp. 60–61, 64–7; English, Armed Struggle, pp. 104–8.

  8. Ibid., pp. 109–12, 125, 128, 120–21.

  9. Taylor, Provos, p. 70; English, Armed Struggle, pp. 123–6, 131; Kevin Myers, Watching the Door: Cheating Death in 1970s Belfast (London, 2008), pp. 91, 115; Guardian, 20 May 2001.

  10. Taylor, Provos, pp. 72, 84–5, 108; Taylor, Brits, p. 57; English, Armed Struggle, pp. 113–14, 116–18; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 173–5, 216.

  11. Ibid., p. 217; English, Armed Struggle, pp. 136, 146; Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA (London, 1995), p. 552; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 62.

  12. Myers, Watching the Door, pp. 19, 25; PRO DEFE 5/186, Chiefs of Staff Committee, Memorandum 61, 11 September 1970.

  13. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, p. 237; Taylor, Provos, pp. 87–8.

  14. The Times, 6 February 1971, 8 February 1971; Belfast Telegraph, 8 February 1971; Taylor, Provos, p. 89.

  15. PRO CAB 128/49, CM (71) 9, 9 February 1971.

  16. Smith, ‘Walking a Real Tight-rope of Difficulties’, pp. 252–3; for a similar conclusion, see Thomas Hennessey, Northern Ireland: The Origins of the Troubles (Dublin, 2005), pp. 394–5.

  17. The Times, 11 March 1971, 12 March 1971; Taylor, Provos, p. 91; Taylor, Brits, p. 59; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 65; Myers, Watching the Door, pp. 15, 19; Harry McCallion, Killing Zone: A Life in the Paras, the Recces, the SAS and the RUC (London, 1996), p. 30.

  18. Peter Taylor, Loyalists (London, 2000), pp. 76–8.

  19. Ibid., pp. 81, 83–4; Daily Telegraph, 23 October 2007.

  20. Taylor, Brits, pp. 59–60, 62–3; Baston, Reggie, pp. 369–70; PRO PREM 15/476, Cable from UKREP NI, 2 March 1971; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 177–8; The Times, 5 December 1970, 7 December 1970, 11 March 1971, 12 March 1971.

  21. PRO CAB 128/49, CM (71) 9, 9 February 1971; PRO PREM 15/476, Note of Meeting, 16 March 1971.

  22. Baston, Reggie, p. 371; PRO PREM 15/476, ‘Record of Conversation between the Prime Minister and Major Chichester-Clark’, 19 March 1971.

  23. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, p. 252; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 65; PRO CAB 128/48, CM (71) 15, Confidential Annex, 18 March 1971; The Times, 24 March 1971.

  24. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, p. 260; Taylor, Loyalists, p. 85; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 67; The Times, 2 August 1971.

  25. PRO PREM 15/476, Cable from UKREP NI, 13 March 1971; PRO PREM 15/475, Note of Meeting, 13 February 1971; PRO CAB 164/878, Tony Stephens to Peter Gregson, 21 July 1971; Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, pp. 265 ff.; Baston, Reggie, pp. 370, 372–3; PRO PREM 15/478, Cable from Sir John Peck, 30 July 1971.

  26. PRO PREM 15/478, Note of Meeting, 5 August 1971; Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (London, 1978), pp. 184–5.

  27. Taylor, Provos, p. 102.

  28. The Times, 10 August 1971; Taylor, Provos, pp. 92–3: Taylor, Brits, pp. 63–4, 69.

  29. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, pp. 270–71.

  30. The Times, 11 August 1971, 12 August 1971; Time, 23 August 1971; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 69; Myers, Watching the Door, pp. 28–35.

  31. Baston, Reggie, pp. 374–5, 377; Taylor, Brits, p. 67; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 69; English, Armed Struggle, pp. 140–41.

  32. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster, pp. 289–90; Taylor, Provos, pp. 94–6; Taylor, Brits, pp. 65, 70; PRO CAB 130/522, GEN (71) 47, 6th meeting, 18 October 1971.

  33. Taylor, Provos, pp. 94–5; English, Armed Struggle, p. 142; Sunday Times, 17 October 1971; PRO CAB 130/522, GEN (71) 47, 6th meeting, 18 October 1971; Taylor, Brits, pp. 71–3; The Times, 12 December 1971, 3 March 1972. Compton’s report (Cmnd. 4823) is reproduced online at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/compton.htm.

  34. Republican News, 18 August 1999; Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 146; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), p. 121.

  35. Liz Curtis, Ireland, the Propaganda War: The Battle for Hearts and Minds (London, 1984), pp. 119, 121; John Cleese and Connie Booth, The Complete Fawlty Towers (London, 1989), p. 44; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 124; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), p. 534.

  36. Beckett, When the Lights Went out, pp. 117–18; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number Ten: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television (London, 1989), pp. 181–3; Bernard D. Nossiter, Britain: A Future That Works (London, 1978), p. 130.

  37. PRO CAB 128/49, CM (71) 9, 9 February 1971; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 121; James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1983 (London, 2008), p. 3; Evening Standard, 6 October 1974.

  38. The Times, 30 September 1971, 6 December 1971; Sunday Times, 12 December 1971; Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 87–8, 90–91.

  CHAPTER 7. LOVE THY NEIGHBOUR

  1. The Times, 19 January 1971, 20 January 1971; Denis Judd, Empire: The British Imperial Experience, from 1765 to the Present (London, 1997), pp. 385, 390; Pat Hutton and Jonathan Bloch, ‘The Making of Idi Amin’, New African (February 2001), http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/502.html.

  2. The Times, 26 January 1971, 29 January 1971, 7 August 1972; Guardian, 26 January 1971; Hutton and Bloch, ‘The Making of Idi Amin’;
Scotsman, 17 August 2003.

  3. Robert Winder, Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain (London, 2004), p. 292; Francis Wheen, Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia (London, 2009), p. 235; Independent, 5 August 2002; The Times, 5 August 1972, 7 August 1972.

  4. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 40, 8 August 1972; Zig Layton-Henry, ‘Immigration and the Heath Government’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 223–5; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (71) 1/3; PRO CAB 129/157, CP (71) 58, ‘Immigration Policy’, 10 May 1971; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), p. 400; Harry Goulbourne, Race Relations in Britain Since 1945 (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 53; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), p. 392.

  5. The Times, 7 August 1972, 11 August 1972, 12 August 1972, 18 August 1972; Baston, Reggie, p. 401; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, p. 293.

  6. The Times, 7 August 1972, 8 August 1972, 14 August 1972, 25 August 1972, 5 September 1972; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, p. 292; Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (Basingstoke, 1978), p. 299.

  7. The Times, 7 August 1972, 17 August 1972; Martin Walker, The National Front (London, 1977). p. 127; Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), p. 643.

  8. The Times, 13 September 1972; Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 643.

  9. Sunday Express, 4 April 1965; Guardian, 13 June 1969; Heffer, Like the Roman, pp. 462–8, 514, 567–8, 657, 690 and passim.

  10. Ibid., pp. 253–5, 380; The Times, 1 May 1968; Walker, The National Front, p. 115.

  11. Jeremy Seabrook, City Close-Up (Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 58–9; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), pp. 35–6.

  12. The Times, 25 August 1972, 8 September 1972, 11 September 1972, 13 September 1972.

  13. The Times, 7 September 1972, 15 September 1972, 16 September 1972; The Economist, 19 August 1972; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, p. 293.

  14. PRO CAB 129/164, CP (72) 91, ‘United Kingdom Passport Holders in Uganda’, 6 September 1972; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 41, 7 September 1972.

  15. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 42, 27 September 1972; The Times, 1 December 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 393–4.

  16. The Times, 19 August 1972, 1 September 1972.

  17. Shamit Saggar, Race and Politics in Britain (Hemel Hempstead, 1992), pp. 41, 45, 53; Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London, 1996), p. 327; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), p. 133; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, pp. 297–8, 311.

  18. White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 137, 140; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, pp. 303–5.

  19. Nicholas Deakin, Colour, Citizenship and British Society (London, 1970), ch. 4; Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, pp. 342–3; Colin Brown, Black and White Britain (London, 1984), p. 157; Goulbourne, Race Relations in Britain Since 1945; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 163–4.

  20. Daniel Lawrence, Black Migrants: White Natives. A Study of Race Relations in Nottingham (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 10, 75, 93, 32, 118, 39–42.

  21. Ibid., pp. 93, 114.

  22. Seabrook, City Close-Up, pp. 39, 40, 43–4, 50–52, 54.

  23. Ibid., pp. 53, 57.

  24. Daily Mirror, 22 April 1968, 3 July 1969; Richard Weight. Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), pp. 436–7.

  25. James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1985 (London, 2008), p. 243; Andrew Motion, Philip Larkin: A Writer’s Life (London, 1994), p. 410; Colin Dexter, Last Seen Wearing (London, 1977), p. 56.

  26. Sunday Times, 30 September 1973; Gordon Burn, Somebody’s Husband, Somebody’s Son: The Story of Peter Sutcliffe (London, 1984), p. 127; Trevor Griffiths, Comedians (London, 1976), pp. 42, 44, 56.

  27. The Times, 2 September 2006; Daily Telegraph, 4 September 2006; Guardian, 4 September 2006; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain (London, 1999), pp. 314–15.

  28. Ibid., pp. 311–12, 315; Guardian, 7 February 2009.

  29. The Times, 19 May 1967; Louis Barfe, Turned Out Nice Again: The Story of British Light Entertainment (London, 2008), pp. 122–3, 289–90; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 207; and see the excellent BBC Four documentary Black and White Minstrel Show: Revisited (2004).

  30. Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain: A Personal Journey into the Disturbing World of James Bond (London, 2006), pp. 1, 52; for a more sober analysis, see James Chapman, Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films (London, 1999), pp. 166–8.

  31. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 205–6; Mark Duguid, ‘Race and the Sitcom’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1108234/index.html.

  32. Leon Hunt, British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (London, 1998), pp. 52–4; Vic Pratt, ‘Love Thy Neighbour’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/501026/index.html.

  33. Daily Telegraph, 18 April 1972; Observer, 16 April 1972; The Times, 21 April 1972, 18 September 1972; New Society, 31 July 1975; Daily Express, 9 May 1975; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 54–5.

  34. The Times, 7 April 1970, 8 April 1970, 9 April 1970, 14 April 1970, 20 April 1970; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 151–2; Winder, Bloody Foreigners, p. 300.

  35. The Times, 27 April 1970, 25 May 1970, 28 May 1970; John Davis, Youth and the Condition of Britain: Images of Adolescent Conflict (London, 1990), p. 212; Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John M. Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: A Historical and Sociological Study (London, 1988), pp. 169–71; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 62–3; Pat Doyle, Pete McGuire and Susie Daniel, The Paint House: Words from an East End Gang (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 79.

  36. Pete Fowler, ‘Skins Rule’, in Charlie Gillett (ed.), Rock File (London, 1972), p. 20; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 63; Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford, 1990), p. 339; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 151.

  37. The Times, 14 April 1970, 19 November 1970; Daily Telegraph, 7 January 1977; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 215–16; Zig Layton-Henry, The Politics of Immigration: Immigration, Race and Race Relations in Post-War Britain (Oxford, 1992), p. 126; Lawrence, Black Migrants: White Natives, p. 207; Maureen Cain, Society and the Policeman’s Role (London, 1973), p. 117.

  38. Lawrence, Black Migrants: White Natives, pp. 206–8; Layton-Henry, The Politics of Immigration, p. 127; Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, pp. 301–2.

  39. Guardian, 28 January 1972, 11 February 1972, 9 March 1972; Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, pp. 44, 47, 329; Goulbourne, Race Relations in Britain Since 1945, p. 68; Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, p. 281; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 297; The Times, 19 March 1974.

  40. Sunday Times, 5 August 1973; Daily Mirror, 14 June 1973; Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, pp. 43–4, 290–93, 300; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 279, 283.

  41. The Times, 30 December 1972; Lees-Milne, Diaries, p. 14.

  42. Daily Mirror, 17 August 1972; The Times, 20 October 1972; Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, pp. 3–5, 18–28.

  43. Ibid., pp. 7–8, 17, 75; Sunday Mirror, 22 October 1972; Sun, 13 October 1972; Daily Mail, 26 October 1972; The Times, 1 November 1972, 2 November 1972.

  44. Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, pp. vii–viii, 33–8, 163, 183, 250, 323 and passim.

  45. Ibid., pp. 10, 14, quoting data from the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and the Chief Inspector of Constabulary; George L. Bernstein, The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945 (London, 2004), p. 437; Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain: A Political History (London, 1988), p. 354; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 258–9; Daily Mirror, 14 January 1978.

  46. Layton-Henry, ‘Immigration and the Heath Government’, p. 234; Saggar, Race and Politics in Britain, pp. 110, 116.

  47. Ibid., p. 180; Walker, The National Front, pp. 67–70; John Tomlinson, Left, Right: The March of Political Extremism in
Britain (London, 1981), p. 30; Daily Telegraph, 25 September 1997; Weight, Patriots, p. 539.

  48. Walker, The National Front, pp. 90–91; David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-Class City (Harmondsworth 1978), pp. 199, 202, 168.

  49. Walker, The National Front, p. 217; Saggar, Race and Politics in Britain, p. 181; Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), pp. 238–9; Jeremy Seabrook, What Went Wrong? Working People and the Ideals of the Labour Movement (London, 1978), p. 93.

  50. Tomlinson, Left, Right, pp. 43, 49, 54–5, 57–8; The Times, 17 May 1975.

  51. The Times, 23 August 1972, 25 August 1972; Walker, The National Front, pp. 135–6.

  52. The Times, 25 May 1973, 26 May 1973, 31 May 1973; Walker, The National Front, pp. 133–9, 142–3.

  53. The Times, 9 June 1973.

  54. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974 (London, 1974), p. 336; Walker, The National Front, pp. 9, 149–51, 166.

  55. The Times, 31 August 1972, 1 September 1972, 19 September 1972, 26 September 1972.

  56. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, pp. 293–4; The Times, 2 October 1972, 16 October 1972.

  CHAPTER 8. THE LIMITS TO GROWTH

  1. Donella Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome (New York, 1972), p. 29; Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (Oxford, 2000), pp. 139–45.

  2. The Times, 31 May 1972, 1 April 1972; Collins, More, p. 141.

  3. John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), p. 406; James Margach, The Abuse of Power (London, 1978), p. 160; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number Ten: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television (London, 1989), p. 190; John Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 40–41; Lewis Baston and Anthony Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 66–7; Kevin Theakston, ‘The Heath Government, Whitehall and the Civil Service’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 88–9; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (London, 2008), pp. 78, 82, and see also pp. 72–3, 76–80, 82–3, 86–7.