State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  4. The Times, 8 March 1972; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 141–2; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 451–2; Donald MacDougall, Don and Mandarin: Memoirs of an Economist (London, 1987), pp. 188–9.

  5. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 10, 24 February 1972.

  6. Hansard, 28 February 1972; The Times, 29 February 1972; The Economist, 4 April 1972, 24 June 1972; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 151–2; Campbell, Edward Heath pp. 443–4.

  7. Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), p. 348; Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (London, 1996), p. 385; Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), pp. 86–7, 90; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 411–12, 442.

  8. Hansard, 21 March 1972; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 387–8; Sir Alec Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, p. 117.

  9. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 444; Hansard, 21 March 1972; Dilwyn Porter, ‘Government and the Economy’, in Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (London, 1996), p. 38; The Times, 21 March 1972, 22 March 1972.

  10. Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), pp. 84–5; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 445; Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, p. 14; Max-Stephen Schulze and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, p. 113; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 385–7.

  11. David Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism: The Theory and Politics of an Economic Experiment (London, 1991), pp. 31–4; Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, pp. 130–33; Coopey and Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, pp. 4–5; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 454–5; The Times, 24 June 1972; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 90.

  12. The Times, 13 September 1971; Sir Alec Cairncross, The British Economy Since 1945: Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–1990 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 190–91; Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism, pp. 39–40; David Kynaston, The City of London, vol. 4: A Club No More, 1945–2000, pp. 436–40.

  13. Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism, p. 41; Kynaston, A Club No More, p. 451; Schulze and Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, p. 113; Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London, 1996), p. 336.

  14. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 94–5; Clive Irving, Pox Britannica: The Unmaking of the British (New York, 1974), p. 161; Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London 1980), pp. 105, 108; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), pp. 65–6; Jonathan Raban, Soft City (London, 1975), pp. 187–8.

  15. Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 141–2; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 451–2; MacDougall, Don and Mandarin, pp. 188–9; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 400; Evening Standard, 1–2 June 1972.

  16. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 446–8; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 152–3; Hansard, 22 March 1972.

  17. Tony Benn, Office Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London, 1988), p. 417; Hansard, 22 May 1972, 28 July 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 449–50, 453.

  18. The Economist, 13 May 1972; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp 154–6; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 453; Peter Walker, Staying Power: An Autobiography (London, 1991), p. 99.

  19. Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 154–60; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 452, 454.

  20. Ibid., pp. 421, 469–70; The Times, 10 March 1972; Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 178–9; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 87.

  21. Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen Through the Gallup Data (London, 1989), p. 100; Robert Harris, The Making of Neil Kinnock (London, 1984), pp. 66–8; Stephen Haseler, The Death of British Democracy (London, 1976), pp. 103–4; Eric Heffer, The Class Struggle in Parliament (London, 1973); Anthony Barnett, ‘Class Struggle and the Heath Government’, New Left Review, 77 (January–February 1973), pp. 3–41; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 502; New Statesman, 18 February 1972.

  22. The Times, 21 April 1972; Paul Ferris, The New Militants: Crisis in the Trade Unions (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 102–3; Richard Clutterbuck Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), pp. 49–50; Dave Lyddon, ‘ “Glorious Summer”, 1972’, in John McIlroy, Nina Fishman and Alan Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism: Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, 1964–1979 (Monmouth, 2007), pp. 334–5.

  23. On the dockers: The Times, 22 April 1972, 24 April 1972, 25 April 1972; on the railwaymen: The Times, 13 April 1972, 14 April 1972, 19 April 1972, 13 May 1972, 20 May 1972, 13 June 1972, 14 June 1972; and see Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 458–9.

  24. The Times, 14 June 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 459–60; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 78; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 406.

  25. Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 103–5; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 78; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 50–51; The Times, 14 June 1972, 16 June 1972; Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary, 1970–1974 (London, 1975), p. 210.

  26. The Times, 17 June 1972; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 78–9.

  27. The Times, 21 July 1972, 22 July 1972; Hansard, 25 July 1972; Time, 14 August 1972; Ferris, The New Militants, p. 105; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 51; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 460–61; Lyddon, ‘ “Glorious Summer”, 1972’, pp. 336–7.

  28. The Economist, 29 July 1972; Guardian, 28 July 1972; The Times, 28 July 1972; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 38, 27 July 1972; Lyddon ‘ “Glorious Summer”, 1972’, pp. 338–9; Gerald A. Dorfman, Government versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968 (London, 1979), pp. 63–4; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 461–2.

  29. The Times, 4 August 1972, 17 August 1972; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 106–7; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 462.

  30. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 463–6; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 54; Andrew Taylor, ‘The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions’, in McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism, pp. 165–6; Stephen Milligan, The New Barons: Union Power in the 1970s (London, 1976), p. 7; Porter, ‘Government and the Economy’, p. 40.

  31. King, The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974, p. 223; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 467, 471; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 412; Dorfman, Government versus Trade Unionism, pp. 79–81; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p. 108.

  32. Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 413; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 87; and see Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, p. 189; Vernon Bogdanor, ‘The Fall of Heath and the End of the Postwar Settlement’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 379–80.

  33. PRO CAB 129/164, CP (72) 93, 26 September 1972; PRO CAB 129/164, CP (72) 99, 27 September 1972; The Times, 27 September 1972, 28 September 1972; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp. 179–80; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 472–3.

  34. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 46, 25 October 1972; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 414; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 474–6; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 40.

  35. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 48, 2 November 1972; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 49, 3 November 1972; The Times, 4 November 1972; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 415.

  36. Hansard, 6 November 1972; The Times, 7 November 1972; Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), pp. 654–5.

  37. Hansard, 5 April 1971, 28 June 1971, 11 October 1973, 23 July 1973: Heffer, Like the Roman, pp. 590–91, 597, 645, 658–9, 672, 6
78; Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–1976 (London, 1989), p. 55.

  38. E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2002), pp. 232–4; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p. 12; Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1983 (London, 1995), pp. 203–4, 209–10; John Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People (London, 1992), pp. 115–16; Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism, p. 50.

  39. See Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 456, 471.

  40. Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, p. 212; Anthony Seldon, ‘The Heath Government in History’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 6–7, 9, 13; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, p. 141; Anthony Seldon, ‘The Heathman: An Interview with John Campbell’, Contemporary Record, 7:3 (Winter 1993), p. 589; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 89; Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, p. 41.

  41. See Seldon, ‘The Heath Government in History’, pp. 14–15; John Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party Since 1830 (London, 1999), pp. 401–2.

  42. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 470–71; The Times. 16 June 1972, 12 September 1972; Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (London 1978), pp. 263–5; The Economist, 28 October 1972.

  43. Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 657; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 509–11; John Ramsden, ‘The Conservative Party and the Heath Government’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 323–4, 326–7, 334–5.

  44. Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile (London, 1988), p. 123; Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, pp. 44–6; Ramsden, An Appetite for Power, p. 408; Spectator, 2 December 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 515–20; Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 615.

  CHAPTER 9. METRO-LAND

  1. The Times, 26 February 1973, 28 February 1973, 1 March 1973; Evening Standard, 26 February 1973, 1 March 1973.

  2. Bevis Hillier, John Betjeman: The Biography (London, 2007), pp. 464–73; Michael Brooke, ‘Metro-Land’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1259604/index.html.

  3. John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London, 1992), pp. 50–51, and see pp. 47–70 in general; George Orwell, Coming Up for Air (Harmondsworth, 1962), pp. 13–14.

  4. D. J. Taylor, After the War: The Novel and England Since 1945 (London, 1993), p. 45; Dominic Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles (London, 2005), pp. 122–3; Mark Clapson, Invincible Green Suburbs, Brave New Towns (Manchester, 1998), p. 12; Jon Savage, England’s Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock (London, 2005), pp. 146, 241.

  5. Clapson, Invincible Green Suburbs, Brave New Towns, pp. 10–11; Leon Hunt, British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (London, 1998), pp. 103–5.

  6. Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London, 2006), p. 525; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 198; Mark Duguid, ‘The Good Life’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579110/index.html; Mike Sutton, ‘The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/534926/index.html.

  7. Simon Gunn and Rachel Bell, Middle Classes: Their Rise and Sprawl (London, 2003), pp. 193–4.

  8. Radio Times, 4 February 1968; James, The Middle Class, pp. 512–13; John Betjeman, ‘Executive’, in John Betjeman, Collected Poems (London, 2001), pp. 312–13; Michael Billington, State of the Nation: British Theatre Since 1945 (London, 2007), pp. 233–4; Martin Amis, Success (London, 1985), pp. 184, 217–18.

  9. Encounter, October 1974; Deborah S. Ryan, The Ideal Home Through the Twentieth Century (London, 1997), p. 157.

  10. Phil Wickham, The Likely Lads (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 46; The Times, 12 February 1968; Daily Mirror, 10 March 1978; Joe Moran, Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime (London, 2007), pp. 51, 77; John Burnett, Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain (London, 1999), pp. 90–91; Gunn and Bell, Middle Classes, p. 201.

  11. Michael Young and Peter Willmott, The Symmetrical Family: A Study of Work and Leisure in the London Region (London, 1973), pp. 166–7, 278–80.

  12. Arthur M. Edwards, The Design of Suburbia (London, 1981), pp. 243–4; James, The Middle Class, pp. 522–3; Wickham, The Likely Lads, pp. 16, 34.

  13. Young and Willmott, The Symmetrical Family, pp. 29–30, 48.

  14. Paul Oliver, ‘A Lighthouse on the Mantlepiece: Symbolism in the Home’, in Paul Oliver, Ian Davis and Ian Bentley (eds.), Dunroamin: The Suburban Semi and Its Enemies (London, 1981), pp. 179, 181–2; Piers Paul Read, A Married Man (London, 1979), pp. 157–8.

  15. Sunday Times, 24 April 1977; James, The Middle Class, pp. 533–4; Jonathan Raban, Soft City (London, 1975), p. 89; Alison Pressley, The Seventies: Good Times, Bad Taste (London, 2002), p. 71.

  16. Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), pp. 323–4; Ryan, The Ideal Home Through the Twentieth Century, pp. 145, 151.

  17. James, The Middle Class, pp. 536, 568–9; Young and Willmott, The Symmetrical Family, pp. 212, 216, 247; Hunter Davies, The Glory Game (London, 1972), pp. 310–12; Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), p. 427.

  18. John Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain, 1880–1980 (Harlow, 1994), p. 69; Roger Cox, ‘Carrefour at Caerphilly: The Shoppers and the Competition’, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 3:3 (1975), pp. 39–41; The Times, 13 September 1972, 23 September 1972, 13 April 1973, 10 September 1973, 30 April 1974.

  19. Ann Oakley, Housewife (London, 1974), p. 131; Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society, pp. 70–71.

  20. Arthur Marwick, British Society Since 1945 (Harmondsworth, 1982), pp. 242–3; Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society, p. 72; Screen Digest, April 1979; Justin Smith, ‘Glam, Spam and Uncle Sam: Funding Diversity in 1970s British Film Production’, in Robert Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema (London, 2008), p. 68.

  21. Marwick, British Society Since 1945, p. 242; Kate Colquhoun, Taste: The Story of Britain Through Its Cooking (London, 2007), p. 353; Moran, Queuing for Beginners, pp. 153–4; The Times, 5 February 1972, 17 January 1983, 12 April 1983.

  22. Colquhoun, Taste, p. 365; Moran, Queuing for Beginners, pp. 154, 17; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 46; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs: A History of the Family in Twentieth-Century England (London, 2003), p. 138.

  23. Ken Coates and Richard Silburn, Poverty: The Forgotten Englishmen (Harmondsworth, 1970), pp. 95–6; Read, A Married Man, p. 67; Kingsley Amis, Jake’s Thing (London, 1978), p. 38; Margaret Drabble, The Ice Age (London, 1977), p. 84; John Burnett, ‘The Way We Lived Then: Homes and Families, 1945–2000’, in Folio Society, England 1945–2000 (London, 2001), p. 142.

  24. James, The Middle Class, p. 537; Colquhoun, Taste, pp. 350–53.

  25. Nick Clarke, The Shadow of a Nation: The Changing Face of Britain (London, 2003), pp. 129–30, 143; John Sutherland, Reading the Decades: Fifty Years of British History Through the Nation’s Bestsellers (London, 2002), p. 133.

  26. Clarke, The Shadow of a Nation, pp. 127–8; Colquhoun, Taste, pp. 366–7; The Times, 4 September 1973, 15 March 1980.

  27. Mike Leigh, Abigail’s Party (London, 1979); Sunday Times, 24 April 1977, 1 May 1977; and see Billington, State of the Nation, pp. 279–81.

  28. Alan Ayckbourn, The Norman Conquests (London, 1973), p. 55; and see Dominic Shellard, British Theatre Since the War (New Haven, 2000), pp. 170–72; Randall Stevenson, The Oxford English Literary History, vol. 12: 1960–2000: The Last of England? (Oxford, 2004), p. 358; Billington, State of the Nation. p. 201.

  29. June Norris, Human Aspects of Redevelopment (Birmingham, 1962), pp. 11, 27–8; Peter Willmott and Michael Young, Family and Class in a London Suburb (London, 1960), pp. 91, 112; Clapson, Invincible New Suburbs, Brave New Towns, pp. 45–7; The Times, 10 September 1968; and see Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good,
pp. 124–6, and Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 190–91.

  30. Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 20; William B. Gwyn, ‘Jeremiahs and Pragmatists: Perceptions of British Decline’, in William B. Gwyn and Richard Rose, (eds.), Britain: Progress and Decline (London, 1980), p. 25; Kenneth O. Morgan, The People’s Peace: British History Since 1945 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 395, 424–5, 432.

  31. Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain: A Personal Journey into the Disturbing World of James Bond (London, 2006), p. 254; ‘The Diaries of Smurfette’, 1 January 1974, 21 February 1974, www.escape-to-the-seventies.com/Diaries/January_1974.php.

  32. Hunter Davies, The Creighton Report (London, 1977), pp. 278–9; ‘The Diaries of Smurfette’, 2 February 1974, 15 February 1974.

  33. The Times, 28 April 1975, 27 January 1972, 29 January 1972; James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), pp. 111–14.

  34. The Times, 8 February 1978, 21 January 1975; Stevenson, The Last of England?, p. 138; Elaine Moss, ‘The Seventies in British Children’s Books’, in Nancy Chambers (ed.), The Signal Approach to Children’s Books (Harmondsworth, 1980), pp. 48–80.

  35. Ibid., pp. 63–4; Bernard T. Harrison, ‘Books for Younger Readers’, in Boris Ford (ed.), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, vol. 8: From Orwell to Naipaul (London, 1998), p. 363; The Times, 6 October 1972; Frank Whitehead et al., Children and Their Books: Final Report of the Schools Council Research Project on Children’s Reading Habits, 10–15 (London, 1977), pp. 131–2.

  36. J. B. Priestley, The English (London, 1973), p. 245; Jeremy Seabrook, City Close-Up (Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 150, 155, 159–62.