State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  74. The Times, 26 May 1973; Sunday Telegraph, 27 May 1973.

  75. The Times, 26 May 1973, 28 May 1973, 29 May 1973.

  76. The Times, 25 May 1973, 28 May 1973; Parris, Great Parliamentary Scandals, p. 174.

  77. The Times, 29 May 1973.

  CHAPTER 12. NO SURRENDER

  1. The Times, 5 January 1972, 6 January 1972; Tony Benn, Office Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London, 1988), p. 366.

  2. David McKittrick and David McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles (London, 2001), pp. 74–5.

  3. Ibid., pp. 73–4; Richard English, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (London, 2003), p. 144; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), pp. 389, 379.

  4. Peter Taylor, Brits: The War Against the IRA (London, 2002), p. 75.

  5. Peter Taylor, Provos: The IRA and Sinn Fein (London, 1998), p. 109; Kevin Myers, Watching the Door: Cheating Death in 1970s Belfast (London, 2008), p. x; Robin Neillands, A Fighting Retreat: The British Empire 1947–1997 (London, 1997), p. 497.

  6. Myers, Watching the Door p. 140; Taylor, Provos, pp. 96–7, 99; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 70–71; The Times, 2 September 1971.

  7. Taylor, Brits, pp. 82–3; Taylor, Provos, pp. 114–15.

  8. Ibid., p. 115; Taylor, Brits, pp. 84–6.

  9. Ibid., pp. 87–8; Guardian, 13 March 2000, 29 March 2000; English, Armed Struggle, p. 154.

  10. There are hundreds of narratives of Bloody Sunday. For good, balanced summaries, see Taylor, Provos, pp. 119–27; Taylor, Brits, pp. 95–108; and http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/index.html, which has a detailed chronology and links to sources, eyewitness accounts and the special BBC, Guardian and Saville Inquiry websites. Father Daly is quoted in McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 77.

  11. Taylor, Provos, pp. 116–18; Taylor, Brits, pp. 88–90.

  12. Taylor, Provos, pp. 114–16, 118; Taylor, Brits, pp. 77–8, 89, 91–3, 105; Irish News, 26 January 1972.

  13. Taylor, Brits, p. 101; Michael Asher, Shoot to Kill: A Soldier’s Journey Through Violence (London, 1990), p. 65; Daily Mail, 20 April 1972; Liz Curtis, Ireland, The Propaganda War: The Battle for Hearts and Minds (London, 1984), p. 44; Baston, Reggie, p. 384.

  14. Hansard, 31 January 1972; Baston, Reggie, pp. 384–5.

  15. Conor Cruise O’Brien, Memoir: My Life and Themes (London, 1998), p. 335; English, Armed Struggle, p. 151; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 771.

  16. PRO CAB 128/48, CM (72) 5, Confidential Annex, 3 February 1972; PRO CAB 130/560, GEN 72 (47), 9 February 1972; PRO PREM 15/1004, Douglas-Home to Heath, 13 March 1972; Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939: The Persistence of Conflict (London, 2007), p. 221; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 79, 82–3; Baston, Reggie, p. 386.

  17. The Times, 23 February 1972, 6 March 1972; Taylor, Provos, pp. 131, 136; English, Armed Struggle, p. 156.

  18. Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 305; Myers, Watching the Door, p. 166; BBC interviews, 5 October 1971, on the CD BBC Eyewitness: 1970–1979 (2005); The Times, 21 March 1972; Belfast Telegraph, 21 March 1972; Taylor, Provos, p. 134; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 78.

  19. PRO CAB 128/48, CM (72) 18, Confidential Annex, 23 March 1972; William Whitelaw, The Whitelaw Memoirs (London, 1989), p. 80; text of speech by Brian Faulkner, 24 March 1972, at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/directrule/faulkner240372.htm; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), pp. 431–2; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 224–5.

  20. The Times, 25 March 1972.

  21. The Times, 28 March 1972, 29 March 1972; Peter Taylor, Loyalists (London, 2000), pp. 98–9.

  22. Ibid., p. 119; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!: The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London, 2003), pp. 9, 91, 115; Ken Bloomfield, Stormont in Crisis: A Memoir (Belfast, 1994), p. 173.

  23. Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 116–17; The Times, 3 December 1973.

  24. Taylor, Brits, p. 113.

  25. McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 89; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 228–9.

  26. The Times, 14 February 1972, 20 March 1972; Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 95–6; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, p. 226.

  27. The Times, 25 March 1972, 28 March 1972, 20 October 1972, 21 October 1972, 25 October 1972; and see Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 229–30.

  28. McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, p. 86; Bernard D. Nossiter, Britain: A Future that Works (London, 1978), pp. 159–60.

  29. Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 100–101, 103; Myers, Watching the Door, pp. 87, 119.

  30. Steve Bruce, The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland (Oxford, 1991), p. 59.

  31. PRO PREM 15/1016, Ronnie Custis to Christopher Roberts, 29 November 1972; Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974 (London, 1975), pp. 99, 207; Taylor, Loyalists, p. 105; Tim Pat Coogan, The Troubles: Ireland’s Ordeal 1966–1996 and the Search for Peace (London, 1996), p. 183; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 86–7.

  32. Taylor, Provos, pp. 132, 135–8; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), p. 593; The Times, 14 June 1972; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 133–4; Taylor, Brits, pp. 119–21.

  33. PRO PREM 15/1009, ‘Note of a Meeting with Representatives of the Provisional IRA’, 21 June 1972; Taylor, Provos, pp. 138–9.

  34. Ibid., pp. 139–43; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 136–8.

  35. Taylor, Provos, p. 146; The Times, 10 July 1972; Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 106–7; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 139–41.

  36. Taylor, Provos, pp. 149–51; The Times, 22 July 1971.

  37. Myers, Watching the Door, p. 65; English, Armed Struggle, p. 160; on the death toll, see the definitive index of casualties at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/index.html.

  38. Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 146–7, 152.

  39. The Times, 21 March 1973; The Economist, 24 March 1973; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 153–4; ‘Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals’, Cmnd. 5259, at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd5259.htm.

  40. The Times, 30 June 1973, 2 July 1973, 1 August 1973; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 92–4; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 155–6; and for a detailed statistical breakdown of the Assembly election results, see http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/ra1973.htm.

  41. Taylor, Provos, pp. 110–11; Myers, Watching the Door, p. 141; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 227–8; Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 116, 118.

  42. The Times, 22 November 1973, 23 November 1973, 10 December 1973, 11 December 1973; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 95–7; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, pp. 158–63; text of the Sunningdale Agreement, 9 December 1973, at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/agreement.htm.

  43. Paul Arthur, ‘The Heath Government and Northern Ireland’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 236–7, 254–8; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, pp. 240–41; Taylor, Provos, p. 160; Taylor, Loyalists, p. 121; Irish Times, 2 January 2004.

  44. The Times, 5 January 1974, 23 January 1974; Taylor, Loyalists, p. 121.

  45. For the Paisley quotation, see episode two of Peter Taylor’s documentary series Loyalists (BBC, 1999).

  46. The Times, 2 March 1974, 5 March 1974; McKittrick and McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles, pp. 100–101; Patterson, Ireland Since 1939, p. 242.

  47. PRO FCO 87/334, ‘Confidential Note for the Record’, 5 March 1974.

  CHAPTER 13. THE UNACCEPTABLE FACE OF CAPITALISM

  1. Alan Ayckbourn, Round and Round the Garden (London, 1975), p. 7.

  2. The Times, 4 July 1972; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 36, 13 July 1972; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), pp. 23–4, 176–7, 275–6, 284–6.

 
3. Hansard, 18 July 1972; The Times, 19 July 1972; Baston, Reggie, pp. 425–8.

  4. Daily Express, Sun and Mirror, all 19 July 1972; The Economist, 22 July 1972; Baston, Reggie, pp. 428–9.

  5. The Times, 14 June 1960; Peter Mandler, ‘New Towns for Old: The Fate of the Town Centre’, in Becky E. Conekin, Frank Mort and Chris Waters (eds.), Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945–1964 (London, 1999), pp. 219–21; Baston, Reggie, p. 345; and see Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 624–5, 628–9.

  6. See Ray Fitzwalter and Daniel Taylor, Web of Corruption: The Full Story of John Poulson and T. Dan Smith (London, 1981); Michael Gillard and Martin Tomkinson, Nothing to Declare: The Political Corruptions of John Poulson (London, 1981); and see also Owen Luder’s entry on Poulson in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the summary in Baston, Reggie, pp. 272–5.

  7. Ibid., pp. 264–5, 330–36.

  8. Ibid., pp. 276–83, 286, 289, 297, 304–16, 327, 343, 415–16 and passim.

  9. The Times, 8 January 1974, 12 February 1974, 4 February 1993.

  10. Baston, Reggie, pp. 456, 494–5, 504–5; Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (London, 1995), p. 319; Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (London, 1978), p. 256.

  11. Sunday Times, 4 December 1977; The Times, 22 November 1973, 19 June 1974, 22 June 1974; Patrick Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–1975 (Oxford, 1981), pp. 292–4.

  12. John Betjeman, ‘Executive’, in Collected Poems (London, 2001), p. 312; Clive Irving, Pox Britannica: The Unmaking of the British (New York, 1974), p. 9.

  13. Patrick Marnham, The Private Eye Story (London, 1982), pp. 132–4.

  14. Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (London, 1985), p. 52; Patricia Waugh, Harvest of the Sixties: English Literature and its Background, 1960 to 1990 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 176–7; Michael Billington, State of the Nation: British Theatre Since 1945 (London, 2007), pp. 217–18; Georg Gaston, ‘Interview with David Hare’, Theatre Journal, 45:2 (May 1993), p. 214.

  15. Howard Brenton and David Hare, Brassneck (London, 1975), pp. 43, 92, 99; and see Adam Knowles, ‘Memories of England: British Identity and the Rhetoric of Decline in Postwar British Drama, 1956–1982’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, pp. 273–304.

  16. David Hare, Plays I (London, 1996), pp. 234, 273–4, 291, 294; Billington, State of the Nation, pp. 218–19.

  17. Hare, Plays I, pp. 274, 308–11; and see the discussion in Scott Fraser, A Politic Theatre: The Plays of David Hare (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 112–23.

  18. Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), p. 471; David Jordan, Nile Green (London, 1973), pp. 9, 91–3; David Kynaston, The City of London, vol. 4: A Club No More, 1945–2000 (London, 2001), p. 416.

  19. Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), pp. 209–10; Kynaston, A Club No More, pp. 401, 417–18, 422, 447.

  20. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 498–9; Irving, Pox Britannica, p. 115; Kynaston, A Club No More, pp. 350–53, 455; Michael Hope, ‘On Being Taken Over By Slater Walker’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 24:3 (March 1976), pp. 163–78; Charles Raw, Slater Walker: An Investigation of a Financial Phenomenon (London, 1977), pp. 222–42, 307.

  21. Jonathan Aitken, The Young Meteors (New York, 1967), p. 183; Sunday Telegraph, 12 December 1971, 23 January 1972, 30 January 1972; Kynaston, A Club No More, pp. 453–4; Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London, 1980), p. 206.

  22. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 500–501; Irving, Pox Britannica, p. 120; Raw, Slater Walker, pp. 256, 260.

  23. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 527; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), pp. 127–8; John Fiske and John Hartley, Reading Television (London, 1978), pp. 107–8. For Baker on Merroney, see http://www.freewebs.com/colinbaker/paulmerroneyqa.htm.

  24. Kynaston, A Club No More, p. 452; Financial Times, 21 January 1972.

  25. The Times, 23 February 1971, 28 June 1972, 29 June 1972, 25 June 1973, 19 January 1974, 12 February 1974.

  26. The Times, 30 May 1972.

  27. Encounter, October 1974; Walker, National Heroes, pp. 26, 75; David Edgar, Destiny (London, 1976), pp. 19, 31–2.

  28. Marnham, The Private Eye Story, pp. 132–6; Anthony Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain (London, 1983), pp. 367–9.

  29. Ibid., pp. 369–71; The Times, 9 May 1973, 15 May 1973.

  30. Hansard, 15 May 1973; Edward Heath, The Course of my Life (London, 1998), p. 418.

  31. John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), p. 528; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 418.

  32. The Times, 1 January 1973.

  33. PRO CAB 128/51, CM (73) 2, 15 January 1973; PRO CAB 129/167, CP (73) 5, ‘Prices and Pay – The Next Phase’, 16 January 1973; The Times, 18 January 1973, 26 March 1973; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 531–2; Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 182–3.

  34. The Times, 18 January 1973, 2 May 1973; Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 93; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 532–3; The Economist, 31 March 1973.

  35. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 535–6; Samuel Brittan, The Economic Consequences of Democracy (London, 1977), p. 59; Sir Alec Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, p. 107; Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, in Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (London, 1996), pp. 4–6; Max-Stephan Schulze and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 112–14.

  36. Coopey and Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, p. 6; Schulze and Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, p. 112; Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain: A Political History (London, 1988), pp. 257–8, 260; The Times, 19 April 1973; Kynaston, A Club No More, pp. 470–71.

  37. Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, pp. 118, 121, 125–6; David Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism: The Theory and Politics of an Economic Experiment (London, 1991), pp. 40–41, 60; Schulze and Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, pp. 112, 116–19; Banker, September 1972; Kynaston, A Club No More, p. 460; David Smith, From Boom to Bust: Trial and Error in British Economic Policy (Harmondsworth, 1992), p. 14; The Times, 3 May 1973, 11 July 1973.

  38. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 523–4, 530; Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (London, 1996), p. 396; The Times, 7 March 1973, 7 May 1973, 28 July 1973; Spectator, 10 March 1973; The Economist, 1 September 1973.

  39. Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism, p. 59; The Times, 12 September 1973, 14 November 1973, 1 December 1973; Kynaston, A Club No More, pp. 484–5.

  40. Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 112.

  41. PRO CAB 128/153, CM (73) 45, 5 October 1973; PRO CAB 129/172, CP (73) 97, ‘The Programme for Controlling Inflation – Consultative Document’, 8 October 1973; PRO CAB 129/172, CP (73) 114, ‘Price and Pay Code for Stage 3’, 24 October 1973; The Times, 9 October 1973; The Economist, 13 October 1973; and see Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 95–6.

  42. The Times, 6 October 1973; New Statesman, 12 October 1973; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 537–8; Dilwyn Porter, ‘Government and the Economy’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 41–2; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 398.

  43. New York Times, 16 October 1973, 17 October 1973; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1992), pp. 597, 601, 603–6.

  44. New York Times, 20 May 1973, 8 July 1973, 4 September 1973, 23 September 1973; Yergin, The Prize, pp. 595–6, 598–9; Willy Brandt,
People and Politics: 1960–75 (London, 1978), pp. 466–7; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 397; Sunday Express, 3 June 1973; Baston, Reggie, p. 446.

  45. Yergin, The Prize, pp. 623–4.

  46. Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism, p. 57; Coopey and Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, pp. 6–7; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 101–2; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 105.

  47. Paul Routledge, Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography (London, 1993), p. 89.

  CHAPTER 14. WE HATE HUMANS

  1. Rob Steen, The Mavericks: English Football When Flair Wore Flares (Edinburgh, 1995), p. 164.

  2. The Times, 8 October 1973, 16 October 1973, 17 October 1973, 16 November 1973; Sun, 17 October 1973; David Winner, Those Feet: An Intimate History of English Football (London, 2006), pp. 138–9.

  3. The Times, 1 May 1974, 2 May 1974, 9 May 1974; Guardian, 21 May 2009; Leo McKinstry, Sir Alf: A Major Reappraisal of the Life and Times of England’s Greatest Football Manager (London, 2007); Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London, 2005), p. 112.

  4. John Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain, 1880–1980 (Harlow, 1994), p. 151; Martin Polley, Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945 (London, 1998), pp. 71–2; Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford, 1990), pp. 252–3.

  5. Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), p. 10.

  6. Observer, 31 July 1966; Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London, 1991), p. 301; Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 769–84.

  7. David Downing, The Best of Enemies: England v Germany, A Century of Footballing Rivalry (London, 2000), pp. 133–6, 141–3; Winner, Those Feet, p. 138.

  8. Downing, The Best of Enemies, pp. 144–5; Winner, Those Feet, p. 163.

  9. The Times, 6 May 1972, 8 May 1972; Steen, The Mavericks, pp. 30, 32.