State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  10. Hunter Davies, The Glory Game (London, 1972), pp. 15, 23, 310–12, 325–9; Duncan Hamilton, Provided You Don’t Kiss Me: 20 Years with Brian Clough (London, 2008), p. 24; the Shoot features are reprinted in the amusing Barney Ronay (ed.), Studs! (London, 2006).

  11. The Times, 30 April 1970, 10 May 1972, 17 May 1973; Rob Bagchi and Paul Rogerson, The Unforgiven: The Story of Don Revie’s Leeds United (London, 2003).

  12. Observer, 25 November 2007; Jimmy Greaves and Norman Giller, Don’t Shoot the Manager: The Revealing Story of England’s Soccer Bosses (London, 1994), p. 84; The Times, 26 July 1973; Bagchi and Rogerson, The Unforgiven, p. 194.

  13. Arthur Hopcraft, The Football Man: People and Passions in Soccer (Harmondsworth, 1971), p. 90; Bagchi and Rogerson, The Unforgiven, p. 3; Andrew Mourant, Don Revie: Portrait of a Footballing Enigma (Edinburgh, 1990), pp. 43, 209; Greaves and Giller, Don’t Shoot the Manager, p. 90.

  14. Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 13, 19–20, 111, 208–9; Hopcraft, The Football Man, p. 89.

  15. Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 12, 112, 28, 51; Bagchi and Rogerson, The Unforgiven, p. 152.

  16. Hamilton, Provided You Don’t Kiss Me, pp. 31, 35.

  17. Brian Clough and John Sadler, Clough: The Autobiography (London, 1995), p. 95; The Times, 28 September 2004.

  18. Hopcraft, The Football Man, pp. 19–21.

  19. The Times, 8 January 1972, 11 January 1972, 20 May 1972, 22 May 1972; Gordon Burn, Best and Edwards: Football, Fame and Oblivion (London, 2006), pp. 80–82, 174, 181.

  20. Spectator, 17 May 2006; Guardian, 21 May 2009; Steen, The Mavericks, p. 141.

  21. Steen, The Mavericks, pp. 111, 119–20, 177; Winner, Those Feet, p. 33.

  22. The Times, 29 April 1974.

  23. Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John M. Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: A Historical and Sociological Study (London, 1988), pp. 174–5; David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-Class City (Harmondsworth, 1978), pp. 150–51.

  24. Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, pp. 153, 174–5; Observer, 1 December 1974.

  25. The Times, 23 January 1975, 22 April 1975, 18 August 1975; Mark Garnett, From Anger to Apathy: The British Experience Since 1975 (London, 2007), p. 169.

  26. Hopcraft, The Football Man, pp. 162–3; Observer, 3 January 1971; The Times, 4 January 1971, 6 January 1971; Hamilton, Provided You Don’t Kiss Me, pp. 13–14.

  27. Hopcraft, The Football Man, pp. 151–2, 154; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, pp. 17, 168–71, 173.

  28. The Times, 22 September 1969, 25 September 1969, 27 September 1969; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, p. 173.

  29. Peter Marsh, ‘Life and Careers on the Soccer Terraces’, in Roger Ingham et al., Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context (London, 1978), pp. 61–82; Holt, Sport and the British, p. 340; Robins and Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich, p. 141; Davies, The Glory Game, p. 90.

  30. The Times, 27 August 1974, 2 September 1974.

  31. Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, pp. 18, 186–9; Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (London, 1983), pp. 220–21; Holt, Sport and the British, pp. 327–8; Hopcraft, The Football Man, pp. 156–7.

  32. Holt, Sport and the British, p. 326; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, pp. 152–3, 176–7; Daily Mirror, 26 September 1967; Daily Mail, 12 September 1974; Sun, 27 October 1975.

  33. Holt, Sport and the British, pp. 329, 336; Time, 17 April 1978; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, pp. 17, 155; Bernard D. Nossiter, Britain: A Future that Works (London, 1978), p. 177; Robins and Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich, pp. 102–3. For a splendidly dated view of hooliganism as working-class rebellion, see John Clarke, ‘Football and Working-Class Fans: Tradition and Change’, in Ingham et al., Football Hooliganism, pp. 37–60.

  34. Holt, Sport and the British, pp. 334–5, 342–3; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism, p. 132; George L. Bernstein, The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945 (London, 2004), pp. 443–4.

  35. Dave Haslam, Not Abba: The Real Story of the 1970s (London, 2005), pp. 167–9; Daily Telegraph, 5 May 1975; The Times, 1 September 1975, 2 September 1975.

  36. The Times, 9 August 1975, 1 September 1975, 13 September 1975, 20 February 1976, 16 May 1977; Sunday Times, 31 August 1975; Haslam, Not Abba, pp. 170, 193; on fences, see The Times, 24 May 1974, 13 June 1974, 3 September 1976, 6 June 1977.

  37. Daily Telegraph, 26 May 1972; The Times, 26 May 1972, 27 May 1972.

  38. The Times, 29 May 1974, 30 May 1974, 31 May 1974.

  39. Downing, The Best of Enemies, pp. 153–5; The Times, 30 May 1975, 31 May 1975.

  40. Spectator, 11 June 1977.

  41. The Times, 2 May 1974, 4 July 1974, 5 July 1974; Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 152–3, 157–9.

  42. The Times, 5 February 1975, 21 August 1975; Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 157, 160, 163–4; Greaves and Giller, Don’t Shoot the Manager, pp. 88–90, 95–7.

  43. The Times, 18 November 1976; Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 171, 173; Steen, The Mavericks, pp. 39–40; Winner, Those Feet, p. 219.

  44. Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 168, 174–5; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, vol. 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10 (London, 2008), p. 193.

  45. Daily Mail, 12 July 1977, 13 July 1977; Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 176–7; The Times, 15 July 1977.

  46. Daily Mail, 13 July 1977; The Times, 13 July 1977, 15 July 1977.

  47. Steen, The Mavericks, p. 43; Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 178–86; The Times, 14 December 1979.

  48. Mourant, Don Revie, pp. 64–5, 133–4, 204–5; Bagchi and Rogerson, The Unforgiven, pp. 166–7; Steen, The Mavericks, p. 44; Observer, 25 November 2007; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, vol. 2, pp. 238, 249.

  49. Winner, Those Feet, p. 148; Sun, 4 July 1977, 5 July 1977; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 190; The Times, 4 February 1975.

  50. Leo McKinstry, Geoff Boycott: A Cricketing Hero (London, 2005), pp. 128, 141, 179–82.

  51. The Times, 7 September 1976.

  52. Daily Mirror, 6 June 1977; The Times, 6 June 1977; Graham McColl, ’78: How a Nation Lost the World Cup (London, 2006), pp. 25–6, 198; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), pp. 556–7; Norman Barrett, The Daily Telegraph Football Chronicle (London, 1993), p. 169.

  CHAPTER 15. THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII

  1. Stephen Milligan, The New Barons: Union Power in the 1970s (London, 1976), pp. 116–18; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford, 1992), pp. 291–2; Nick Clarke, The Shadow of a Nation: The Changing Face of Britain (London, 2003), p. 168.

  2. Michael Crick, Scargill and the Miners, (Harmondsworth, 1985), pp. 64–5; Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 96; Paul Routledge, Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography (London, 1993), p. 89; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), pp. 561–2; Joe Gormley, Battered Cherub (London, 1982), p. 124; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985) p. 100.

  3. Gormley, Battered Cherub, p. 127; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 101–2; The Economist, 13 October 1973; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 564; Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 115.

  4. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 561, 563, 565; Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), p. 503; The Times, 24 October 1973, 25 October 1973.

  5. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 104–5; The Times, 12 November 1973, 13 November 1973; PRO CAB 128/53, CM (73) 55, 13 November 1973.

  6. Hansard, 13 November 1973; The Times, 14 November 1973.

  7. Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 116–17; James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1983 (London, 2008), p. 118; Time, 26 November 1973.

  8. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 104; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 567.


  9. The Times, 23 November 1973; Francis Wheen, Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia (London, 2009), p. 185; David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974 (London, 1974), pp. 30–31; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 105; Time, 24 December 1973.

  10. Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 118–20.

  11. Ronald McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy: Politics, Trade Union Power and Economic Failure in the 1970s (London, 2006), pp. 5, 6, 22–3.

  12. Ibid., pp. 6, 23, 24; The Times, 7 December 1973, 8 December 1973; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 568–9.

  13. Ibid., pp. 569–70, 576–7; McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, pp. 16, 25; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 121; Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), p. 683; Daily Telegraph, 30 November 1973.

  14. PRO CAB 129/173, CP (73) 136, ‘Fuel and Electricity Supplies: Note by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry’, 3 December 1973; PRO CAB 128/53, CM (73) 59, 4 December 1973; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 108; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 571.

  15. PRO CAB 128/53, CM (73) 60, 12 December 1973; PRO CAB 128/53, CM (73) 61, 13 December 1973; Hansard, 13 December 1973; The Times, 14 December 1973; Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–1976 (London, 1989), p. 77.

  16. The Times, 14 December 1974; Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 121–2; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number Ten: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television, p. 193; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 572–3.

  17. Ibid., p. 573.

  18. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 107; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (London, 2008), p.O68; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London, 2003), pp. 170–72.

  19. Gormley, Battered Cherub, pp. 132–3, 135; Garnett and Aitken, Sptendid! Splendid!, pp. 174–5.

  20. McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, pp. 30–34.

  21. Ibid., pp. 8, 19.

  22. Benn, Against the Tide, p. 75; Guardian, 18 January 1974; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (London, 1980), p. 23; Adam Sisman, A. J. P. Taylor: A Biography (London, 1994), p. 369.

  23. PRO CAB 129/173, CP (73) 139, ‘Energy Situation: Public Expenditure Measures: A Note by the Chancellor of the Exchequer’, 12 December 1973; PRO CAB 128/53, CP (73) 60, 12 December 1973.

  24. Hansard, 17 December 1973; The Times, 18 December 1973; Edmun Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer 1945–90 (London, 1996), p. 398; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (London 1996), p. 308.

  25. ‘The Diaries of Smurfette’, 25 December 1973, www.escape-to-the-seventies.com/Diaries; Clive Irving, Pox Britannica: The Unmaking of the British (New York, 1974), p. 238.

  26. Wheen, Strange Days Indeed, p. 54; The Times, 24 December 1973; Mojo, November 2006; Daily Telegraph, 1 January 2004.

  27. The Times, 19 December 1973; John Goodwin (ed.), Peter Hall’s Diaries: The Story of a Dramatic Battle (London, 1983), p. 70; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p.77; Lees-Milne, Diaries, pp. 129, 124.

  28. Sunday Times 23 December 1973; 20 January 1974; The Times, 24 December 1973, 26 September 1974; Wheen, Strange Days Indeed, pp. 201–2, 205.

  29. The Times, 31 December 1973, 1 January 2005; Time, 21 January 1974; Scotsman, 17 August 2003.

  30. Lees-Milne, Diaries, pp. 122, 135; Goodwin (ed.), Peter Hall’s Diaries, p. 69; McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, p. 61.

  31. Time, 28 August 1972; NME, 4 October 1975; Ian MacDonald, The People’s Music (London, 2003), pp. 142–3.

  32. Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary 1970–1974 (London, 1975), p. 332; Benn, Against the Tide, p. 87.

  33. Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), pp. 125–6, 139, 140; Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, p. 33.

  34. The Times, 24 December 1973, 21 December 1973; Time, 21 January 1974, 25 February 1974.

  35. John A. Walker, Left Shift: Radical Art in 1970s Britain (London, 2002), p. 42; Daily Mail, 19 December 1973; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), pp. 21–2, 90.

  36. Ibid., p. 21; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 134–5; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1992), p. 630; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 574.

  37. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 574–5; Time, 21 January 1974; PRO CAB 128/53, CM (74) 3, 17 January 1974.

  38. New Society, 31 December 1974; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 145; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 110; Time, 21 January 1974; The Economist, 12 January 1974, 2 February 1974; Sunday Times, 6 January 1974.

  39. The Times, 4 January 1974; Daily Mail, 21 January 1974; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 142–4.

  40. New Statesman, 4 January 1974; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 575; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 80; Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries, pp. 465–6; James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), pp. 94–5.

  41. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 576–7; Wheen, Strange Days Indeed, p. 48.

  42. Private Eye, 3 November 1972; Dennis Kavanagh, ‘The Fatal Choice: The Calling of the February 1974 Election’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 355–7; Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 119–20, 122; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 577.

  43. The Times, 7 December 1973, 12 December 1973, 17 December 1973; Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, pp. 28–9; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 577–8.

  44. Ibid., pp. 578–9; Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 123–4.

  45. McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, pp. 42–5, 52; Gerald A. Dorfman, Government versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968 (London 1979), p. 98; Stephen Fay and Hugo Young, The Fall of Heath (London, 1976), p. 20; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 580.

  46. McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, p. 45; The Times, 10 January 1974; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 107; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 581.

  47. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 107; Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 186–7; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 580–84; Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 22.

  48. Ibid., p. 22; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (London, 1986), p. 92; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 583–4.

  49. Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 30–31, 82; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, p. 186; Fay and Young, The Fall of Heath, p. 22; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 584–5.

  50. Benn, Against the Tide, p. 90; Kavanagh, ‘The Fatal Choice’, p. 360; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 585–6; The Times, 14 January 1974.

  51. Kavanagh, ‘The Fatal Choice’, p. 364; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 61–2; Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 126–7; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, p. 178.

  52. Prior, A Balance of Power, p. 92; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p. 63; Whitehead. The Writing on the Wall, p. 109.

  53. Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, ed. Ion Trewin (London, 2001), pp. 39–40.

  54. Gormley, Battered Cherub, p. 139; The Times, 24 January 1974, 25 January 1974; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 588; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 109; Kevin Jefferys, Finest and Darkest Hours: The Decisive Events in British Politics from Churchill to Blair (London, 2002), p. 175; Time, 11 February 1974; The Times, 10 January 1974.

  55. The Times, 28 January 1974, 5 February 1974; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 592–3; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 132.

  56. Hansard, 6 February 1974; Prior, A Balance of Power, p. 90; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, p. 78.

  57. Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 131; Spectator, 31 January 1974; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 110; Wheen, Strange Days Indeed, pp. 61–2; Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers, pp. 76, 78, 79, 82–3; McIntosh, Challenge to Democr
acy, pp. 68, 71.

  58. Hansard, 6 February 1974; The Times, 6 February 1974, 7 February 1974, 8 February 1974; Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, pp. 43, 146; Benn, Against the Tide, p. 105; Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76, p. 28.

  59. The Times, 8 February 1974; Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, p. 73; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 595–6.

  CHAPTER 16. THE CRISIS ELECTION

  1. The Times, 5 February 1974, 6 February 1974; ‘Tragedy on the M62’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/content/articles/2006/11/29/m62_ bombing_feature.shtml; ‘M62 bomb blast memorial unveiled’, BBC News, 4 February 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7869077.stm.

  2. The Times, 13 February 1974, 21 March 1974.

  3. The Times, 8 February 1974; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), p. 595; David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974 (London, 1974), pp. 145, 140–41; Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion: 1937–2000 (London, 2001), p. 312; Guardian, 8 February 1974.

  4. The Times, 11 February 1974, 12 February 1974; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number Ten: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television (London, 1989), p. 195; Stuart Ball, ‘The Conservative Party and the Heath Government’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), p. 346; Dennis Kavanagh, ‘The Fatal Choice’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government p. 358.

  5. Cockerell, Live from Number Ten, p. 199; Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, p. 160.

  6. Kavanagh, ‘The Fatal Choice’, p. 358; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 598, 600–601, 603, 605; The Times, 21 February 1974; John Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: The History of the Conservative Party Since 1830 (London, 1999), p. 412.

  7. Butler and Kavanagh, The British General Election of February 1974, pp. 50–51. The text of the manifesto is reproduced in The Times, 9 February 1974, and at http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1974/feb/.

  8. Michael Hatfield, The House the Left Built: Inside Labour Policy Making 1970–1975 (London, 1978), esp. pp. 171–229; Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–1976 (London, 1989), pp. 11, 15, 23–4, 26, 56.