Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  16.Norman B. Lehde, “JFK’s Visit Thrills Thousands,” Union-Gazette (Port Jervis, NY), September 25, 1963, p. A1.

  17.Douglas, My Wilderness.

  18.Kate Raftery quoted in Harvey Chipkin, “Built to Last: Parks and Youth Conservation Corps,” Parks & Recreation, Vol. 46, no. 7 (July 2011), p. 47.

  19.Salazar, quoted in “Federal Agencies Announce National Council to Build 21st Century Conservation Corps,” news release, U.S. Department of the Interior, January 10, 2013.

  20.Bill McKibben, “A Green Corps,” Nation, April 7, 2008; also published as the foreword to Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, p. ix.

  21.Owen A. Tomlinson, memorandum to custodian Muir Woods, May 5, 1945, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Park Archives and Records Center, Presidio, San Francisco.

  22.Press release, quoted in John Auwaerter and John F. Sears, Historic Resource Study for Muir Woods National Monument: Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Boston: Olmsted Center for Landscape Conservation, 2006), p. 341.

  23.California Department of Parks and Recreation, “Honoring Those Who Built the Foundation of California’s State Park System,” news release, April 10, 2008.

  24.“Redwoods Gain Company of Another Giant; Plaque to Roosevelt is Placed in Grove,” New York Times May 20, 1945, p. 24.

  25.Ibid.

  26.Neal Maher, “The New Deal and Climate Change?” Solutions: For a Sustainable and Desirable Future, Vol. 1, no. 5 (October 7, 2010), pp. 72–75.

  27.“Roosevelt Paid Honor by Delegates,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 1945, p. 3.

  28.Gifford Pinchot and Harold K. Steen, “Conservation as the Foundation for Permanent Peace,” Forest History Today (Spring–Fall 2001), p. 5.

  29.John Auwaerter and John F. Sears, “Muir Woods, William Kent, and the American Conservation Movement,” in Historic Resource Study for Muir Woods National Monument; Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Boston: Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation, National Park Service, 2006), pp. 341–42.

  30.“Stories—Muir Woods,” National Park Service website, http://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/historyculture/stories.htm.

  INDEX

  The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

  Page numbers of photographs appear in italics.

  Abbreviatons used: ER = Eleanor Roosevelt; FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt; TR = Theodore Roosevelt; CCC = Civilian Conservation Corps; FWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; NPS = National Park Service; NWR = National Wildlife Refuge; RDA = Recreation Demonstration Area; WPA = Works Progress Administration

  Acadia National Park, 82–83, 145; Homans House, 382–83

  Adams, Ansel, 432, 450, 453, 454, 479, 531

  Adams, John B., 250–51

  Adams, Michael, 432

  Addams, Jane, 62, 164, 317

  Adirondack Mountain Club, 99, 138, 141

  Adirondack Park, 91, 99–100

  Adirondack Preserve, 46, 60, 99

  Adirondacks, 3, 7, 15, 33, 65, 67–69, 159, 504; bobsled run, 124–25; CCC and, 180; Mount Marshall, 481; Pinchot report, 60–61, 65; Whiteface Memorial Highway, 125–26, 127

  Admiralty Island National Monument, 249

  Agricultural Adjustment Administration, (AAA), 168, 240, 314–15, 337, 496; Program Planning Division, 315

  agriculture: abandoned farmland, 123, 131, 138, 149, 150, 162, 278, 582; Big Agriculture and, 310, 338; CCC and, 175, 197; drought and, 134, 153, 285–86; ecological destruction by, 234; farm foreclosures, 134, 155; FDR and animal husbandry, 110; FDR and farming practices, 53, 55, 71, 110, 117, 128, 139, 142, 143, 220, 232–33; FDR and Hyde Park, 9–10, 37, 54, 69; FDR and Squashco, 132; FDR’s brain trust for, 131; FDR’s demonstration plots, 143; FDR’s emergency acts, 168; FDR’s farm journal, 54; FDR’s new land ethic, 154; FDR’s reclamation policy, 150; FDR’s support for farmers, 53, 54, 55, 68–69, 70, 104, 120, 128, 129, 135, 140, 153–54, 234, 264–65, 310, 468; federal acquisition of fallow land, 477; forestry and, 59, 71, 118, 131; Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, 264–65; in Georgia, 220, 232–33; government subsidies, 121, 337, 338; Hoover and, 121, 134, 143; in Kansas, 59, 153, 331; Leopold’s influence, 476; Morgenthau and, 118, 119, 131, 200; New Deal farm projects, 372; New Deal farming strategy, 200, 201–2, 337–38; New Deal irrigation projects, 397; NY State, 68–69, 114, 117, 120, 131; payments for land easements, 468; pesticide use, 143, 234, 570–71; resettlement programs, 200, 224; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92, 332; Soil Erosion Service, 201–2; Texas and, 149; Wallace and, 199–200; water resources and dams, 51, 59. See also soil

  air pollution, 30–31, 52

  Alabama, 143, 203, 205, 219, 231, 366, 420–21

  Alaska, 86, 142, 702n17; bald eagle, 498; bears, 249, 250, 301; Bristol Bay area, 402; coastal protection, 402; federal marine preserve, 402; Gabrielson and birds of, 497–98; Kenai Peninsula, 517, 585; national forests, 429; national monuments, 249, 250; salmon, 401–2; wildlife refuges, 249, 351, 517

  Albright, Horace, 77, 80–81, 82, 187–88, 191, 192, 194, 199, 378, 544–45, 546

  Algonac estate, 8, 35, 41, 106

  Allegheny National Forest, 59

  American Agriculturist, 117, 118, 138

  American Federation of Labor, 173, 174, 206

  American Forestry Association, 101, 152, 288, 392–94

  American Forests journal, 48, 57, 129, 131; influence on FDR, 129–30

  American Friends Service Committee, 128

  American Game Conference, 271, 277

  American Museum of Natural History, 19, 21, 52, 106, 321, 369, 404, 435, 454; FDR lifetime membership, 16, 25–26

  American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU), 21–22, 33, 513; FDR as member, 22–23, 29, 57, 105

  American Wild Life Institute, 304–5, 385

  Anacostia River, 425

  Antiquities Act of 1906, 45–46, 190, 548, 563; FDR’s use of, 195, 236, 355, 408–9, 423, 546, 562–63

  Anza-Borrego Desert Park, 91

  Apache National Forest, 273

  Apalachicola National Forest, 429

  Appalachian Trail, 94, 119–20, 145, 150, 188–89, 223, 265, 319

  Appalachian Trail Association, 112

  Aransas NWR, 373, 388

  Arches National Monument, 134, 449–50; Moab Canyon Wash Culvert, 449–50

  Arctic NWR, 351

  Arizona: bighorn sheep refuges, 455–56, 458–61; CCC and, 357, 461, 508–9, 580; FDR memorial gift, 580; federal acquisition of land, 458, 459; Game Protective Association, 459; Great Depression in, 458; national monuments, 355, 355–57, 407, 455

  Arkansas, 134, 285, 301, 320, 335, 429

  Arlington National Cemetery, 194, 481, 574

  Armstrong Woods State Park, 218

  Astor, Vincent, 162, 240

  Audubon, John James, 22, 29, 129; preservation of his home, 510

  Audubon and His Journals, 28–29

  Audubon Society (National Audubon Society), 17, 56, 60, 296, 307, 333, 381, 404, 408, 448, 458, 466–67, 472; ban on feathers in fashion, 506; public-private partnership for bird refuges, 362

  Auk magazine, 21, 22, 29, 298

  Back Bay NWR, 375

  Bad Nauheim, Germany, 15, 20, 109

  Baker, John, 307, 335

  Bald Eagle Protection Act, 498

  Bankhead, John H., 486, 487, 489

  Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, 383

  Bastedo, Paul H., 365, 368

  Bastrop State Park, 218, 371, 372

  Bear Mountain State Park, 92–95, 115, 180, 223, 256; Highlands of Hudson Forest Reservation, 93

  Beck, Thomas H., 228–30, 268, 276, 277–78, 279, 386, 475, 485, 531

  Beck Report, 278–80, 285, 295, 297

  Beery, Wallace, 547–48

  Bell, Daniel, 429, 433

  Beltsville National Agricultural Research Center, 224, 464

  Bennett, Hugh, 142, 143, 201–3, 312, 335

  Bessey, C
harles, 138–39

  Big Bend National Park, 315–17, 320, 326, 342–43, 371, 507, 542, 556–57, 585

  Big Bend State Park, 266

  Billitz, Emil, 583

  Biltmore estate, 38

  Biological Survey, 135, 226, 227, 235, 268, 271; arrests of poachers, 296; Atlantic Flyway refuges, 227–29; Beck’s reforms, 229, 230; bighorn sheep sanctuaries, 455–56, 460; bison and, 326; complaints about, 443, 444, 445–46; combined into FWS, 493, 705n31; Darling appointed, 280–81; Darling resigns, 320; Desert Game Range, 329, 341, 455; Division of Wildlife Refuges, 294; Division of Wildlife Research, 299; duck habitats, 292–93; famous mule, 329; FDR’s fight for Everglades and, 335; federal acquisition of land and, 293, 294, 296, 297, 308, 317–18, 388; funds for, 292–93, 309–10, 320; Gabrielson appointed, 321, 321–22; Gulf Coast bird refuges, 366; hunting regulations and, 276; interior wetlands saved by, 324–25; Limited-Interest Program, 468–69; in Louisiana, 361; Mississippi Flyway and, 362; NWR System and, 268, 320; Okefenokee and, 352–53, 443–44, 446; Patuxent and, 463; Pittman-Robertson Act and, 384; prairie potholes and, 416; recreational hunting and, 275; Salyer hired, 293; whooping crane sanctuary, 373; WPA and, 308

  birds and ornithology: American black ducks, 380; American wigeon, 532, 538, 541; anhinga (snakebird), 227, 542; Anseriformes, 293; arrests of poachers, 296; Atlantic Flyway, 16, 53, 226, 227, 300, 540; Audubon Christmas count, 23, 52, 296 (see also Audubon Society); bald eagle, 300, 466, 471, 473, 498; Beck’s rescue plan, 228–30; Bicknell’s thrush, 19; Biological Survey refuges, 227–29, 292–93, 366, 373; bittern, 538; black-bellied whistling duck, 542; black-crowned night heron, 538; blue-winged teal, 49, 380, 542; botulism danger, 467; brant geese, 303; brown pelican, 307, 422–23; bufflehead, 303; California condor, 466, 524; Canada goose, 225, 301, 366; canvasback duck, 446–47, 541; Carolina parakeet, 323; cedar waxwing, 17; Central Flyway, 295, 469; Chapman doctrine, 30; cinnamon teal, 542; “citizen bird” movement, 296; coastal environments and, 424; Committee on Wildlife Restoration and, 268–80; Cooper’s hawk, 17, 472; crow, 17; Crumworld Forest and, 18; de-stigmatizing hawks, 472–73; double-crested cormorant, 49; Duck Stamp Act, 281–83, 282, 283; English sparrow, 22; Eskimo curlew, 323; FDR and, 16–24, 29–30, 33, 44, 49–50, 52–53, 72, 96, 103, 221, 424, 530, 536–38, 537; FDR and brown pelicans, 307, 422–23; FDR and federal study of, 462; FDR and Gulf South sanctuaries, 362–67; FDR and national refuge system, 105–6; FDR and protection of waterfowl, 56–57, 221, 225–30; FDR collecting texts about, 31–32; FDR emergency funds for, 284–85; FDR’s Bird Diaries, 21, 23; FDR’s bird list, 22–23; FDR’s practical joke, 83; federal acquisition of habitat, 226, 228, 229, 283, 296, 297, 299–300, 308–9, 310; federal refuges, 105, 126–27, 279, 285, 293, 295, 297, 299–301, 325, 344, 361, 366, 373, 380, 381, 388, 421, 540–42 (see also National Wildlife Refuges); federal regulations on hunting, 303, 346, 446–47; Foljambe and, 18–19; fulvous whistling duck, 542; global protection of, 498; goshawk, 472; great auk, 322; greater and lesser scaup, 303; greater snow goose, 380, 540; greater white-fronted goose, 366; great white heron (or great egret), 105, 421; green-winged teal, 542; in Hawaii, 253; heath hen, 323; hermit thrush, 12; indigo bunting, 23; ivory-billed woodpecker, 235, 242; Labrador duck, 323; land-grant colleges and, 304; least grebe, 542; Leopold and, 272; loons, 30; mallard duck, 301, 532; Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 126–27; Migratory Bird Conservation Commission of 1929, 141; Mississippi Flyway, 301, 304, 362; mottled duck, 542; North Dakota refuges, 468, 469–70; Okefenokee Swamp and, 147, 235–36, 309; Pacific Flyway, 275, 541; passenger pigeon, 33, 235, 322; pine grosbeak, 23; piping plover, 424; public-private partnerships, 362; red-cockaded woodpecker, 17, 353; redhead duck, 541; red-throated loon, 227; rehabilitation of habitat and, 353; revivification strategy, 299–301; roseate spoonbill, 105, 242; ruddy, 303; Salyer and, 293, 294–96; sandhill crane, 366; scarlet tanager, 22–23; sharp-shinned hawk, 472; Shea-White Plumage Act, 56; shorebirds and national seashores, 375; snow goose, 298–99; sora, 385–86, 538; tourist dollars and, 226; TR and, 226; tricolored heron, 542; trumpeter swan, 322, 397, 466, 513–15, 524; Virginia rail, 538; waterfowl endangerment, 105, 141, 142, 226–27, 235; waterfowl increase, 297, 380, 471, 532, 564; white ibis, 242; white pelican, 301, 541; whooping crane, 322, 366, 373, 388, 466, 524; winter wren, 17–18; woodcock, 532; wood duck, 227, 303; wood stork, 424; yellow-crowned night heron, 227

  Birds of America, The (Audubon), 510

  Birds of Eastern North America (Chapman), 22

  Birds of the Hudson Highlands (Mearns), 31–32

  Black Coulee NWR, 420

  Blackwater NWR, 227, 228, 444, 541

  Blagden, Dexter, 60, 68

  Blue Ridge Parkway, 194

  Bob Marshall Wilderness, 481

  Boise, Idaho, 397, 398, 400, 686n36

  Boise National Forest, 399

  Bombay Hook NWR, 380, 388

  Bonneville Dam, 216, 256–57, 257, 258, 395

  Boone and Crockett Club, 31, 274, 288

  Borglum, Gutzon, 341, 342, 499

  Boulder (Hoover) Dam, 205, 402

  Bourke-White, Margaret, 47–48, 153, 264

  Boy Scouts of America (BSA), 6, 80; Bear Mountain jamboree, 92–94; Burnham and, 456, 457, 458; FDR and, 92, 94, 98–99, 459; Franklin D. Roosevelt Conservation Camps, 99; “Save the Bighorns” and, 458, 459; Theodore Roosevelt Boy Scout Council, 457; war effort, 529; William T. Hornaday Award, 346

  Brandeis, Louis, 350, 406

  Brant, Irving, 217, 342, 348, 375–76, 406–8, 409, 410, 413, 418–19, 433, 487, 494, 497, 505, 514, 515, 541; Audubon exposé by, 408; biography of James Madison, 453, 585, 693n107; book on FDR, 375–76, 497, 585; FDR hires, 418; global conservation and, 572; Porcupine Mountains report, 519–20; resigns as FDR’s speechwriter, 453

  Brewster, William, 21–22, 33

  Bridger, Jim, 433, 457

  Briggs, Bill, 263–64

  Brower, David, 450–51

  Brown, Nelson C., 48, 130–31, 169, 390, 394, 543–44, 552

  Bryan, William Jennings, 69, 129

  Bryce Canyon National Park, 197, 198

  Buescher State Park, 371

  Buffalo Zoo, 308

  Bureau of the Budget, 429, 433

  Bureau of Fisheries, 228, 310, 467, 493, 705n31

  Bureau of Indian Affairs, 166, 260, 405

  Bureau of Land Management, 285, 296, 460

  Bureau of Public Roads, 194

  Bureau of Reclamation, 205, 285, 296

  Burnham, Daniel, 25, 35

  Burnham, Frederick Russell, 456, 456–58, 460–61

  Burroughs, John, 12, 19, 31, 52, 61, 93, 98, 238, 393, 530; Slabsides, 108, 531

  Butler, Ovid, 129, 152

  Cabeza Prieta Game Range, 458, 459, 460

  Cabeza Prietas, 455–56

  Calaveres Sequoia Grove, 552

  California: automobiles in, 210, 211; CCC and, 176, 181, 399; Channel Islands, 421–23; coastal environments, 421–23, 584; conservation corps, 582; conservation-reforestation programs, 170; hydroelectric power and dam building, 205–6; Joshua trees, 209; Kings Canyon fight, 430–33, 450–53; Morro Beach, 375; national monuments, 455, 580; national parks, 507; nature preserves, 129; New Deal funds for, 217; Ponderosa Way firebreak, 176; private drilling in tidelands, 580–81; RDAs, 223; redwoods, 255, 256, 312, 567, 588–89; river ecology, 426; state parks, 91, 218; wildlife refuges, 126, 285, 344, 542, 580

  Cammerer, Arno B., 192, 266, 323, 376, 412, 500

  Camp-Fire Club of America, 57, 60, 63, 66, 72; Camp Fire Girls, 338

  Campobello Island, 14–15, 16, 49–50, 50, 72, 95, 214–15, 219, 220–21, 386, 511; Tyn-y-coed (House in the Woods), 14

  Canada: FDR trip (1938), 441; forestry, 410; marine refuges, 402; Quetico-Superior wilderness sanctuary, 247; Waterton Lakes-Glacier International Peace Park, 260, 262, 267

  Cape Cod National Seashore, 584

  Cape Hatteras National Seashore, 376–80, 381, 388, 584

  Cape Meares NWR, 423–24; “Oc
topus Tree,” 424

  Capitol Reef National Monument, 196, 455, 585

  Caribou-Targhee National Forest, 397, 514

  Carlsbad Caverns National Park, 134, 454

  Carmer, Carl, 426–27, 695n21

  Carnegie, Andrew, 30–31

  Carolina Sandhills NWR, 300

  Carpenter, Farrington, 305–6

  Carson, Rachel, 298, 300, 381, 384, 464, 467–68, 540, 571, 585, 701n42; books by, 468, 701n43, 701n44

  Carter, Amon, 267, 371, 556, 556

  Carter, Jimmy, 423, 445, 543, 687n8, 695n13, 698n80, 708n17

  Carver, George Washington, 143

  Catoctin Mountain Park RDA, 223, 534

  Catskills, 5, 7, 33, 42, 47

  Cedar Breaks National Monument, 195, 198, 212, 326

  Channel Islands National Monument, 423, 424, 580, 695n12, 695n13

  Chapman, Frank M., 21, 22, 29, 296, 321

  Chassahowitzka NWR, 540

  Chattahoochee National Forest, 429

  Chequamegon National Forest, 677n67

  Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 246–47

  Chicago: beautification of, 340–41; Field Museum of Natural History, 25; Frederic Delano and, 35, 194; Ickes and, 164–65, 519; Outer Drive Bridge, 216; sewage disposal and, 31; World’s Columbian Exposition, 24–25

  Chickamauga Dam, 426

  Chicot State Park, 218

  Chihuahua Desert, 557

  Chincoteague NWR, 540

  Chopawamsic RDA, 535

  Chugach National Forest, 142

  Churchill, Winston, 506, 507, 536, 569; Atlantic Charter, 510–11; Cairo summit, 553; FDR Christmas tree, 551; at Hyde Park, 71–72, 539; Quebec Conference, 549–50; at Shangri-La, 533, 535; Yalta Conference, 569, 572

  Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 71, 152, 167, 169, 170–86, 227, 420; accomplishments, 474, 526–27, 582–84; African Americans and, 180, 181, 185, 259, 444, 524; American West and, 179; Arches National Monument and, 450; automobile tourism and, 197; bad forest policy and, 400; “camp beautiful” ideal, 178; Camp Cabeza de Vaca, 224; camp food, 186, 243; camp layouts, 186; camp map, 177; camp newspapers, 186, 221, 263, 372, 445; Camp Roosevelt, 176, 525; camps repurposed, 528; conservationists as critics, 444, 475; Copeland Report and, 161, 175; daily regimen and jobs, 182; dam building, 469; disbanding, 521–23, 525, 527–28; Douglas on, 348; Downing’s influence, 178; ecology enthusiasm, 198; ECW Act and, 172–73, 175; education, 182; enrollment quota (1933), 177; environmental protection and, 340; expansion, 183; famous sports figures in, 451; FDR cabinet members and, 170, 171; FDR’s desire to make permanent, 338, 380, 583; FDR’s third inaugural and, 507; Fechner heads, 173–74, 175, 185, 255, 261, 301, 308, 331, 474, 475; Fechner’s death and, 481; first enrollee, 176; forest fire protection and, 525; funding, 162, 474–75, 509, 520–21, 524–25; Great Smoky Mountains National Park and, 249; Hispanics in, 266–67; historic sites and, 510; idea for, 131, 150–51, 170–71; Indian Division, 261, 332, 398, 413, 416–17, 455, 461; juvenile delinquency and, 182; kudzu planting, 444; labor unions and, 173, 174, 206, 207; last camp closes, 526; legacy, 585–86; length of service, 183; Local Experienced Men in, 172; McEntee heads, 481, 495, 522; medical care, 232; military-related projects, 231–32, 509; mottos, 186; national forests/parks and, 217, 233, 249, 339–40, 353, 394, 395, 490, 509, 527, 528; number of men employed, 255, 509, 526; public response, 183; reconfiguring (1940), 495; recreation areas, 222–23; Red Rocks amphitheater and, 507–8, 508; road building, 179–80, 195, 197; rural recruitment, 181–82; salary paid, 175, 200; shoreline erosion and, 377; soil conservation, 175, 202; state parks and, 178, 180, 181, 184, 217, 218, 243, 308, 364, 371; transformation of recruits, 348; Tree Army/tree planting, 172, 173, 174, 175–76, 184, 205, 301, 318, 364, 392, 461, 474, 508, 521, 527, 528, 582, 585, 628; types of camps, 171; typical Missouri recruit, 184; uniform, 175; veterans (Bonus Army) in, 221–22, 668n29; wildlife habitats and, 250–51; wildlife protection and, 276; wildlife refuges and, 295, 388, 444; women and, 244, 255–56, 300, 338, 582. See also specific states