Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  Civil Works Administration (CWA), 307

  Clarke, Jeanne Nienaber, 171, 479

  Clark National Forest, 477

  Clean Rivers Act, 426

  Cleveland, Grover, 7, 12, 38–39, 50, 404

  Cleveland, OH, 499–500, 717n11; Metropolitan Park District, 191

  climate change, 586, 687n89

  Clinton, Bill, 585–86

  Clipperton Island, 436, 438

  coastal environments, 388, 402, 421–23, 584; national monuments created for, 421–23; NWRs and, 361–62, 364–65, 366, 421; Pacific Shoreline, 418, 580; saving by executive orders, 423. See also National Seashores

  Cocos Island, 434, 440

  Coe, Ernest, 240, 421

  Cole, Thomas, 6–7

  Collier, Baron, 92, 104

  Collier, John, 166, 203, 261

  Collier’s Weekly, 228, 230, 268, 279, 475, 485

  Colonial National Monument, 178, 188

  Colorado: Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 179, 507–8; Great Depression and, 179; Land Utilization Projects, 315; mallard hunting and, 532; Morrison CCC camp preservation, 508; Otero projects, 383; soil reclamation practices, 314; state conservation corps, 582; Trail Ridge Road, 179–80

  Colorado River, 516; Authority, 480

  Columbia National Forest, 429

  Columbia NWR, 540

  Colusa NWR, 542

  Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), 84–85

  Committee on Wildlife Restoration, 531; Beck Report, 278–80, 285, 295

  Connally, Tom, 317, 556

  conservation, 7–8, 47, 59, 104–5; Berkeley symposium (1915), 80, 81; caretaking ethic, 310; Committee on Wildlife Restoration and, 268–80; Darling and, 268–72; definition of, 57; doctrine of conservation reliance and, 325–26; Douglas and, 351; education and, 68; environmental nonprofits, 352; FDR and, 39, 47–48, 51, 55–57, 71, 72, 86, 106, 118, 121, 122, 125, 129–30, 138–40, 141, 238, 245–47, 298–307, 319, 454 (see also national parks; National Wildlife Refuges; state parks); FDR and consciousness-raising, 133; FDR and hunting tax, 383–85; FDR and “smart conservation,” 46; FDR broadens interests in, 60; FDR conservationist thinking, speech of April 16, 1936, 336–37; FDR environmental philosophy, 344; FDR links with economic recovery, 420–21; FDR on soil depletion and erosion, 128; FDR presidential race, 1936, defining issue, 336, 338–39, 339; FDR’s acceptance speech (1932) and, 150; FDR’s inconsistency/equivocation, 1920s, 86–87, 88; FDR’s New Deal and (1933 to 1936), 150, 159–357; FDR’s philosophy, 69; FDR’s rural planning model, 47; FDR’s speech in Great Smokies, 502, 502–4; FDR’s tradeoffs, 104; FDR’s wish list, 106; federal acquisition of land and, 58–59, 150, 161, 162, 214, 223, 246, 248 (see also national parks, monuments, and forests); global protection, 498, 560–62, 566, 573, 583; Harrimans’ support, 93; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138–40; language for, 57; national debate on, 62; New Deal projects, environmental impact of, 265–66; NPS and, 238–67; Piedmont Forest project, 353; Progressives and, 62–63, 160; as recreation, 125; Roosevelt name synonymous with, 55; state acquisition of land, 122, 123, 137, 138 (see also state parks); “three horsemen” of environmental destruction, 175–76, 661n66; TR and, 38, 45–46, 51, 104; Weeks Act, 58–59; White House conference (1908), 75; wise use (Pinchotism), 39, 66, 86, 130, 140, 180, 336, 364, 392, 501, 543; World War II and, 517–18, 531–33, 543. See also Darling, Jay “Ding”; Gabrielson, Ira B.; Ickes, Harold; Leopold, Aldo; Pinchot, Gifford; specific locations; specific nonprofits; specific people

  Cook Forest State Park, 181

  Coolidge, Calvin, 107, 120, 121, 200, 248, 275, 431, 562, 564

  Coordination Act of 1934, 310

  Copeland Report, 161, 175

  Corcoran, Tommy “the Cork,” 351, 367

  Cornell University, 18, 147; Department of Agriculture, 140

  Cottam, Clarence, 464, 570

  Country Home journal, 133, 139

  Cox, James M., 86, 88, 89

  Crosby, Maunsell, 23, 30, 52, 90, 103, 103–4, 105, 106, 137, 530, 533

  Cruger’s Island, 52

  Crumworld Forest estate, 18

  Culver, John C., 496

  Cumberland Gap National Historic Site, 492

  Cumberland National Forest, 429

  Curry, John Steuart, 237

  Custer Battlefield Cemetery, 507

  Custer RDA, 223

  Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 500, 582, 716n11

  Daingerfield State Park, 218

  Dakotas: drought of, 134; migratory waterfowl breeding areas, 310; Shelterbelt Project, 289; soil depletion, 142; soil reclamation practices, 314. See also North Dakota; South Dakota

  Dallas: beaux arts parks, 208; zoo, 308

  Dalton, Kathleen, 198, 199

  Dalton, William C., 198–99

  Daniels, Josephus, 70, 72, 78, 580

  Darling, Jay “Ding,” 268–72, 273, 276, 277, 278, 279–80, 320; as Biological Survey director, 280–85, 292–93, 295, 296, 303, 304, 308–10, 320; Blue Goose emblem and, 298–99; campaign for marine ecosystems, 334; Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge, 531, 581; Duck Stamps and, 281–82, 282, 283; FDR as Doc Duck, 300; FDR-Atlantic Charter cartoon, 511; FDR’s IOU and, 283–84; federal regulations on hunting and, 303–4; Fort Peck Game Range and, 344; national conference for conservation and, 307; pro-conservation cartoons, 320–21; public-private partnerships sought, 304–5; Wallace and, 323–24; World War II and, 531

  Darwin, Charles, 10, 11, 13, 63, 434, 439

  Davis, Kenneth S., 10, 118

  Davy Crockett National Forest, 569

  Death Valley, CA, 81

  Delano, Amasa, 10, 434

  Delano, Frederic (uncle), 51, 136, 193–94, 213, 218, 333, 408, 448, 449, 494, 496, 520; belief in outdoors recreation as birthright, 507; city and regional planning, 35, 194, 213, 237, 246, 378; as conduit to FDR, 193; death of, 531; Executive Order 6166 and, 193; as FDR confidential adviser, 213; George Washington sites and, 35; Ickes and, 351; influence on FDR, 35–37, 193–94, 214; Jeffersonian agrarianism, 193; National Capital Forest idea, 84; new Bill of Rights and, 214; NRPB and, 213–14; Olympic National Park and, 410; trees and, 35–36

  Delano, Hall, 50

  Delano, Warren, 8, 16

  Delano, William, 366

  Delaware River, 425, 426

  Delta NWR, 361–62, 364–65, 366

  Democratic Party: chairman Pauley, confrontation with Ickes (1945), 580–81; conservation and, 57, 60; Convention (1932), 148, 149–50; Convention (1940), 495–96; Convention (1944), 558–59; Cox-Roosevelt loss, 89; ER and, 97, 583; FDR and 1932 election, 140, 148, 149, 155, 343; FDR as unofficial head, 121; FDR fourth term and, 558; FDR third term and, 485–86, 495–96; Hudson River Valley Roosevelts and, 11; issues of, 69; midterm elections (1938), 447, 448; post-Wilson, 89; Tammany-controlled, 12, 55, 69, 80, 85; Wilson’s “new freedom” movement, 69

  De Priest, Oscar S., 173, 475

  Dern, George H., 140, 171, 194–95, 206, 216

  desert ecosystems, 91, 209–12, 326–29, 341, 354–57; bighorn sheep and, 455–61; brittlebushes, 355; elephant tree, 354; FDR’s four national monuments, 455; hedgehog cacti, 355; Ickes and, 461; Mexican jumping bean, 354; Mexican nettlespurge, 354–55; organ-pipe cactus, 354, 356; saguaros, 356–57, 687n89; Senita “old man” cactus, 355

  Desert Game Range, 517, 585

  Desert National Range, 329, 341, 455; Lombard plane crash and, 329

  Des Lacs NWR, 299–300, 463, 470

  Devendorf, Earl, 94–95

  Devils Lake, 264

  Devils Tower, 45, 88

  Dewey, Thomas, 558, 562, 563, 566

  Dexter National Fish Hatchery, 325

  Division of Grazing, 328

  Dobie, J. Frank, 266, 316; books by, 316

  Donovan, William, 516, 535

  Douglas, William O., 318, 348–50, 350, 453, 489, 494, 526, 535, 557, 574, 584, 585; FDR running mate posed, 559; memoir, 348; opposition to Pacific Northwest dams, 414, 415; as Supreme Court justice, 350–51, 481, 559; on Wallace, 35
1–52

  Downing, Andrew Jackson, 8–9, 36, 54, 79, 89, 178, 218, 378, 389–90

  Dows, Olin, 427

  Drury, Newton B., 192, 500

  Dry Tortugas National Park, 386, 388

  Duck Stamps, 281–83, 282, 283, 297, 533, 705n30; Darling’s stamp design, 282, 282; land purchase and, 283, 293, 388

  Dutchess County, New York, 6, 11–12, 21, 35, 36, 52, 53, 132, 311, 312, 477; Audubon Christmas count, 23, 52, 296; birds of, 17, 23; “Crum Elbow” and, 644n5; farmers, 68–69; FDR and historic site preservation, 311; FDR at Thompson Pond, May Census of birds (1942), 536–38, 537; FDR duck hunt (1932), 225; reforestation projects, 18

  Economic Opportunity Act (1964), 583

  Edge, Rosalie, 348, 406, 408, 410, 471–73, 472, 487, 505, 514, 515, 532

  Egan, Tim, 201, 286

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 533, 536, 549, 583; highways, 417

  Eleven Point River, 477

  Elkhorn Ranch, ND, 469

  Emergency Conservation Committee (ECC), 347, 352, 375, 404, 406, 408, 410, 471, 473, 487, 505, 514

  Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act, 169, 172–73, 175

  Emergency Relief Appropriations Act of 1935, 301; land purchased, 286–87

  Empire Forest Products Association, 68

  endangered species, 63, 298, 318, 322, 324, 326, 421, 466–67, 471, 473, 498, 513–15, 524, 532; AOU and, 21; FDR and, 322, 323, 373, 421, 447, 460, 466–67, 473, 513; Hornaday’s Our Vanishing Wild Life and, 63, 463; Patuxent research on, 463, 465, 466, 467; TR saves the buffalo, 457. See also wildlife protection

  energy: ecological destruction and, 74–77; 233–34; FDR and hydroelectric power, 52, 59–60, 75–77, 89, 128, 141, 169, 203–5, 216, 233, 571; Federal Power Commission established, 87; first hydroelectric power station, 51; Power Authority Act, 128–29; public power projects, 51, 571; regulation of private utilities, 129; renewable sources, 586; TVA and, 203–5, 244–45, 256. See also specific dams

  Ennis National Fish Hatchery, 325

  “Essay on American Scenery” (Cole), 6–7

  Estes Park, CO, 179

  Everglades National Park, 104–5, 147, 238, 239–40, 242–43, 266, 334–35, 585; alligator and, 249

  extinctions, 275, 276, 295, 298, 317, 322, 323, 325, 373, 421, 457, 460, hunting and, 271; species lost, 33, 235, 242, 322, 323, 462

  Fall, Albert B., 164, 188

  Farley, Don, 368, 370

  Farley, James, 144, 245, 486, 496

  Farm Security Administration (FSA), 224, 496, 509, 550

  Fechner, Robert, 173–74, 175, 185, 255, 261, 301, 308, 331, 474, 475; death of, 481

  Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), 168, 254, 255 284, 307

  Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site, 492

  Federal Power Commission, 452

  Federal Security Agency, 451

  Federal Works Agency, 433

  Finger Lakes National Forest, 59

  Finley, William, 317–18, 323, 342, 349, 541

  fish and marine life, 13; Atlantic sturgeon, 13; burrowing shrimp, 437; common carp, 275; dam building and problems, 258, 424; federal marine conservation, 382; fish hatcheries, 111–12, 228, 258, 473, 474, 533, 669n52; fishing licenses, 582; Florida Keys and, 421; Gabrielson and, 498; golden grouper, 442; harbor seal, 422; Lake Erie refurbishing, 473–74; lake stocking, 115; legislation and, 385; manatee, 424; marine refuges, 375, 381, 402; National Hatchery Service, 258; national monuments created for, 421–23; New Deal and, 226; northern pike, 180; protective laws for, 425; Pycnomma roosevelti, 437; Rachel Carson and, 468; Roosevelt-Schmitt expedition, 434–41, 439; Rucker and, 474; salmon decline, 401–2, 414, 415; sanctuary sites, 386, 422; sea lion, 422; sockeye salmon, 402; striped bass, 13; tarpon, 367; Texas and, 367. See also National Seashores

  Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, 257, 285, 296–97

  Fletcher, Duncan, 104, 239

  flood prevention, 117, 335, 363

  Florida: assassination attempt in, 163; CCC in, 243–44; coastal environment, 307; devastated forests, 219; drought, 134; FDR AOU checklist for, 103; FDR in (1923), 101–5, 102, 103; FDR in (1924), aboard the Larooco, 105; FDR in (1932), aboard the Nourmahal, 162–63; FDR in (1934), aboard the Nourmahal, 240–41, 241; FDR in (1935), 307; FDR in (1936), 333–34; FDR’s fight for the Everglades, 104–5, 238–40, 242–43, 334–35; FDR’s trip to Keys and Dry Tortugas (1937), aboard the Potomac, 386–88; first federal bird reservation, 226; hurricane kills WPA workers, 333; as laboratory for New Deal conservation efforts, 243; land speculation, 102; Marineland oceanarium, 334; national forests, 429; national parks and monuments, 333, 386–87; New Deal funds for, 217; poverty in, 102; state parks, 243, 244, 583, 656n73; Tamiami Trail, 92, 104; torreya tree, 243–44; unemployment, 243; wildlife refuges, 126, 227, 228, 444, 498, 531, 540

  Florida Keys, 386–88, 421, 436

  Florida Park Service (FPS), 243, 244

  Foljambe, Cecil, 18–19, 44

  forestry, 7–8, 20, 38, 53, 58; Brown’s influence on FDR, 130–31; CCC and, 174–75; community forests, 45; devastated southern forests, 219; disease-resistant trees and, 48; FDR and Dutchess County, 130, 543; FDR and forestry practices, 99, 101, 123, 138, 151, 169–70, 394, 543–44; FDR and Woodlot Forestry, 71; FDR as visionary, 622; FDR’s definition of true forestry, 47; FDR’s enthusiasm for, 39, 40, 48, 53, 56, 169, 554; FDR’s experiments in, 154, 552; FDR’s farm journal, 54; FDR’s interest in conifers, 49, 106–7; FDR-Stuckley silviculture projects, 312; fire lanes/wood roads, 71–72, 176; German forests and, 15–16, 20, 44–45, 101, 170; wise-use approach, 543. See also reforestation and tree planting

  Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park, 471

  Fort Jefferson National Monument, 333, 386–87, 421

  Fort Laramie National Historic Site, 492

  Fort Necessity, 181

  Fort Peck Dam, 206, 216, 264, 344, 395, 415, 416

  Fort Peck Game Range, 343–44

  Fort Peck Lake, 264

  Four Freedoms, 507, 518

  4-H Clubs, 466

  Fremont National Forest, 568

  Future Farmers of America, 466

  Gabrielson, Ira B., 217, 299, 321, 321–22, 541, 570; bighorn sheep and, 328; birds of Alaska, 497–98; desert ecosystems and, 455–56; heads new FWS, 497–98; hires Rucker, 474; Okefenokee and, 446; Patuxent and, 463–64, 465; Sanibel Island NWR and, 531

  Galápagos Islands, 10, 434–41, 439

  Game Management (Leopold), 274, 275, 476

  Garden Clubs of America, 88–89, 209, 448

  Garner, John Nance “Cactus Jack,” 148–49, 155, 485, 494

  Gatun Lake, 440

  Gay, Jesse, 353

  Gearhart, Bertrand, 451–52

  General Grant National Park, 433

  General Land Office, 250

  General Motors, 519, 520

  George IV, king of England, 71–72

  George Washington and Jefferson National Forest, 59, 176

  George Washington Carver National Monument, 548

  Georgia: CCC and, 231–32, 233, 444–45; devastated forests, 219; FDR and agriculture, 110, 232–33; FDR and wildlife protection, 353; FDR campaigning, 220; FDR popularity, 232; as FDR’s demonstration plot, 231; FDR’s Oglethorpe University speech (1932), 145; FDR’s second home, 445; kudzu in, 444; national forests, battlefields, monuments, and state parks, 231, 233, 429, 444, 582; NWRs, 352, 353; Okefenokee Swamp, 145–46, 146, 230–31, 234–36, 656n73; rural electrification, 233–34; Suwannee Canal and, 234–35, 236, 656n73. See also Warm Springs, GA

  Gettysburg National Military Park, 181

  Gibraltar Island, 473

  Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 581

  Glacier Bay National Monument, 250

  Glacier National Park, 63, 119, 258–60, 261–64, 266, 340; Ansel Adams photographs, 454; FDR speech, 262–63

  Good, Albert H., 178–79

  Grand Canyon, 326, 457

  Grand Canyon National Park, 45, 113, 119, 238, 454

  Grand Coulee Dam, 2
16, 256–57, 258, 392, 395, 401, 413–14, 415, 424, 468, 540, 571

  Grand River Dam, 425

  Grand Teton National Park, 145, 238, 454, 545, 545–46, 548, 714n45

  Great Basin, 328

  Great Depression, 127, 128, 133–134, 140, 162, 200, 201; as crisis of ecology, 154; economy in 1933, 166–67; FDR links conservation with recovery, 420; FDR’s recovery plan, 127–29, 132, 135–36, 151, 154–55; Hoovervilles, 127; unemployment, 229, 243. See also Civilian Conservation Corps; New Deal

  Great Lakes, 229, 248, 270, 441, 473, 490, 502, 519; Biological Laboratory, 519

  Great Meadows NWR, 540

  Great Plains, 59; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 176; destructive practices in, 59, 60, 121, 142, 149, 202; drought, 134, 276, 285–86, 313, 314, 332, 338, 470; Dust Bowl, 142, 286, 313, 314, 315, 470; dust pneumonia, 313; dust storms, 153, 286, 287, 313–14, 332, 335, 470; farm foreclosures, 155, 264–65; FDR’s grasslands strategy, 286–92, 315; migratory bird refuges and, 470; nesting areas for ducks, 229; New Deal soil conservation program, 290; New Deal strategy for, 271; rabbit slaughter in, 332–33; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92, 332, 335; timber industry and, 314; “transition zone” and, 287