Robert T Bakker

by The Dinosaur Heresies (pdf)

  Bone texture; Haversian Canals; Meta-

  3 8 9

  bolic rate

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 22, 3 0 1 , 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 , 4 5 5

  dinosaurs', measurement of, 3 5 0 - 3 5 6 , 359—

  Hypacrosaurus, 4 2 , 194. See also Duckbill dino-

  3 6 0

  saurs

  metabolism, effect on, 3 4 9 - 3 5 0

  rapid, advantages of, 3 4 9

  Ichthyornis, 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 , 321

  Growth rings, 356, 3 5 9 - 3 6 0

  lchthyosaurs, 321

  Gubbio, Italy, 4 3 2

  lchthyostega, 3 2 7

  Guilds, ecological, 6 0 - 6 3 , 8 2 - 8 3 . See also Eco-

  lguanodon, 24. 178, 183, 1 8 4 , 1 9 3 , 304

  logical roles

  Industrial Revolution, 25

  Iridium layer, 4 3 2 , 4 3 5 , 4 3 8

  Habitats, ancient. See also Drought; Preservation,

  Island faunas, 80, 1 3 1 , 4 4 3

  tossil; Seasons; Taphonomy

  Isolation, ecological, 4 4 3

  dinosaurs', 3 3 - 3 6 , 9 8 , 100, 1 0 5 - 1 2 4 , 1 4 8 -

  Isthmus of Panama, 4 4 3 . See also Land bridges;

  157, 185, 2 4 9 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 9 - 3 9 0

  Migration

  f l o o d p l a i n s , 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 124

  Janis, Christine, 1 7 1 - 1 7 2

  fossil indicators of, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7

  Jaws, 7 1 - 7 3 , 169, 4 1 8

  fresh water, 57, 1 1 7

  Job. See Book of J o b

  reconstruction of, 4 5 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 1 0 5 - 1 1 2 ,

  Judith River Delta, Alberta and Montana, 1 5 5 ,

  1 1 6 - 1 1 8

  2 4 9 , 3 4 5 , 3 8 5

  rivers, 4 4 - 4 5 , 5 8

  Judith River Fossil Beds, Alberta and Montana,

  shifts in, 4 2 7

  2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 4 0 4 , 4 3 6 - 4 3 7

  swamps, 55, 1 0 5 , 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 , 1 8 5 , 2 4 9

  Hair, evolution of, 2 9 2 , 4 1 4

  Karoo Basin, South Africa, 4 1 0 , 4 1 4 - 4 1 5

  Harvard University, 5 1 , 52

  Kauffman, Erie, 4 3 9

  Hatcher, John Bell, 2 0 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 4

  Kazanian Epoch, 4 0 9 - 4 2 4

  Haversian Canals, 3 5 3 - 3 5 6 , 3 6 0 , 3 8 0

  Kazanian protomammals, 4 1 0 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 9 ,

  Hearing, 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 0 , 3 4 6

  4 2 4

  INDEX I 477

  Kazanian Revolution, 4 0 9 , 4 2 4

  Mammals

  Kentrurosaurus, 362

  in Age of Dinosaurs, 18, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 3 8 9 . 404

  Komodo Dragon, 2 3 , 62, 6 2 - 6 4 , 7 5 , 80, 8 5 , 9 0 ,

  competition with dinosaurs, 15, 50, 97—98,

  2 6 1 - 2 6 2

  3 7 2

  Komodo Island, Indonesia, 6 2 , 8 0 , 84

  growth rates, 3 4 7 - 3 4 8

  Kritosaurus, 161, 3 4 5 . See also Duckbill dinosaurs

  metabolic rates, 2 5 , 8 7 - 9 4

  Kummel, Bernhard, 3 9 8

  warm-bloodedness, evolution of, 2 5 , 371

  Kunkar nodules, 1 0 7 - 1 0 9 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 .

  Marsh, Othniel Charles, 3 6 - 3 7 , 4 0 , 164, 190,

  See also Climate; Habitats; Taphonomy

  2 0 1 , 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , 2 1 1 , 2 4 1 , 2 6 4 , 2 8 9 , 298,

  3 0 1 - 3 0 3 , 3 0 5 , 3 6 5 - 3 6 8 , 4 5 4

  La Brea Tar Pits, California, 2 5 8 - 2 5 9

  Marsh's Law, 3 6 8 - 3 6 9

  Lacertilians, 6 0 - 6 8 . See also Lizards

  Mass homeothermy, theory of, 8 4 - 8 7 , 9 0 - 1 0 1 ,

  Lagosuchus, 9 8 , 2 9 3 - 2 9 5 , 4 5 7 , 4 5 9 . See also Rab-

  3 5 6

  bitcrocs

  Massospondylus, 133, 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 144

  Lambeosaurus, 1 6 7 , 4 3 6 . See also Duckbill dino-

  Mating rituals, 4 2 - 4 4 , 6 5 - 6 6 , 3 3 7 - 3 3 9 . See also

  saurs

  Display

  Lance Creek, Wyoming, 4 2 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 1 4 8

  Meerkrokodiliers, 4 0 . See also Sea crocodiles

  Lance Formation, 41

  Megalania, 6 3 , 64

  Lancian Epoch, 47

  Megalosaurus, 18, 21, 28

  Lancian Faunal Age, 41

  Metabolic rate. See also Bone texture; Evolution;

  Land bridges between continents, 4 4 0 - 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 .

  Extinction

  See also Migration

  body size correlation with, 91 — 101

  Langston, Wann, 2 8 9 - 2 9 0

  computer model ot, 94—97

  Laosaurus, 150

  exercise, 361

  Laramide Revolution, 50

  flight, 2 9 2

  Laramie Deltas, 1 2 1 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 9

  tood requirements implied by, 8 7 , 3 7 5 , 4 4 4

  Laramie Fossil Beds, Wyoming, 121

  high, advantages of, 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 7 , 349, 424

  Laramie Mountains, 4 1 , 50

  measurement of, 6 1 , 2 9 2

  Lemur, Indonesian flying, 282

  reproductive rates associated with, 349

  Leptoceratops. 2 4 9 - 2 5 2

  territorial requirements of, 4 4 4

  Limb anatomy, 6 8 , 2 0 3 - 2 2 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 4 . See also

  Meteors, 4 3 2 , 4 3 4 . See also Asteroid theory

  Locomotion; Swimming

  Melriorhynchus, 35

  Lips, as evolutionary prerequisite to trunks, 142—

  Meyer, Hermann von, 2 0 4

  143

  Microsauria, 68—69

  Lizards, 6 0 - 6 8 . See also Chameleons; Komodo

  Migration, 4 3 9 - 4 4 4 . See also Land bridges; Sea

  Dragon

  level

  limb anatomy, 6 8 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 9

  Mississippi Delta, 1 2 0

  locomotion, 6 1 , 6 7

  Moas, 126, 1 3 1 - 1 3 3 , 1 3 6

  relationship to dinosaurs, 22—23

  Monitor lizards, 60—63, 2 6 1 . See also Komodo

  respiratory systems, 3 6 2 - 3 6 3

  Dragon; Lizards

  tails, 1 5 2 - 1 5 3

  Monoclonius, 2 4 5 , 2 5 2

  Locomotion. See also Flight; Footprints; Gait;

  Montanaceratops, 2 4 9 , 340

  Swimming

  Morrison Dinosaur Habitat Research Group, 1 1 6

  bipedal, 1 7 3 - 1 7 4

  Morrison Formation, 3 6 - 3 8 , 116, 118, 135, 390,

  dinosaur, 5 1 , 2 0 1 - 2 2 5 , 2 2 9

  3 9 9 , 4 0 0

  lizard, 5 5 - 6 1 , 6 7 - 6 8

  Mosasaurs, 321

  speed of, 2 1 4 - 2 2 5 , 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 4

  Mosasaurus, 423

  Longevity, animal taxa, 16, 184, 4 0 1 - 4 0 2 , 4 0 4 ,

  Mountain building, 50, 4 4 0

  4 0 9

  Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 52

  Loxommatids, 3 2 8

  Loxolophodon, 343

  Lull, Richard Swann, 8 4 , 1 6 5 , 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 ,

  Nanosaurus, 180

  2 1 1 - 2 1 2

  National Geographic. 1 1 5 , 125

  Lyme Regis shale beds, England, 2 8 3

  Natural selection, 1 7 9 , 3 2 5 , 4 1 9

  Nature. 3 5 3 , 3 8 5 , 4 5 7

  McNab, Brian, 1 6 0 , 3 5 5 - 3 5 6

  Niche, ecological, 4 0 , 9 7 , 3 1 8 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 9 ,

  Madsen, James, 2 6 4 - 2 6 5

  4 2 2 . See also Ecological roles; Guilds

  Mammal chauvinists, 50—53

  Nodosaur, 3 8 - 3 9 , 4 0 , 56, 177, 184, 193, 2 3 4 -

  Mammallike reptiles, 52, 3 3 6 . See also Proto-

  2 3 7

  mammals

  Nomenclature, biological, 20, 4 5 1 , 4 5 7 - 4 5 9

  478 | INDEX

  Nopsca, Franz von, 2 5 3 - 2 5 4

  Poisons. See also Toxins; Venom

  North
Horn Quarry, Utah, 124

  animal, 54, 70

  plant, 1 8 0 , 1 9 3 , 4 3 0

  Ocean lizards. See Mosasaurs

  Posture

  Odontornitbes, 301

  anatomy of, 2 0 3 - 2 2 5

  Ooids, 107

  feeding and, 1 3 9 , 166, 1 8 7 - 1 9 4

  Ophiacodon, 382

  Powell, John Wesley, 2 9 8

  Opportunism, 3 9 - 4 0 , 4 7 , 193. See also Adaptive

  Predation

  radiation; Extinction

  escape from, 6 0 , 3 1 5

  Ora, 6 2 - 6 4 , 80. See also Komodo Dragon

  metabolic rate, effect on, 79, 8 1 , 90

  Origin of Birds, The, G. Heilman, 3 0 6

  strategies, cold-blood vs. warm-blood, 90

  Origin of Species, C. Darwin, 395

  ambush, 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 1 - 6 9 , 70, 7 8 - 8 1

  Ornamentation, 4 1 - 4 2 , 6 6 , 325. See also Color-

  dinosaur, 98, 1 1 3 , 229, 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 - 2 3 7 , 2 5 9 -

  ation; Crests; Display

  2 6 4

  Ornithischia, 4 4 7 - 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 - 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 - 4 5 9 . See

  poison, 4 9 , 54

  also Beaked dinosaurs

  pterodactyl, 2 8 3 - 2 8 6

  Ormlholestes. 9 8 , 9 9 , 100, 302

  Predator-prey ratios, 3 4 7 , 3 7 7 - 3 9 2 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 2 ,

  Ornithosuchids, 4 4 9 - 4 5 1

  4 1 3 - 4 1 5 , 4 2 2

  Ornithosuchus, 3 1 1

  Predator traps, 2 5 8 - 2 5 9 , 2 6 4

  Ornithotarsus, 304

  Preservation, fossil, 4 0 , 4 4 , 106, 134, 155. See

  Orogeny. See Mountain building

  also Taphonomy

  Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 2 0 3 , 4 0 4 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 2 ,

  scavenger roles, 1 0 6 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 4 , 2 7 3

  4 4 4

  Pristichampsus, 74

  Osteology of the Reptiles, A. S. Romer

  Progress, nineteenth-century concept of, 25

  Ostrom, John, 153, 164, 168, 1 7 1 , 3 1 1 - 3 1 4 ,

  Prosaurolophus, 4 3 6 . See also Duckbill dinosaurs

  3 1 5 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , 4 5 8

  Proterochampsids, 4 1 6

  "Our Face from Fish to Man," W. K. Gregory,

  Protoceratops, 170, 2 4 9 - 2 5 4 , 340, 3 4 2 , 357

  52

  Protomammals, 294, 337, 3 7 1 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 5 - 4 1 6 ,

  Owen, Sir Richard, 2 0 , 23, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 2 8 3 , 3 0 4 ,

  4 1 8 - 4 2 4 , 4 3 1 . See also Therapsida

  3 2 1 , 3 9 7

  Pseudosuchia, 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 - 4 5 2

  Oxygen, 1 0 0

  Pseudosuchians, 308. See also False crocodiles

  Psittacosaurus, 170, 252, 2 5 2 . See also Parrot

  Pachycephalosaurus, 2 3 7 - 4 0 4 . See also Domehead

  dinosaurs

  dinosaurs

  Psittacotherium, 46

  Pachydermata, 4 4 6 - 4 4 7

  Pteranodon, 16, 2 9 1 . See also Pterodactyls

  Paleobotany, 4 3 5

  Pterodactyls, 2 7 6 - 2 9 7

  Parasaurolophus, 4 2 - 4 3 , 4 3 . 122-123, 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,

  air sacs, 3 0 5 , 3 1 2

  345. See also Duckbill dinosaurs

  birds, similarities to, 2 8 0

  Parasites, 4 4 2 . See also Disease

  claws, 2 8 0 - 2 8 2

  Pareiasaurs, 412

  coloration, 2 7 5 , 2 8 6 - 2 8 9

  Parrot dinosaurs, 1 7 5 , 193, 2 5 1 , 252. See also

  crests, 2 9 1

  Beaked dinosaurs

  dinosaur affinities, 2 9 3 - 2 9 7 , 4 1 6 , 4 5 9

  Patterson, Bryan, 52

  extinctions, 2 8 9 , 4 3 1

  Peabody Museum, Yale, 15, 2 1 2 . See also Great

  feeding, 2 8 6 - 2 8 7

  Hall

  f l i g h t , 2 7 6 - 2 8 3 , 2 9 0 , 321

  Pentaceratops, 244

  hairy, 2 9 2 - 2 9 3

  Petersen, Jane, 221

  hunting methods, 2 8 3 - 2 8 6

  Phascolotherium. 28

  tails, 2 8 9

  Phylogeny, dinosaur, 2 9 3 - 2 9 7 , 4 4 7 - 4 6 2

  vision, 2 8 8 - 2 8 9

  Phytodinosauria, 4 5 9

  warm-bloodedness, 2 9 1 - 2 9 3

  Phytosaurs, 4 1 9

  Pterodactylus, 2 7 5 - 2 7 6 , 276, 2 8 6 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 2

  Plants, 186

  Pterodaustro, 288

  defenses, 120, 180, 1 9 3 - 1 9 8

  Pterosauria, Order, 4 4 7 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 9

  f l o w e r i n g , 1 7 9 - 1 9 8

  Punctuated equilibria, 3 9 8 , 4 0 1 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 9 . See

  fossil, as evidence of ancient climates, 1 0 0 -

  also Evolution; Rates of evolution

  101

  Pythons, 70, 7 9 - 8 0

  Platyhistrix, 335, 3 3 5 - 3 3 6 . See also Finbacks

  Plesiosaurs, 36, 4 0 , 4 2 6 , 4 3 0

  Plesiosaurus, 358

  Q - 1 0 , 76, 8 8 , 9 7

  Pliocyon, 3 8 9

  Quetzalcoatlus, 274, 2 9 0

  INDEX | 479

  Rabbitcrocs, 2 9 3 - 2 9 5 , 3 2 1 . See also Lagosuchus

  Senescence, biological, theories of, 52, 2 3 8 , $25,

  Rabbits, introduction in Australia, 4 4 3

  3 3 6

  Rarefication analysis, 4 3 5

  Serengeti, East Africa, 6 3 , 3 8 5 , 389

  Rates of evolution, 39. See also Punctuated equi-

  Sex, 4 2 - 4 4 , 2 4 0 . See also Coloration; Display;

  libria

  Mating rituals

  classification manifesting, 4 0 3

  Sexual intimidation and combat, 330, 332, 334,

  climate theories, 1 6 0 , 2 4 8 - 2 4 9

  3 3 6 - 3 4 2

  dinosaurs, 184, 4 0 2

  Sexual selection, 3 2 5 - 3 2 6 , 332

  habitat, association with, 1 6 0

  Sharov, A. G., 2 9 2 - 2 9 3

  Kazanian protomammals, 4 1 0 — 4 1 4

  Sheep Creek, Wyoming, 37, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 3 9 9

  Romer's theory (limbs), 2 0 7

  Shivering, role in thermoregulation, 9 2 , 97

  spurts, 2 9 7 , 4 0 1

  Silica, 129

  Rattlesnake Canyon Quarry, Texas, 3 3 5

  Simons, Elwyn, 375

  Rauisuchids, 423

  Simpson's index of evenness, 4 3 6 - 4 3 7 . See also

  Reath, Mike, 133

  Equability

  Red Bird, Wyoming, 41

  Sister groups, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4

  Respiratory systems, 361—374

  Siwalik Hills, India, 77, 375

  Revolutions in science, 3 9 5

  Skin, dinosaur, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7

  Rhacophorus, 55

  Smithsonian Institution, 124

  Rhamphorhynchus. 284. 2 8 5 - 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 . 289. See

  Snails, fossil, as evidence of ancient habitats, 1 1 6

  also Pterosauria

  Snakes

  Rhinoceros, 2 1 4 , 2 1 9 , 4 4 6 - 4 4 7

  giant land, 7 9 - 8 0

  Rhynchosaurs, 34

  hunting methods, 70, 7 9 - 8 0

  Ricqles, Armand de, 3 4 7 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 4 1 3 -

  skull anatomy, 7 0 - 7 3 , 2 6 6 - 2 6 7

  4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 2

  Social structure of dinosaurs, 37

  Riggs, Elmer S., 190, 2 0 1 , 203

  Solnhofen limestone quarries, Bavaria, 273

  Rinderpest, 4 4 2

  South America, biological isolation of, 4 4 3

  Riojasuchus. 309

  Speciation, 4 7 , 3 9 8 , 4 0 9

  Rivers, 4 4 - 4 5 , 8 1 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 1 1 6

  Species

  Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 5 1 - 5 2 , 6 2 , 2 0 7 , 333,

  definition of, 52

  3 8 0 - 3 8 2 , 4 1 6

  diversity, 4 7 , 5 4 , 6 0 , 61

  Rumen, 130, 172. See also Digestion

 
; numbers of, 4 7 , 5 3 - 5 4 , 56, 6 0 , 75, 8 1 , 101

  Rumination, 1 3 0 , 172. See also Digestion

  Speed of dinosaurs. See Locomotion

  Russell, Dale, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 , 3 8 5 - 3 8 6 , 4 3 5

  Sphenacodon, 3 3 4

  Spiders, 3 7 8 - 3 7 9

  Spinosaurus, 3 3 9

  Salamanders, 3 2 7

  Spotila, J . , 9 4 , 9 7

  Sampson, Admiral, 2 0 1

  Stanley, Steven M., 4 0 1

  Saurischia, 4 4 7 - 4 4 9 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 7 - 4 5 9

  Starlings, European, 442—443

  Saurolophus, 4 2 , 3 4 5 , 4 3 7 . See also Duckbill di-

  Stegosaur, 33, 34, 1 15

  nosaurs

  defense, 2 2 6 - 2 3 4 , 2 6 4

  Sauropoda, 4 4 7 , 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 . See also Brontosaurs

  evolutionary affinities, 2 5 4

  Scala Naturae. 5 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 4 1 8

  extinction, 2 3 4

  Scaphognathus. 281

  feeding, 1 8 5 , 1 9 0

  Scavengers, 58, 6 0 , 106, 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 2 7 3

  feet, 157

  Scelidosaurus, 2 5 4 , 2 5 6

  gizzard stones, 135

  Schley, Commander, 2 0 1

  locomotion, 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 , 2 2 9

  Science, 2 9 0

  predators of, 2 2 9 , 2 6 7

  Scientific American, 3 8 5 , 4 1 3 , 4 6 2

  tails, 2 2 6 - 2 2 9 , 2 3 7

  Scollard fossil beds. Alberta, 4 3 6 , 4 3 7

  Stegosauria, 2 2 6

  Scythian Epoch, 4 1 5 - 4 1 6

  Stegosaurus, 1 1 8 , 1 3 5 , 1 9 1 , 3 4 8

  Sea crocodiles, 36, 40

  afterbrain, 3 6 7

  Sea level, changes in, 4 3 9 - 4 4 0 , 4 4 3

  anatomy, 1 8 7 - 1 9 0

  Sea lizards, 426, 4 3 0 . See also Plesiosaurs

  brains, 3 6 5 - 3 6 9

  Sea monsters, 36

  extinction, 193, 1 9 7 - 1 9 8

  Sea serpents, 40

  spikes, 2 3 0 - 2 3 4

  Seashells, fossil, 1 0 0

  tripodal feeding posture, 1 9 0

  Seasons, 32, 1 0 1 , 1 1 7 - 1 1 8

  Stegosaurus tingulatus, 228

  Seeley, Hans, 2 8 2 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 - 2 9 2

  Stenonychosaurus. 3 7 1 , 3 7 2

  480 | INDEX

  Sternberg, Charles, 4 3 , 2 1 2

  Trackways, fossil, 37, 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 , 2 2 4 , 3 0 5 . See

  Stonesfield dinosaur quarry, England, 18

  also Footprints

  Stratigraphic sequence, 5 1 , 303

  Triceratops, 4 1 , 50, 168. 216, 217. 220, 224,

  Slruthiomimus. 373

  242-243. 244, 245, 439. 4 5 8 . See also

  Styracosaurus, 122, 123, 2 4 5 , 4 3 6

  Horned dinosaurs

  Sundance Formation, 3 4 - 3 7

  abundance of, 4 3 7

  Sundance Sea, 34—36

  ancestors of, 2 4 9 , 252

  Suppressor genes, 3 1 7 - 3 1 8

  defense, 2 4 0 - 2 4 4 , 341

  Surface-area to volume ratio, in physiology, 9 0 -

  feeding, 1 6 7 - 1 7 2 , 185

  94

  frill, 1 6 8 , 2 4 1 , 3 4 1 - 3 4 2