Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome
Page 40
Constantine I, 229, 231, 233–34
satrap system and, 125; self-promotion of,
Constantius II, 229–32, 237
18–19; Xerxes and, 26
Corcyra, 141–42, 146, 156, 157
Darius III, 100, 119, 133
Corinth, 53–54, 68–69, 71, 119, 139, 147
Datis, 24
Corinthian Gulf, 188
decarchies, 68
Corinthian War, 70–71, 76
Decelea, 188
corona civica (gallantry award), 209
defenses. See fortifications
cosmic order, 17–19
Delbrück, 10
counterinsurgency, 7; banditry and, 168–71;
Delian League, 31–34, 43, 45
Bar-Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; defining,
Delion, 3, 97
178; established provinces and, 165–66;
Delium, 103
frontier defense and, 227–42; Gaul and,
Delos, 32, 35, 45, 188
165–66; genocide and, 167; Herod Agrippa
Delphi, 37
II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great and, 173,
Demainetos, 88n51
175–76; Illyricum and, 167; Judaea and, 166,
Demeter, 194
168; mass deportation and, 167; modern,
democracy: Arcadia and, 106–7; Argives
178–79; mutilation and, 167; opportunists
and, 66; Athenians and, 34, 40–41, 94;
and, 166; perceived ability to punish and,
Boeotia and, 94–99; class issues and,
167–68; psychological strategy and, 167–68;
40–41; coercive, 5–6; diplomacy and, 215;
Rome and, 163–69; ruling class and, 166;
Epaminondas and, 6, 94; fortifications and,
slave wars and, 196–202; taxes and, 165
66–67, 70, 76, 85n41; Greece and, 21–23, 26;
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 198–99, 210–12, 217,
Julius Caesar and, 207; Long Walls and,
219
59; military and, 207; oligarchy and, 95–96;
Crete, 186, 199
Pericles and, 94; preemption and, 110; rev-
Crixus, 190
enues for, 38; Thebes and, 94; Thucydides
Cromwell, Oliver, 207
and, 94
crosses, 132, 185, 200
dêmokratia, 106–7
Curio, 219
demos (the people), 21–22
cursus honorum, 209–10
dictators: Augustus and, 223–24; Julius Caesar
Cyanean rocks, 41
and, 207–8, 219, 222; military and, 206–7,
Cyclopean masonry, 59
223–24; Sulla and, 223
Cyprus, 42, 70
Diodorus, 69, 81n16, 99–100, 106, 127–28,
Cyrus, 11–12, 26, 122, 139; ascension of, 13;
204n23
Bardiya and, 18; Cambyses and, 17–18;
Dion, 148, 154
death of, 13–14; dominion of, 13; empire
Dionysia, 130
building and, 13–14; generalship of, 13–14;
Dionysus, 122, 131–32, 194–95
Judaeans and, 14–15; as “King of Kings,”
Dionysus II, 144
13, 15; mercenaries and, 139; psychological
Diviciacus, 214–16
252 Index
divine sanction, 18–19
and, 31, 35–36, 43, 49–50; Greek concept
Doloaspis, 126
of power and, 34–38; Hellenization and,
Drangiana, 121
118, 130–31, 177; intermarriage and, 127–29;
Drauga, 17–19
interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,
Drimacus, 188, 193, 197, 201
86n43, 87n50, 88n58; King’s Peace and,
drones, 2
70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; mainte-
Dumnorix, 215–16
nance challenges and, 49; multipolar state
Dyrrachium, 221
system and, 69, 73, 86n43; naval power
and, 51–52 ( see also naval power); negative
Earle, Edward M., 1–2
connotation of, 4–5, 47; Pericles and, 31, 36,
Ecbatana, 120–21
38, 40–55; Piraeus harbor and, 65; quality
Ecclesia, 68, 85n40
of life and, 38–39; religion and, 36; Rome
economic issues, 132; Athenian Empire and, 5;
and, 118, 163–69; Spartans and, 67–70, 97;
circuit wall and, 151–52; counterinsurgency
Thucydides and, 45–47; transpopulation
and, 167–68; fortifications and, 58–59;
policy and, 127; tribute payments and,
frontier defense and, 229, 233, 235, 241–42;
34–35
Greek city-states and, 5; harbor duties
English Channel, 167, 207
and, 38; imports and, 38; Julius Caesar and,
Enna, 191–92, 194
210; naval power and, 69; North Africa
Epaminondas the Theban, 2, 9; aftermath
and, 239; Peloponessian Wars and, 34, 104;
of strategy of, 105–7; as agent of change,
Piraeus harbor and, 63–64; preemption
95–96; ancient records on, 99–100; battle
and, 108–10; private armies and, 217–20;
of Leuctra and, 97, 103, 109; Boeotia and,
satrap system and, 125–26; slavery and,
94–99, 103–12; death of, 106, 108; democ-
196, 200; spice trade and, 133; taxes and,
racy and, 6, 94; as “first man of Greece,”
163–65, 176–77; trade restrictions and, 233;
93; frees helots, 6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112,
treasurers and, 126; tribute and, 34–35, 38
114n9, 115n11, 116n19, 188; humiliates
Egypt, 130, 172–73, 221; Alexander and, 120, 126,
Spartans, 83n25, 93–99, 103–12; inva-
131–32; Alexandria, 127–28, 134; Athenian
sion of 370–69 and, 96–100, 104; lack of
campaign and, 34–35, 55; Cambyses and, 17;
modern knowledge on, 94; Laconia and,
Cleopatra and, 221; collapse of Assyrian
104, 106–8; lessons learned from, 107–10;
Empire and, 12; Julius Caesar and, 221–22;
longer-term aims of, 104–5; preeminence
marriage customs in, 131; Pompey and,
of, 93; preemption and, 6, 97–100, 103–12;
221; Ptolemaic kings and, 131–32, 135; satrap
tenure of, 99, 104; unorthodox methods of,
system and, 126; segregation and, 131; Six-
99–100; urban fighting and, 149, 153–54; as
Day War and, 101–2; strategic significance
zealot, 112
of, 14–15; treatment of elderly and, 131;
ephors, 67
Zenobia and, 166
Ephorus, 93
Ejsbol Mose, 236
Eryx, 177
elderly, 131
espionage, 17, 24–25, 28
Elis, 145
eunomia (good governance), 20
elitism, 15–16, 24, 40, 186, 192
Eunus, 194–95, 201
Elpinice, 42
Euripides, 94, 130
empire building, 13–14; Alexander and, 118–35;
Eurotas River, 98, 104, 149
Athenians and, 34–55, 70, 97; autonomy
Eurymedon River, 34
and, 36–37; Boeotia and, 94–99, 103–12;
Ezekiel (Biblical prophet), 12, 15
class issues and, 40–41; Darius and, 18–19;
Delian League and, 31–34, 43, 45; expan-
Fallujah, 140
sionism and, 55; financial gain of, 37–38;
famine, 96
fortifications and, 58–78 (
see also fortifica-
Fertile Crescent, 14
tions); founding cities and, 127–28; glory
fides (faithfulness), 213
Index 253
First Coronea, battle of, 97
Chnodomarius and, 235–36, 238; Danube
First Mantineia, battle of, 97
and, 227–35, 239, 244n9; economic issues
First Punic War, 177
and, 229; Gaul and, 240–41; Germany
First Sicilian Slave Wars, 189, 191, 197–99
and, 235–42; grand strategy and, 232–34;
Five Years’ Peace, 44
hostages and, 233, 237, 245n20; Huns and,
Florus, 166
238–40; imperial collapse and, 241–42; in-
fortifications: agriculture and, 96, 143; Athe-
ternal political agendas and, 228–29; Magi-
nians and, 5, 58–78; Attica and, 58, 73, 75,
not Line and, 228; mobile field armies
91n69; circuit wal and, 143–44, 151–52;
and, 227; naval power and, 227, 232–33;
citizen labor and, 58, 64–65; Conon and,
North Africa and, 239–40; overcrowding
58–59, 69–70, 75; Cyclopean masonry and,
and, 231–32; policy of expansion and, 227;
59; defense mentality and, 73–75; defense of
raiders and, 227, 229, 232–33; Rhine and,
Attica and, 59–60; democracy and, 65–67,
227–35, 238–39, 244n5; Saxons and, 227, 229;
70, 76, 85n41; destruction by Mardonius
settlement burning and, 230; Severan era
and, 60–61; foreign policy and, 73–74;
and, 227; targeted annual subsidies and,
frontier defense and, 227–42; Hippodamus
233; Tetrarchic emperors and, 229–30, 234;
of Miletus and, 63–64; interstate system
trade privileges and, 233, 235
and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43, 87n50,
88n58; Iraq and, 5; Israel and, 77; jealousy
Galilee, 176
over, 62; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,
Ganges River, 122, 124
88n56, 89nn59,63; Long Wal s and, 5, 52,
Gaugamela, battle of, 119–20, 124–25
59, 63, 65–70, 73, 76–77, 84nn29,30,32, 85n40;
Gaul, 8, 165, 172–74; Cisalpine, 206–7, 211–12,
Mexican border and, 5; naval power and,
217, 219; frontier defense and, 239–41; Julius
60, 63–65; Pentekontaetia and, 61–62;
Caesar and, 166, 206–7, 211–19; provincial
Pericles and, 58–59, 75; Persian Wars and,
power and, 175; Rubicon and, 206; Sequani
58; Piraeus and, 63–65, 83n28; politics of,
and, 211; Transalpine, 211, 213, 219
58–59; resource investment of, 58–59; Rome
Gaulle, Charles de, 10
and, 8–9, 227–42; security zones and, 76–77;
Gaza, 7, 120, 132
slave labor and, 58; solid construction of,
Gedrosian Desert, 122
63; Spartan view of, 63, 66, 81n16, 82n24,
gender issues, 152–53, 156
83n25; technology and, 5, 76–77; Themis-
genocide, 167
tocles and, 58–64, 70, 81n16; Thucydides
geopolitics, 23
on, 61–63; traditional Greek warrior ethic
Gergovia, 216
and, 66; United States and, 5, 76–77; urban
Germania (Tacitus), 235
fighting and, 143–52; war memorials and, 61
Germanicus, 167
fourth-generational warfare, 2
Germany, 101, 198, 207; Ariovistus and, 211,
fourth philosophy, 168
213–14, 218; counterinsurgency and, 165,
France, 207–8, 227–8
167, 172; frontier defense and, 235–42; Julius
Franks, 231, 242
Caesar and, 211–15, 218
freedom: King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,
Gibson, Mel, 173
88n56, 89nn59,63; slave wars and, 185–202.
globalization, 2
See also autonomy
gods. See religion
Freedom Tower, 80n13
Goldsworthy, Adrian, vii–viii, 8, 206–26
Free Germany, 165
Gordian knot, 120, 124
French Revolution, 207–8
Gordium, 120
frontier defense, 4, 8–9; alliance building and,
Gorzny, 140
239–40; archaeological record and, 227–32,
Goths, 233–40
236; barbarians and, 227–42; booty trans-
Gracchus, Tiberius, 189
port and, 232–33; campaigning- followed-
grand strategy, 232, 234
by-diplomacy approach and, 234–35;
Granicus River, battle of, 119–20, 123
254 Index
Great Hungarian Plain, 239
Hecatompylus, 121
Great Panathenaic Festival, 41
hegemony: Athenian, 32, 42; Macedonian, 119;
Greco-Persian Wars, 4; Aegean and, 13, 16,
Spartan, 6, 70, 74, 86nn43,45, 97, 108; The-
19–20, 23, 32–33, 35, 40, 42; fortifications
ban, 93–94, 106, 113, 114n4, 117nn28,29,30, 139
and, 58–78; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,
Heius of Messana, 177
88n56, 89nn59,63. See also Greece; Persia
Heliopolis, 192
Greece, 3; Alexander the Great and, 118–35;
Helipolitae (Sun citizens), 192
Athenians and, 4–5 ( see also Athenians); as
Hellas, 139
backwater country, 20–21, 28; barbar-
Hellenic League, 32
ian concept and, 25; battle of Marathon
Hellenization, 6, 118, 130–35, 164, 177
and, 24–26; battle of Thermopylae and,
Hellespont, 100
27–28; bipolar state system and, 63, 69,
helots: Epaminondas’s release of, Messenian,
86n43; Boeotia and, 60, 71, 89n61, 94–99,
6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 114n9, 115n11,
103–12, 113n3, 147, 188; city-states of, 4–6
116n19, 188; slave wars and, 186–88, 203
( see also city-states); Classical Period of,
Helvetii, 211, 213, 218
58–78; Darius and, 23–26; Delian Leauge
Heracles, 130–32
and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and, 21–23,
Herod Agrippa I, 176
26; demos and, 21–22; fractious politics of,
Herod Agrippa II, 173, 176
20–23; freedom concept of, 36–37; good
Herodotus, 3, 60
governance and, 20; Hellenization and, 6,
Herod the Great, 173, 175–76
118, 130–35, 164, 177; homoioi (equal class)
Hiero II, 177
concept and, 21; hoplites and, 46, 64, 66,
Hindu Kush, 13
91nn69,72, 94, 97, 103, 107–8, 114n7, 139–40,
Hippias, 22, 24
147, 149–53, 156; inferiority complex of, 26;
Hippodamus of Miletus, 63–64, 146
interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,
Hipponicus, 40
86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Ionians and, 16–17,
Hitler, Adolph, 10
20, 23–26, 32, 100, 147, 139; isonomia and,
Holland, Tom, viii, 4, 11–30
22; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43, 88n56,
Hollywood, 185
89nn59,63; multipolar state system and, 69,
Homer, 130
73, 86n43; oligarchy and, 6; phalanx and,
homoioi (equal class) concept, 21
24, 28; philosophers and, 17; Pompey and,
220–21; proskynesis and, 129; slave wars
ment of, 149–51; fortfications and, 64, 66,
and, 185–202; Spartans and, 20–21 ( see also
91nn69,72; preemption and, 94, 97, 103,
Spartans); thetes and, 64; tyrannos and,
107–8, 114n7; training for, 150; urban fight-
21–22; unity of, 20; Xerxes and, 26–28
ing and, 139–40, 147–53, 156
Green Zone, 157
hospitium, 177
Gregory of Nyssa, 191
hostages, 81n16, 171, 233, 237, 245n20
Greuthungi, 239
Hot Gates, 27
Ground Zero, 61
hubris, 37
guerrilla warfare, 121, 124, 169–70, 196
Hue, 140
Gytheion, 98
human nature, 3, 39, 48
Huns, 238–40
Hadrian, 167
Hussein, Saddam, 92n79, 102, 109
Haitian Revolution, 202
Hydaspes River, 122, 127, 129
Halai, 143
Hyphasis (Beas) River, 122, 124, 134
Halicarnassus, 120, 123
Hanson, Victor Davis, vii, 1–10, 93–117
Iambulus, 192
harmosts, 68, 88n51
idealism, 6, 93, 134
Harpalus, 126
ideology, 7; Alexander and, 128; banditry and,
Heather, Peter J., viii, 8, 227–46
168–69; counterinsurgency and, 163–79;
Index 255
ideology ( continued)
Israel, 12, 15, 77, 92n79, 101–2, 167
democracy and, 21–23; Julius Caesar and,
Issus, battle of, 119–20
206; messianic, 6, 193, 204n15; sicarii and,
Isthmus of Corinth, 69
168; slavery and, 191–93; zealots and, 112,
117n28
Japan, 101
Idumaeans, 172
javelins, 151
Iliad (Homer), 130
jerkins, 25
Illyria, 211
Jerusalem, 12, 15, 167–68, 176
Illyricum, 167
jet fighters, 156
Imbros, 70, 72
Jewish revolt of 66 CE, 168, 173–74
imperialism, 4, 14, 44, 47, 87n50, 88n54, 89n61,
Jonathan (high priest), 168
174, 183n36, 242. See also empire building
Josephus, 165–68, 173–74
incest, 131
Judaea, 16, 166, 172; Babylonian exile and,
India, 118, 122–23, 126–27, 131
12; banditry and, 169, 182n20; Cyrus and,
Indra, 131
14–15; Herod Agrippa I and, 176; Herod
Indus River, 122
Agrippa II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great
industrial war, 2
and, 173, 175–76; Parthians and, 175; Pom-
insurgents, 7, 10; Alexander and, 126; assassina-
pey and, 174; provincial power and, 175;
tion and, 168; banditry and, 168–71; Bar-
Temple of Jerusalem and, 12, 15
Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; crucifixion