The Drugs That Changed Our Minds
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pentylenetetrazol therapy 13–14
cortisol 165, 172, 194, 229, 333
Coryell, William 333
Cosgrove, G. Rees 323, 324, 325, 333
Courvoisier, Simone 25, 26, 42, 126, 134
Crichton, Michael 309–10
crossword puzzles 304
dancing plague (1518) 230–1
Danforth, Alicia 274–5, 335
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 303, 308–26
adverse effects 317
antidepressant reaction 314
augmentation purposes 325
efficacy 313, 314
ethical issues 309, 321–2, 323, 324, 325
deep-sleep therapy 14, 17, 19, 20, 135
deinstitutionalisation movement 12, 48, 58
Delay, Jean 32–4, 57, 70–1, 128, 134
Delgado, José 309, 310
Della Grotta, Mario 305–7, 312, 318, 320–2, 323–4, 325–6
Deniker, Pierre 32, 33–4, 70–1, 128, 134, 142
depression 2, 11, 159–60
animal models of 142, 144–5
author’s experience of 2, 58, 74–9, 92–8, 106–10, 115–24, 152–5, 178–80
biological theories 16, 135, 136
catecholamine hypothesis 148
chemical imbalance hypothesis 172
deep brain stimulation (DBS) for 313–16, 322
dysthymia 197–8, 333
electroconvulsive therapy 14–15
genetic component 117–18
global incidence of 138
historic experiences of and treatments for 207–8
imipramine therapy 131–2, 136–7
lifting of stigma 163, 190
lithium therapy 63–4, 66, 80, 83, 88–92, 93, 95–6
low-serotonin hypothesis 144–5, 148, 328, 330
monoamine hypothesis 157–8, 330
neuroplastic brain changes 194–5
postnatal 168–70, 172, 173–4
psilocybin therapy 259
psychoanalytic theories of 132, 135
psychosurgery for 15, 306
relapse 171, 192–3, 195, 201
remission in unmedicated adults 192
rise in diagnosis of 162–6, 190, 192, 195–6, 231
sham surgery for 222
sociological perspective 164–7, 190
‘vital depression’ 137
see also antidepressants
Descartes, René 204, 227
desipramine 145
detox 97
dexamethasone suppression test (DST)333
dexfenfluramine 177, 189
diabetes 2, 3, 55, 62, 65, 79, 172–3, 204
diagnostic drift 195–9
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 159–60, 173, 331, 332–4
diazepam 197, 218
‘dirty drugs’ 4, 85, 159
dissociative identity disorder 196
DNA double-helix model 49
Doblin, Rick 252, 254, 256–7, 265, 273, 274, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285–6, 287, 338
dopamine 47, 49, 52, 53, 139, 157, 158, 175, 176, 221, 438
double-blind trials 27, 87, 100, 101, 102, 103, 128, 170, 222, 228, 261
Drucker, Harry 320
Durkheim, Émile 165–6
dysthymia 197–8, 333
dystonic reactions 47–8
eating disorders 120
ecstasy see MDMA
Effexor 285
Ehrlich, Paul 19
electroconvulsive therapy 11, 13, 14–15, 20, 29, 33, 90–1, 320
Eli Lilly 5, 96, 158–9, 161, 162, 170, 174, 175, 184, 187–8, 189, 198
empathogens 276–7, 280, 282, 287
see also MDMA
end-state cancer patients 5, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 248–51, 256, 259, 260, 261–3, 264, 270
endorphins 17, 215, 216, 218, 226
enemas 33
epilepsy 13, 111, 112
epinephrine 157
Eskalith 96, 107
ether injections 307
euphoriants 137
false memories 196
false pregnancy tests phenomenon 47
fentanyl 342
Ferber, Richard 165
Fieve, Ronald 104–5
fight-or-flight mode 291
Fisher, Helen 181, 183, 184
flashbulb memories 293
Fleischman, Martin 44
fluoxetine 3, 5, 50–1, 75, 85, 138, 144, 153–4, 159, 163, 170, 173, 177, 178, 189, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202–3, 325, 334
author’s experience of 3, 178, 179–80, 202–3, 334
development of 159
diagnostic drift 197–8, 199
fluoxetine-linked shootings 185–9
and sexual dysfunction 174–6, 180–3
side effects 177, 178, 184, 185, 189, 200
site-specific 161, 162, 189
street sales 184
trials 170, 171
withdrawal effects 201
fMRIs 53, 290, 327
Foucault, Michel 56
4560RP 25–6
see also chlorpromazine
Freeman, Walter 16, 307, 320
Freud, Sigmund 160, 342
Friedman, Richard 201, 334
Frodl, Thomas 194
frontal-lobe syndrome 178
Fuller, Ray 159
G22150 127–8, 129
G22355 128–32, 133, 134, 135–8, 139
see also imipramine
gabapentin 112, 320
Garrod, Sir Alfred 64, 80
Geigy 124, 125–6, 127–9, 130, 134, 136, 137, 138–9
generalised anxiety disorder 75
Gestalt psychotherapy 224
Gide, André 33
Glenmullen, Joseph 177, 188, 193, 195, 334
Glod, Carol 185
glucose metabolism 303
Goffman, Erving 56
Greenberg, Benjamin 313, 318, 321, 322, 323–4, 326
Greenberg, Gary 333–4
Griffiths, Roland 238, 239, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 264, 265–6
Grob, Charles 251, 256, 259, 260, 264, 265, 274, 335
Grof, Stanislav 244–5, 246–8, 249, 255
Haig, Alexander 66
Halifax, Joan 249
hallucinogens 244, 254, 271, 273–4
see also psychedelics
Halpern, John 251, 256, 275–6, 277
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 171
Hamon, Colonel Joseph 29, 34
happiness, basis of 167–8
Hartigan, Geoffrey P. 89–90, 91
Healy, David 20, 27, 104, 111, 125, 131, 141
Heath, Robert 308, 309, 310
Heim, Roger 243
Helsinki Declaration 102
heroin 97, 216, 282, 316, 342
Hippocrates 332–3
Hirst, William 293
Hoehn-Saric, Rudolf 178
Hofmann, Albert 243–4
Holland, Julie 283
Holt, Mary 43
Hôpital Sainte-Anne 31–4, 38, 57
Huganir, Richard 295
Huxley, Aldous 239
hydrazine 140
hydromorphone 240
Hyman, Steven 191
hyoscyamus 16
hypnotics 127, 135
hypomania 322
hypothermia 22
iminodibenzyl 127, 134
imipramine 2, 121, 124, 125–6, 178–9, 202, 341
development 127–8, 134
patient trials 127–8, 129–30, 131–2, 136, 137–8
side effects 146, 152
insomnia 127, 128
insulin 9
insulin coma therapy 12–13, 20, 30
iprindole 330
iproniazid 139, 140–1, 142–3, 148–9, 310
isolative individualism 164, 165, 166, 190
Janssen, Paul 44
jaundice 47, 148–9
Johnson, F. Neil 63–4, 84, 98–9
Johnson, Lyndon B. 12
Kafka, Martin 180
Kaptchuk, Ted 231
/> Kast, Eric 239–40
Kennedy, John F. 12, 293
Kennedy, Rosemary 12
Kesey, Ken 56
ketamine 336–8, 340
Kirsch, Irving 171
Klaesi, Jakob 135
Klein, Donald 172
Kline, Nathan 139, 141–3, 149, 151, 152, 160–1
Klopfer, Bruno 211
Koetschet, Pierre 27
Kramer, Peter 163, 198, 325, 341
Krebiozen 212, 213, 214
Kuhn, Roland 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134–7, 138, 141, 151, 160–1
Kuhn, Thomas 67
Laborit, Henri 21–4, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 38, 126, 134, 142
Lacan, Jacques 32
Laing, R.D. 57
Lange, Carl 66, 80
Lange, Fritz 66, 80
Largactil 38–9
see also chlorpromazine
Leary, Timothy 244, 246, 253, 254, 255, 273
Lehmann, Heinz 15, 41–2, 137–8, 142
leucotomy 91
Lieberman, Jeffrey A. 190, 201, 327
lisdexamfetamine 3
lisinopril 203
lithium 61–114, 341
author’s experience of 93, 95–8, 106–10, 112–14
clinical trials 87, 89
for depression 66, 88–92
double-blind trials 103
lithium poisoning 84, 87–9, 109
natural element 61–2
rising reputation 104–6
salt substitute 98–9
side effects 84, 93
spas 16, 64–5
specificity 83, 85, 110–11
toxicity panic 98–9, 104
uric acid diathesis 62–4, 65, 66, 67–9
workings of, ignorance about 110–11
lithium carbonate 80, 91, 105
lithium citrate 63–4, 82, 86
lobotomies 12, 16, 33, 193, 306, 307, 312, 320
Loewi, Otto 49–50
Loftus, Elizabeth 196, 292–3
Logan, Joshua 105
Lowell, Robert 93
Lozano, Andres M. 303
LSD 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 255, 266, 273, 275, 276
LY-110140 158–9
lytta 16
‘magic bullets’ 85, 161
magic mushrooms 5, 238, 241–3, 255
see also psilocybin
Malone, Don 313, 322
Mandrax 282
mania 19, 29, 70, 71, 74, 75–6, 79
lithium therapy 80–2, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 99, 105
manic depression see bipolar disorder
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) 139–41, 142, 143, 144, 148, 152, 160, 197, 341
dietary restrictions 150–1, 152, 175
fall-off in prescribing 151, 152, 175
side effects 146, 148–50
Mayberg, Helen 194, 311, 313–14, 315–16
Mazor, Miriam 118–19, 120, 121–2, 153
MDMA 5, 269–88, 335, 342
empathogenic properties 276–7
illegal status 270–1, 281–2, 291
pair-bonding effect 271, 272–3, 278, 278–9, 284, 285–7
street use 272, 279–81
synthesis 271
therapeutic uses 271, 272–3, 274–6, 278–9, 283–4, 285–7, 298–9, 338
meditation 239
Medtronic 324
Meduna, Ladislas 13
melancholia 332–3
Meltzer, Herbert 175–6
memory 329
memory champions 304
memory drugs 289–304
memory editing 296–302
memory enhancers 302–4
memory maintenance 294–6
memory palace 303–4
mental illness
chemical imbalance theory of 18, 145, 172, 190
objective measures of 333
physical substrates 4, 51–3, 173
rise in diagnosis of 162–6, 190, 192, 195–6
Merck 67, 271
Messing, Robert 295
methamphetamine 283
methylene blue 6, 18–19, 20, 21, 25, 57–8
phenothiazine nucleus 21, 24, 25, 125
methylphenidate 257
Michaux, Henri 33
mild cognitive impairment (MCI) 290
Millon, Theodore 331
mind–body problem 227
Mithoefer, Michael 276–7, 282, 283, 298–9
Moerman, Daniel 216–17
Molloy, Bryan 159
Moniz, Egas 15, 307, 320
monoamine hypothesis 139, 157, 157–8, 330
Montagu, Kathleen 51–2
mood stabilisers 112
Moon, Virgil H. 23–4
morphine 23, 85, 216
Mukherjee, Siddhartha 339
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) 273, 338, 339, 340, 341
multiple personality disorder 196
naloxone 215–16
Nazi biomedical experiments 45
nefazodone 171
neural implants see deep brain stimulation (DBS)
neurosurgery see psychosurgery
Neurontin 320
neurotransmitters 17, 49–50, 139, 157, 162
see also acetylcholine; dopamine; noradrenaline; serotonin
neurotrophic drugs 337
Nichols, David 285
9/11 terrorist attacks 293
Nixon, Richard 255
Noce, Robert H. 142
nocebos 228–31
noradrenaline 17, 52, 54, 139, 148, 157, 178, 291
noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors 158
Nutt, David J. 259
nux vomica 16
obsessive-compulsive disorder 75, 178, 305–6, 313, 314, 323, 328, 330
olanzapine 3, 53, 79, 95, 96–7, 109, 113, 203–4
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 56
opiates 12–13, 16, 87, 216
see also heroin; morphine
Opren 188
Oraflex 188
oxytocin 183, 271, 278–9, 291
Pahnke, Walter 246, 251, 252
panic attacks 198
Parkinson’s disease 47, 176, 181, 189, 221, 306, 310, 315
Parnate 149
paroxetine 171
Pavlov’s dogs 25
Penfield, Wilder 328–9
penicillin 67–8, 120
Pennebaker, James 225
pentylenetetrazol 13–14
performance anxiety 291
Perrin, Jean 36
PET scans 53, 327
petalite 61
pethidine 30, 240
Pfizer 320
pharmaceutical industry
aggressive marketing strategies 151, 193, 319–20
corporate capitalist agendas 68, 86, 111
see also psychopharmacology
Phelps, Elizabeth 293
phenelzine 146, 147
Philotimus 207
phobias 137
phrenology 155
Pichot, Pierre 32
Pilgrim State Hospital 40, 42–4
PKMzeta 292, 294–6, 302–3
placebos 170, 171, 211–36, 252, 257, 291
ancient placebos 214–15
author’s experience of 233–6
caring clinicians 226–7, 231–2
colour and specific form of 216–17
injections 217–18
nocebos 228–31
responder personality types 218–19
sham surgery 219–23
talking therapy 223–8
as treatments in own right 222–3
see also double-blind trials
Plath, Sylvia 93
Plato 292
polypharmacy 3, 334–5, 338
Pope, Harrison 111
post-traumatic stress disorder 5, 196, 274, 298
MDMA therapy 271, 276–8, 283–4, 285, 286, 338
postnatal depression 168–70, 172, 173–4
prisoners of war 69–70, 309
prolactin 175
prom
azine 18, 25, 125, 134
promethazine 21, 22–3, 24, 26, 120, 126
propranolol 291–2, 297
protein kinase C 292
Protestantism 166–7
Prozac 159, 162, 163, 174, 177
see also fluoxetine
pseudoephedrine 120
psilocybin 5, 237–67, 271, 273, 276, 335, 338, 340, 342
psychedelics 5, 238–67, 335–41, 342–3
chemical mysticism 239, 242–3, 244, 245, 247–8, 249, 250–1, 252–3, 257, 258, 262–3, 266
end-of-life therapy 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 248–51, 256, 259, 260, 261–3, 264, 271
Good Friday experiment 251–2, 257
illegal status 255, 273
magic mushrooms 5, 238, 241–3
potential applications 266
prisoners, trials on 253–4
rebirth 256, 262
street culture 255
see also LSD; MDMA; psilocybin
psychiatry
anti-psychiatry movement 54–5, 56–7, 193
biological revolution in 51–2
commercial pressures on 111, 170
diagnostic drift 195–9
fashions and fads 55
of the future 328, 329, 330, 335, 338, 339–40
polypharmacy 3, 334–5, 338
pseudo-patient experiment 331–2
scientific 327, 329, 330
psychic energisers 143
psychoanalysis 6, 16, 17, 132
American enthusiasm for 39, 40, 48
cult-like qualities 40
psychodynamic therapy 224
psychoneuroimmunology 215
psychopharmacology 30, 52
cosmetic 163, 199, 256–7, 258, 341
double-blind trials 27, 87, 100, 101, 102, 103, 128
of the future 339, 342–3
golden era of 141, 341
‘me too’ drugs 5, 125–6, 128, 319
repurposed drugs 5, 112, 310
serendipitous procedure 4, 49, 126, 127, 341
surveillance 128
see also pharmaceutical industry
psychosurgery 20, 46
cingulotomy 298, 306, 312
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 303, 308–26
fall in use of 46
lobotomy 12, 15–16, 33, 193, 306, 307, 312, 320
pioneers 307–10
potential comeback 319–21
psychotherapy 223–8
author’s experience of 118–22
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 6, 160, 194, 224
efficacy of 224–7
styles of 224
psychotropic drugs 1, 49, 96, 121, 145, 191, 192, 195, 201, 238–9, 334, 335
see also specific categories of drugs
Quaaludes 282
Quarti, Cornelia 28–9
quetiapine 53, 54
Rasmussen, Steven 321, 323–4
Rauwolfia plant 50
Reagan, Ronald 163, 164, 165
reserpine 17, 50, 51, 142, 144, 157
restraints 15
Rhône-Poulenc 18, 21, 24–5, 26–7, 34, 38–9, 125
Ricaurte, George 281, 282, 283
Ricco, Matteo 303–4
Richardson, Allan 241–3
Ritalin 257
Roche 143, 149
Rose, Ella 178