The Politics of Climate Change
Page 30
Copenhagen Accord 191–2, 193
democracy of 209
environmental performance 87
ethanol scheme 90, 225–6
Kyoto negotiations 188
NGOs within 126
as oil source 37
public attitudes 105
Britain see United Kingdom
Browne, John 34
Brundtland, Gro Harlem 59–60
BSkyB 223
Bulgaria 197
Bush, George W. 88, 209
business and industry
agriculture and 70
blocking initiatives 96
co-operative efforts 72
connecting with solutions 115–116
developing countries 93
energy industry 142, 200
EU emissions and 196
fundamental role of 94
green movement and 5
green presentations 123–4
lobby groups 122, 144, 199
NGOs and 125–6
obligations of 121
oil and 8
R&D 142
sceptical position of 121–2
short-termism 99, 128
see also markets
Calderon, Felipe 227
Cameron, David 86
Canada
Arctic resources 203–4
carbon markets 201
environmental performance 87
NAFTA 210
Cancun conference 193–4
Brazil and 226
India and 224, 225
Mexico and 227
car industry
energy efficiency 35, 108, 109
green presentations 124
hypercars 143–4, 145
India’s Tata Nano 46
modern life and 160–2
plug-in electrics 131–2
poorer households and 155
US-China cooperation 223
see also biofuels
carbon capture 85
present technology 131, 135–6
removal from atmosphere 138–9
carbon emissions
big polluters 220–1
failure to reduce emissions 194
greenhouse effect 11–12
per capita emissions 86
price capping 4
rationing 157–9
temperature changes and 12–13
see also carbon capture; carbon trading; international negotiations; low-carbon living; taxes, carbon
carbon trading 4, 84, 87–8, 95–6
EU 197
projects for 198–202
sulphur dioxide example 198–9
transfer of emissions 93
Carstedt, Per 127–8
Center for American Progress 149
Chad
drought 179–80
resource conflicts 208
Challen, Colin 118
chemical industry 121
Cheney, Dick 122
Chicago Climate Exchange 201
Chile 226
China 41
accepting responsibility 9
authoritarianism 77, 208, 209, 216
coal and 136
collaboration with USA 222–4
Copenhagen Accord 190, 191–2, 193
economic growth of 46, 214
flooding 175
importance of 230, 231
increasing energy use 7, 45
international agreements 213
international relations 44, 207, 208, 209
Kyoto negotiations 186, 187, 188
manufacturing 93
nuclear power 134
public attitudes 105
Sudan and 205
weather events 180
China Mobile 223
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 185
Citigroup Bank 126–7
civil society
adaptation 165
diversity of 115
ecological stress and 62
global 227–8
guidance role 73
individual action and 3
obligations of 121
transparency of tax 151–2
Clean Development Mechanism 188, 200
Clean Energy Research Center 223
Climate Action Network 87
climate change
adaptation 74, 97
in Europe 166–7
food supply and 68–70
greenhouse effect 11–12
IPCC predictions 15–18
melting ice 13–14
periodic flux 18–19
positive goals 73–4
radical views of 26–31
sceptics views of 18–25
temperature changes 12–13, 16
threat of 1–2
tipping points 29, 111
see also droughts and floods;
greenhouse gases; polar and
glacial ice; sea level rise;
weather events
The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy (Shearman and Smith) 76
Climate Change Network 122–3
Climate Group 223
Climate Risk Index 179
Climatic Research Unit, EAU
email leak 21–3
Clinton, Bill 87, 186, 199
Clinton, Hillary 191, 223
Club of Rome
Limits to Growth 59
coal 33–4, 136
carbon capture 135–6
‘clean’ 135
German use of 80, 91
high emissions from 92
nationalization of 42
returning to 156
UK use of 83, 85
US use of 41
Cobb, Clifford 64
Coca-Cola 125, 126
Collier, Paul 214–16
Columbia University
Environmental Performance Index 77
communications technology 129
community see international negotiations; local governance; public attitudes; states
conflict and warfare
Arctic resources 203–4, 206
civil war and poverty 215
climate security risks 204–8
energy security 72
Kagan on international order 209–13
naval power and 207
nonviolence principles 51
conservationism 5–6
origins of 50
precautionary principle and 56
consumption
over-development 63–6
convergence
adaptation and 165
and contraction 63, 180
economic 72–3
green ideology 72–3
political 72
Copenhagen conference 190–2
Brazil and 226
Copenhagen Accord 191–2, 193
email leak and 21
India and 224, 225
US-Chinese cooperation 223
Corporate Watch 123
Costa Rica
carbon neutral pledge 227
environmental performance 77
Czech Republic 219
Darfur see Sudan
Deepwater Horizon oil spill 39–40
deforestation see forests and deforestation
democracy
competing concerns 112
concert of 210–11
coping with the environment 76–7
green principles and 51, 53
in oil producing regions 9–10
public opinion and risk 58–9
rights of future generations 120
Russia 219
Denmark
Arctic resources 203–4
carbon tax 153
Copenhagen negotiations 191
environmental performance 81–2
political consensus 118
wind-power 35
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
clusters of public attitudes 105–8
developing states 231
accepting role 9<
br />
adaptation 179–84
clusters of agreements and 221–2
Copenhagen negotiations 191
development imperative 62–3, 74
EU help for 169, 195
India’s policies 224
public attitudes 104–5
renewable energy and 123
strain of growth 7
development
concept of 61
economic growth 62
imperative 62
limits to 73
over-development 63–6, 74
diversity 51
Dominican Republic 178
Climate Risk Index 179
droughts and floods
Australia 175
China 175
dam failures 170
East Africa 179–80
in Europe 167, 168
GM crops 69
Lovelock’s view of 30
El Niño/La Niña 27, 28
Pakistan 175
planning for 101–2
UK 166, 170–2
Dryzek, John 97
earthquakes 177
East Anglia University Climatic Research Unit 21–3
Eckersley, Robyn 120–1
ecological footprints 53, 108
economics
assessing value 52
competitiveness 150
convergence 72–3
externalities 152 financial incentives 84
GDP and 62, 63–5
green thinking and 48
infrastructure investment 149
international system 231
loss aversion 58
low-carbon framework 96–7
natural capitalism 139–40
productivism 51
taxes and regulations 7
see also business and industry; taxes, carbon
Ecuador 226
Egypt 207, 218
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 51
Nature 50
Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) 84, 195, 198, 199, 201–2
energy 42, 72
buildings and 139–40
clean sources 110
consumers contribute to 142–3
consumption of 38
developing nations 7
efficiency 92, 108
feed-in tariffs 79–80, 131
Lovelock’s view of 30
new paradigm of 43–5
planning 72
rising cost of 82
smart grids 131
storage of 145–6
see also fossil fuels; nuclear power; renewable energy
energy companies 142
carbon trading 200
Energy Policy Conservation Act (USA) 35–6
Energy Watch 41–2
Enron 142
environment and resources
co-operative efforts 72
conflict over 18
ecological systems of 62
externalities 152
negative externalities 96
public attitudes towards 103–5
scarcities 17
sustainability 65
value of 4
Environmental Performance Index 77
Ethiopian drought 179–80
Europe
climate change in 166–7
see also European Union
European Union
accepting climate change 49
adaptation 167–70
carbon tax 197, 198
co-ordinated planning in 100
Copenhagen negotiations 192
developing countries and 169
energy policy 43
ETS 84, 195, 198, 199, 201–2
flood directives 169
imports gas from Russia 44
limited control 4
lowering emissions 17, 69, 195–8
precautionary principle 55
Russia and 210, 219
Smartgrids (European Commission) 146
Social Fund 169
Sustainable Development Strategy 60
transnational cooperation 209, 210
see also individual countries
expert knowledge
pseudo-experts 25
see also science
Fawcett, Tina 158
Finland
Arctic resources 203–4
carbon tax 153
environmental performance 77
nuclear power 133
fisheries and fishing 167
Fleming, David 157
Florida, Richard 110–11
Forest Focus programmes 169
forests and deforestation
Amazon 27
Brazilian rainforest 87, 225
disasters and 178
economic impact 64
effect of biofuels 196
Emerson on 50
in Europe 167 fire warning systems 168
greenhouse gas emissions 68–70
IKEA and 126
North Asia 23
fossil fuels
renewables compete against 7
Sweden 78
see also carbon emissions; coal;
gas; greenhouse gases; oil
Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph 11
France
emissions targets 196, 197
nuclear power 35, 132
free-riding 104, 107
Freeman, Christopher 141
Friedman, Thomas 217–18
Friel, Howard
The Lomborg Deception 19
Friends of the Earth 123
future discounting 2–3
future generations
rights of in democracy 120
G20 221
gas
dominance of 33
future generations and 120
North Sea 85
price of 7, 156
from shale 40–1
state resources of 215
supply of 36–9, 40
UK 83
Gates (Bill and Melinda)
Foundation 177
Gazprom 44
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
precautionary principle 56, 57
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 64
geoengineering
present technology 131, 137–8
geothermal energy
Kyoto projects 189
present technology 131, 134, 135
status of 138
Germanwatch 87
Germany
coal sources 41–2
Czech oil and 219
emissions and industry 196
environmental performance 79–81, 91
geothermal energy 135
green movement in 5, 50–1
Meseberg programme 80
public attitudes 105
reduces nuclear power 51, 134
Giddens’s paradox
defined 2
future discounting 2–3
public attitudes 108
reaction to weather events 10
Gimpel, Jean 161
glaciers see polar and glacial ice
Gladwell, Malcolm 111
Global Climate Change Alliance 169
Global Green Network 50–1
Global Partnership 221
global warming see climate change
Goodin, Robert 52–3
Gore, Al 199
The Great Global Warming Swindle (television) 20
The Green Economy (Jones) 149
Green, Inc (MacDonald) 125–6
green movement
absorption into mainstream 48, 54
anti-growth vs pro-market 60
concept of ‘green’ 6
democracy and 53
hostility to industrialism 5
ideology 72–3
origins of 49–51
philosophical variety 51–5
return to nature 5–6
science and technology 51
value and agency 52–5
greenhouse gases
agriculture and 68�
�70
current trends of 9
effect of 1
emissions control 17
large polluters 220
market allowances 200
rise from developing states 7