All Monsters Must Die
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Hyundai, 160–61; “holiday gulag” of, 164
Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan, 106
Im Hwa, 145
“infiltration tunnels,” 169
Inoki, Antonio (“The Pelican”), 132–34, 236
Itakura, Mariko. See Tenko, Hikita
Japan, 22–23, 26, 34, 36, 61–62, 64, 65, 107, 123, 125, 152, 184, 210, 224, 226, 240; Korean political factions in, 44–45; nuclear bombing of, 60–61, 192–93, 212–13, 230; and only copy of Arirang, 98–99; Pearl Harbor attack by, 194–95; postwar constitution of, 212; Self-Defense Forces of, 214; surrender of, 108. See also entries below
Japan, as occupier of Korea, 62, 63, 73, 94, 117, 149, 166; and Chongjin steelworks, 30; Korean resistance to, 30, 35, 44, 80–81, 101, 122; and postwar North Korean culture/film, 101, 154, 210; and postwar South Korean film, 174, 176, 185, 200; propaganda films by, 144–45. See also Japanese Army, Imperial
Japanese Army, Imperial, 74–75; airbase/roads built by, 29, 94; as crushed by Godzilla, 150; pre-war guerrilla activities against, 56–57, 80–81, 122, 145; sex slavery by, 66–67
Japanese culture: as “cute,” 212–14, 219–21, 230; and monster movie genre, 151, 198, 208, 220, 230; Ultraman, 1, 193. See also Godzilla; Inoki, Antonio; Tenko, Hikita
Japanese people: kidnappings of,
155–56; as otaku, 213
Jeju Island, 44, 61
Jenkins, Charles Robert, 156–59; in Unsung Heroes, 158–59
Joseon (Korea/North Korea), 5, 120, 200
Joseon dynasty, 61–62, 147, 148, 177
joseonot (traditional folk dress), 8, 48, 126, 142, 203, 206. See also hanbok
Juche Thought (North Korean ideology), 10, 50, 60–66; architect of, 64–65, 119, 238; corporeal nature of, 101–2; fabric/fibre of, 125–26, 128, 157, 223; as focus of arts, 90–91; and self-reliance, 60–61, 189, 210
Juche Tower, 60, 127
Kaesong, 12, 78, 119, 155, 159, 167, 196; agriculture in, 164–65; industrial zone of, 160–61, 164, 242
kaiju films. See monster movie genre
Kalmykia (Russia), 106
Kang Chol-hwan: The Aquariums of Pyongyang, 43–46
Kang Je-gyu, 92; Shiri, 92–93, 225
Kantorowicz, Ernst: The King’s Two Bodies, 108, 109, 236
KAPF (Korea Artista Proletaria Federatio), 145–46, 181
kawaii (cuteness). See “cute culture,” in Japan
kidnapping: of Choi, during Korean War, 171; of Japanese people, 155–56; by Kim Il-sung, 145; in South Korea, 225; UN condemnation of, 243–44. See also entry below
kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il, 1–9, 10, 48–52, 56, 90, 93–94, 209; Choi’s account of, 178–80; and forced letter-writing, 50–51, 52; and Kim’s gifts of clothing/cosmetics, 127; and reunion/wedding orchestrated by Kim, 120–21, 179; and Shin’s escape attempts, 51; and taped conversation with Kim, 147, 209–10; as way to build film industry/engage population, 147, 180, 185–86, 208–11, 213–15
Kijong-dong (village in DMZ), 188
Kilju: nuclear testing near, 34, 201, 234, 241
Kim, Ms. (tour guide), 13, 52, 94, 95, 116, 128–29, 132, 203–4, 222; background of, 130–31; as Russian speaker, 13, 53, 55, 68; singing by, 53, 131, 135–36, 167
Kim Chol, 242–43
Kim clan: and cult of personality, 97; personal economy of, 162–63; violent rule of, 243–44
Kim Dae-jung, 86–87, 217, 226
Kim Guh-wha, 4, 209
Kim Hong-wook, 8
Kim Hyon-hui, 92
Kim Il-sung, 5, 10, 70–86, 121, 126, 133, 157, 162, 201, 223; birthday tributes to, 72–73, 127, 240; birthplace of, 110–11; as both father- and mother-figure, 57, 58–59, 63; children of, 84; cult of, 77–78, 83–84, 88–89; death of, 14, 85–86, 110, 239; early life/guerrilla activities of, 56–57, 80–81, 145; and film, 89–90, 184–85; flower named after, 123–24; forced letter-writing to, 50–51, 52; and illegitimate grandson, 41–42; images/portraits of, 14, 15, 42, 58–59, 88–89, 143, 191, 197, 243; and Juche Thought, 60–61, 64; mausoleum of, 141–44; and Moon, 96–97; mother of, 111; name of, 81; neck tumour of, 57–58; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 83–84; opera by, 94; quotations from, 31, 88–89; radiance of, 50, 80, 90, 223; rise to power by, 81–82; statues of, 56–57, 123, 142, 148, 207, 239; and Vinalon, 126
Kimilsungia (orchid), 123–24
Kim Il-sung Socialist Youth League, 131, 191
Kim Il-sung Square, 16, 112, 116, 233, 241
Kim Il-sung University, 64, 78–80
Kim Jong-hun, 235
Kim Jong-il, 11, 22, 31, 125, 126, 133, 197, 224; birth of, 73, 80, 81, 88; birthday of, 76, 120, 181; books/writings by, 90–91, 101–2, 109–10; as both Son and Mother, 56, 60; as “Dear Leader,” 7, 111, 237, 240; as father’s successor, 14, 84, 86–88, 110; film archive of, 91–93, 207; as film buff, 89–94, 98–99, 207–8; and film/culture as means of engaging population, 147, 180, 208–11, 213–15; and film industry, 20, 120–22, 147, 150–54, 179–80, 185–86; flower named after, 123–24; illegitimate son of, 41–42, 49, 226; illness/death of, 233, 239, 242–43; images of, 20, 101–3, 226, 242; and Juche Thought, 64–65, 90–91, 101–3; luxury goods consumption by, 34–35; as monster, 101–3, 201; and Moon, 15, 97; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 20, 68–69; physical/political body of, 107–10, 233; presumed doppelganger of, 87–88; and Pulgasari, 200–1, 225–26; and South Korea, 49, 86–87, 207; and Tenko, 215–19; as unseen/untouchable, 137, 139. See also kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il
Kimjongilia (begonia), 123–24
Kim Jong-nam, 41–42, 49, 226
Kim Jong-suk (mother of Kim Jong-il), 81
Kim Jong-un, 233, 234, 236–37, 240, 241, 242–43
Kim Ki-duk: 3-Iron, 67
Kim Kyong-hui, 236, 242
Kim Myeong-je, 198
Kim Sin-rak (Rikidōzan), 133–34, 219
Kim Suk-young: Illusive Utopia, 32–33, 111, 124–25
Kim Young-soon, 41–43
Kinagawa, Kazuo, 151–52
Kobayashi, Ichizo, 194
Koizumi, Junichiro, 87
Korea (early Shin film), 172
Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), 34, 59, 234, 241, 242
Korean Central Television (KCTV), 22, 239
Korean Film Archive, 176, 184, 190, 209
Korean Film Studio, 122, 141, 147–50, 153–55; and filming of Pulgasari, 150–53
Korean Friendship Association (KFA), 186–87
Korean People’s Army, 82, 83, 187, 242
Korean Revolution Museum, 78, 123
Korean War, 34, 44, 96, 117, 125–26, 227; Choi’s experiences during, 171; massacres of North Koreans during, 17–19; prelude to, 81–82; Red Muffler as set in, 189–91; reunion of families separated during, 243; UN forces in, 82–83, 171, 234–35; Unsung Heroes as set in, 158–59; U.S. bombing during, 60–61, 83
Korean Workers’ Party. See Workers’ Party of Korea
Korean Youth Corps, 25, 52, 95, 191
Koryo Hotel, 196–97
Kubrick, Stanley: 2001: A Space Odyssey, 139–40
Kumgangsan (Diamond Mountains), “holiday gulag” in, 164
Kumsusan Sun Memorial Palace, 141–44
Kurosawa, Akira: Kagemusha, 88
language, North Korean, 55–56; idioms/speech of, 56, 146
Lankov, Andrei, 197–98
Lee Myung-bak (“The Bulldozer”), 164, 226, 239
Lee Sang-hee, 4–5
Lee Seung-yeon, 67
Lee Tai-young, 228
“The Legend of Chunhyang,” 170, 172
Lintner, Bertil: Great Leader, Dear Leader, 73, 126
Little Boy (art exhibition), 212–13
Love, Love, My Love (Sarang sarang nae sarang), 122, 170
Lucky Dragon 5 (Japanese tuna boat), 192
MacArthur, Douglas, 83
Madame Choi. See Choi Eun-hee
Manchuria, 62, 72, 74; Kim Il-sung’s youth/guerrilla activities in, 80–81, 145
Mangyongdae (Kim Il-sung’s birthplace), 110–11; Children’s Palace of, 95
Mansudae Art Studio, 134
Mansu Hill Grand Monument, 123
Mao Zedong, 83, 89, 106, 137, 154; suit made famous by, 111, 126, 128, 140; Tiananmen Square portrait of, 138–39
Martin, Bradley K.: Kim Il-sung biography by, 80–81
matsutake mushrooms, 36, 52, 94, 162
Mayumi: Virgin Terrorist, 225
melodrama: aims of, 228–29; as directed by Shin, 3, 89, 152–53, 175–76, 208; as directed by Sirk, 228–29; of Evergreen Tree, 3, 175–76; by Gorky, 184; and “heroification” of Kim Jong-un, 237; Kim Jong-il’s quest to perfect, 211, 214–15; North Korean tendency toward, 146, 167
Michelangelo, 105
Mifune, Toshiro, 151
“Military First” politics, 116, 119, 139
Mindan (pro-American political faction in Japan), 44
Miyazawa, Kiichi, 107
monster movie genre, 151, 153, 198, 208, 220, 230. See also Godzilla; Pulgasari
Monster Zero (film), 219
monuments, 15, 78, 110, 124, 204, 239, 242; to Godzilla, 193; Juche Tower, 60, 127; Mansu Hill, 123; to Party Founding, 95; to rulers/dictators, 56–57, 86, 109, 123, 138
Moon Sun-myung, 15, 96–97; Unification Church of, 96–97
Morse, Andrew, 187
Murakami, Takashi, 212–13, 214
Mussolini, Benito, 144
Myat, Tun, 30
Myers, B. R.: The Cleanest Race, 57, 63–65, 113, 202
My Mother and Her Guest (Sarangbang sonnimgwa eomeoni), 228
Nagasaki, 60–61, 193, 230
Nakajima, Haruo, 195–96
Nakayama, Kengo. See Satsuma, Kenpachiro
Newton, Robert, 150
NHK (Japanese national broadcaster), 152
Niyazov, Saparmurat, 106; Ruhnama, 106–7
“North Korea Uncovered” (U.S. mapping project), 40
nuclear bombing, by U.S.: of Japan, 60–61, 192–93, 212–13, 230; as requested against China, 83
nuclear weapons program, of North Korea, 11, 163, 193, 200–1, 224, 234, 238–39, 241
nuclear weapons testing: by North Korea, 33–34, 37, 40–41, 201, 234, 241; by U.S., 192
Nye, Joseph: “soft power” concept of, 213–14, 215
Oh Kongdan. See Hassig, Ralph, and Oh Kongdan
Oh Su-mi, 177, 183
On the Art of the Cinema (book by Kim Jong-il), 90–91
Orang, 29, 53
otaku (Japanese people with obsessive pop culture interests), 213
Our Escape Has Not Yet Ended (book by Choi and Shin), 126, 208–9
Palau, 67
Panmunjom, 12, 78, 79, 186–88
Park Chung-hee (General Park): assassination of, 84; brutal regime of, 2–4, 78, 225; and love of Evergreen Tree, 3, 93, 175–76; and Shin, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229
Parrish, Jerry, 157, 158
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 194–95
Persson, Göran, 87
Pol Pot, 106
Pororo the Little Penguin (animated television series), 20
Potonggang Hotel, 96, 97
Princess in Love (Gongjunim-ui jjaksarang), 176–77
Princess Tenko. See Tenko, Hikita
propaganda: Japanese, 144–45, 194–95; South Korean, 40, 225. See also entry below
propaganda, North Korean, 32, 36, 93–94, 130, 162, 171, 201; art factory for, 134; high-pitched speech of, 146; Kim Jong-il as minister of, 7, 8; and power of film, 208–11; Pueblo as used for, 112–13; shamanism and, 184; as spouted by DMZ loudspeakers, 85, 188; U.S. soldiers as used for, 156–59
Pueblo, USS (U.S. spy ship), 16, 110, 112–14; protest by captured crew of, 113–14
Pulgasari: as directed by Shin, 150–53, 155, 196, 198–201, 220; and Godzilla, 191, 200, 219; and monster movie genre, 198, 220, 230; release of, 225–26
Pusan, massacre in, 18
Putin, Vladimir, 87, 107
Pyeonghwa Motors, 15
Pyongyang, 15–27, 31, 44–45, 81; elite of, 48–50, 112, 131, 197–98; funeral of Kim Jong-il in, 239, 242; as having no burial grounds, 206; illusory street life/subway of, 32–33, 110–12; magazine image of, 10–11; monuments in, 15, 78, 95, 110, 123, 124, 204, 239; population of, 23; restricted travel in, 19, 77–78; suburbs of, 222–23; tour of/hotel life in, 95–102, 110–15, 119, 123–54, 191, 196–98, 202–7, 222–24; views of, 23, 127–28, 197
Pyongyang Bombing Squad (Pyongyang pokgyokdae), 189
Pyongyang Sunan International Airport, 11–12, 27–28
Qin, Emperor of (Qin Shi Huang), 80
Racine, Jean, 138
“red complex,” 190–91
The Red Gate (Yeolnyeomun), 189
Red Muffler (Ppalgan mahura), 189–91
red scarf, as Youth Corps identifier, 25, 52, 165, 191
Repulse Bay Hotel (Hong Kong), 5
Reunification Highway, 155
Rhee Syng-man, 81, 175
Rice, Condoleezza, 34
Ri Chun-hee, 239
Rigoulot, Pierre, 44. See also Kang Chol-hwan
Rikidōzan (Kim Sin-rak), 133–34, 219
Ring, Ole, 170
Ri Sung-gi, 125–26
Rodong Sinmun (Workers’ Newspaper), 73, 88, 139
Roh Moo-hyun, 207
Rossellini, Roberto, 172; Rome, Open City, 175
Runaway (Talchugi), 122
Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, 96, 98; Arirang spectacle at, 98–102; gymnastics recital at, 202–3; Inoki-Flair wrestling match at, 134
Ryugyong Hotel, 26–27, 240–41
Salt (Sogeum), 181, 184–85
Samjiyon, 54, 67; airport of, 54, 94; Grand Monument of, 56–57; Schoolchildren’s Palace of, 70–71
Satsuma, Kenpachiro: and Galgameth role, 221; in Godzilla remake, 196, 200, 221; I Am the Actor, 151–52, 155; in Pulgasari, 150, 151–52, 155, 196, 200
Schönherr, Johannes, 91–92
Sea of Blood (Kim Il-sung opera), 94
Sea of Japan (East Sea), 36
SEK Studio, 19–20
Seoul Films, 174. See also Shin Films
sex slavery, in wartime Korea, 66–67
shaman class, 66, 117
shamans and shamanism, 144, 183–84
Shigemura, Toshimitsu, 87–88
Shin Films, 2, 4, 174–79, 189–91; beginnings of, 174; films made in North Korea by, 121–22, 146–47, 150–53, 181, 183, 184–86, 198–201, 208–11; Park and, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229. See also individual films by name
Shin Sang-ok: childhood/youth of, 30; and Choi, 172–78, 227–30; death of, 171, 227; infidelity of, 177, 183; kidnapping/imprisonment of, 7–8, 51–52, 127, 179, 185–86, 221, 227; and Kim Jong-il, 147, 207, 208–10, 214–15; melodramas of, 3, 89, 152–53, 175–76, 208; memoir co-written by, 126, 208–9; and Park, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229; and post-imprisonment escape to U.S., 181, 220; and return to South Korea, 224–25; U.S. work of, 8, 220–21. See also Choi Eun-hee; kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il; Shin Films
Shiri, 92–93, 225
Sirk, Douglas, 228–29
Sjökvist, Harald, 74
“slogan trees,” 88–89
smuggling, by North Korean diplomats, 162, 234
Socialism is a Science (book by Kim Jong-il), 101–2
“soft power” (Nye), 213–14, 215
Soga, Hitomi, 156
Song, Mr. (tour guide), 13, 26, 36, 38, 60, 67, 11
1, 112, 188–89; on acceptable haircuts, 114–15, 123, 159; on famine/“Military First” politics, 116, 117–18, 119; at mausoleum, 142–44; and tour rules/order, 13–14, 28, 32, 95–96, 114, 128–32, 135–36, 140–41, 159, 203–4, 222; and tour singing, 53, 135–36, 203; unease of, 29, 71, 95, 115–16
Song Hye-rim, 41
Song Sok-hwang, 98
Songun Chongchi. See “Military First” politics
South Korea, 20, 34, 42–43, 44, 54, 61, 62–63, 64, 72, 129, 156, 159; and airline bombing incident, 92–93, 225; blood purity in, 65–66; demonization of North Korean leaders in, 49, 201; Gwangju massacre in, 84–85; industries of, 160–61, 164, 242; KAPF artists’ group in, 145–46; Kim Jong-il and, 49, 86–87, 207; Korean War air raids by, 189–91; Korean War anniversary ads by, 234–35; Korean War massacres by, 17–19; Moon’s cult in, 15, 96; and North Korean idioms/speech, 56, 146; under Park, 2–4, 78, 225; in postwar era, 81–83; and Pulgasari, 198, 226; and relations with North Korea, 86–87, 164, 224, 226, 235, 238–39, 241–43; shamanism in, 183–84; in World Cup, 191. See also demilitarized zone (DMZ); Park Chung-hee
Speer, Albert, 139
Stalin, Joseph, 106; and division of Korea, 81–82; image of, 57, 89
Stalinism, 60, 63, 202
subway system (Pyongyang), 32, 110–12
Sukarno, 123
Supreme People’s Assembly, 68
Suwon, massacre in, 18
Swartz, Richard, 137–38
Sweden, 82, 137–38; cars/drilling equipment from, 25–26, 169; diplomats/statesmen from, 20–21, 58, 87, 203, 205–6; North Korean diplomats caught smuggling in, 162, 234; travellers to North Korea from, 74–75, 77–80
Swedish embassy (Pyongyang), 20–21, 197, 205–6
Taedong beer, 22–23, 39, 205
Taedong River, 19, 22, 24, 95, 98, 115, 127
Taepodong missiles, 22, 69
The Tale of Shim Cheong, 146–47, 209
Tenko, Hikita, 215–19; and Princess Tenko alter ego, 216–19
“Theory of the Immortal Socio-Political Body” (Kim Jong-il), 109–10
This Shouldn’t Exist (film), 93–94
3 Ninjas children’s movies, 220
tigers, Siberian, 72, 79–80, 164–65
Titian, 104–5
Toho Studios, 150–53, 193, 194–96. See also Godzilla; Pulgasari
tour of North Korea: authors’ companions on, 12–13; breakdowns of order on, 115–16, 128–32, 135–36, 140–41, 167, 203–4; filming of, 36, 53, 99, 188, 204, 207; in “foreigners’ bus,” 55; “home stay” of, 36–39; at Korean Film Studio, 147–50; last night of, 203–7; North Korean sympathizers on, 38, 39–40, 47, 123; and Pueblo tour, 112–14; rules of, 13–14, 28, 32, 52–53, 95–96, 114, 159, 168–69, 222; and store for tourists, 119; and subject of famine, 116–18. See also Kim, Ms.; Song, Mr.