1913
Page 56
51Quoted in Edith Durham, High Albania, 1909
52Richard C. Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War, 2000
53Op. cit., Dwight
54Op. cit., Poynter
55Pierre Loti, Turquie Agonisante, 1913
56The Nineteenth Century and After, March 1913
57Azmi Özcan, Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1997
58Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, 1996
59Leon Sciaky, Farewell to Salonica: City at the Crossroads, 2007
60Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, 1914
61Op. cit., McCarthy
62Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918, 1997
63The Economist, 5 July 1913
64Murat Gül, The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City, 2009
Peking–Shanghai
1Alphonse Favier, Péking: Histoire et Description, 1902
2Madeleine Yue Dong, Republican Beijing: The City and its Histories, 2003
3Katharine Carl, With The Empress Dowager, 1905
4Ibid.
5Ibid.
6Julia Boyd, A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking’s Foreign Colony, 2012
7B. L. Putnam Weale, Indiscreet Letter from Peking, 1907
8Op. cit., Boyd
9Op. cit., Putnam Weale
10A. Henry Savage Landor, China and the Allies, two volumes., 1901, vol. 2
11Bickers, The Scramble for China
12Anon., Letters from John Chinaman, 6th impression, 1904
13Julia Lovell, The Opium War, 2011
14Pierre Loti, Les Derniers Jours de Pékin, 1902
15Quoted in Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed., Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 1993
16Ibid.
17Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization, 2005
18Quoted in op. cit., Ebrey
19Op. cit., Bickers
20Op. cit., Lovell
21‘Report of the International Opium Commission, Shanghai, China, February 1 to February 26 1909’, North China Daily News & Herald, 1909
22Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China, 2nd edition, 1999
23Ibid.
24H. T. Montague Bell and H. G. W. Woodhead, The China Year Book 1913, 1913
25Henri Borel, The New China: A Traveller’s Impressions, 1912
26Ibid.
27F. L. Hawks Pott, A Short History of Shanghai: Being an Account of the Growth and Development of the International Settlement, 1928
28Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
29Op. cit., Spence
30Arnold Wright, ed., Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources, 1908
31Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
32Lu Hanchao, Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century, 1999
33Op. cit., Lovell
34Christian Henriot, ‘The Shanghai Bund in myth and history: an essay through textual and visual sources’, Journal of Modern Chinese History, vol. 4, no. 1, 2010
35Op. cit., Wright
36Op. cit., Hanchao
37Op. cit., Bickers
38Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
39Ibid.
40Op. cit., Bickers
41Robert L. Jarman, ed., Shanghai: Political and Economic Reports 1842– 1943: British Governmental Records from the International City, vol. 11, 2008 (report dated 23 January 1913)
42Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore, Westward to the Far East: A Guide to the Principal Cities of China and Japan with a Note on Korea, 1900
43Op. cit., Hawks Pott
44Op. cit., Scidmore
45James E. Elfers, The Tour to End All Tours: The Story of Major League Baseball’s 1913–1914 World Tour, 2003
46North China Daily News, 22 January 1913
47North China Daily News, 23 January 1913
48Quoted in Catherine Yeh, Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals and Entertainment Culture, 1850–1910, 2006
49Frederick McCormick, The Flowery Republic, 1913
50Paul S. Reinsch, An American Diplomat in China, 1922
51P’eng-yuan Chang and Andrew J. Nathan, ‘Political Participation and Political Elites in early Republican China: The Parliament of 1913– 1914’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, 1978
52Ching Chun Wang, The Atlantic, January 1913
53E. Backhouse and J. O. P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, 1914
54US National Archives, RG84/350/2/4 – 175, note, consular archives for Shanghai, 1 April 1913
55Ibid.
56Op. cit., US National Archives, 11 April 1913
57North China Daily News, 9 April 1913
58Note from Chargé d’Affaires Williams, op. cit., US National Archives, 11 April 1913
59Op. cit., Guoqi
60Op. cit., US National Archives, 25 February 1913
61Ibid.
62North China Daily News, 29 March 1913
63B. Atwood Robinson, ‘America’s Business Opportunity in China’, The Journal of Race Development, vol. 3, no. 4, April 1913
64St. Piero Rudiger, The Second Revolution in China, 1913: My Adventures of the Fighting around Shanghai, the Arsenal, Woosung Forts, 1914
65‘Report for the Year 1913 on the Trade of Shanghai’, in op. cit., Jarman (2008)
66Robert L. Jarman, ed., China: Political Reports, 1911–1960, vol. 1, 2001, letter to Foreign Secretary, L/PS/11/65 P4217/1913, 12 September 1913
67Ibid., annual report from Sir John Jordan, FO 495/229, 23 January 1914
68Jedidiah Kroncke, ‘An Early Tragedy of Comparative Constitutionalism: Frank Goodnow and the Chinese Republic’, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, no. 533, 2012
69North China Daily News, 29 December 1913
70Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1913
Tokyo
1J. Charles Schencking, ‘The politics of pragmatism and pageantry: selling a national navy at the elite and local level in Japan, 1890–1913’, in Sandra Wilson, ed., Nation and Nationalism in Japan, 2002
2Ibid.; The Japan Times, 11 November 1913
3Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
4The Japan Times, 6 November 1913
5Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan
6The Japan Times, 11 November 1913
7Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths
8Basil Hall Chamberlain and W. B. Mason, A Handbook for Travellers in Japan, 1913
9Eliza Rumahah Scidmore, Jinriksha Days in Japan, 1900 edition
10Jukichi Inouye, Home Life in Tokyo, 1910
11Quoted in op. cit., Gluck
12Op. cit., Gluck
13Joseph Henry Longford, The Evolution of New Japan, 1913
14André Sorensen, The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and planning from Edo to the twenty-first century, 2002
15Pierre Loti, Japoneries d’Automne, 1889
16Stephen Mansfield, Tokyo: A Cultural History, 2009
17Op. cit., Longford
18Op. cit., Sorensen
19Ibid.
20Ibid.
21Op. cit., Inouye
22Ibid.
23Op. cit., Gluck
24Sally Ann Hastings, Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905–1937, 1995
25Quoted in Edward Seidensticker, Low City, High City, Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake, 1867–1923, 1983
26Ozaki Yukio, The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan, trans. Fujiko Hara, 2001
27The Japan Times, 11 February 1913
28R. L. Jarman, ed., Japan: Political & Economic Reports, 1906–1970, vol. 4: Economic Reports, 1913–1926, 2002
29Op. cit., Glu
ck
30Quoted in David John Lu, Japan: A Documentary History, two volumes, 1997, vol. 2
31Okakura Kakuzo, The Ideals of the East, 1903
32Rustom Bharucha, Another Asia: Rabindranath Tagore and Okakura Tenshin, 2006
33Africa Times and Orient Review, February 1913
34Op. cit., Jarman (2002), vol. 1: Political Reports, 1906–1922
35Wilson, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 19 May 1913
36The Japan Times, 17 April 1913
37Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality, 2008
38Ibid.
39Japan Weekly Chronicle, quoted in Africa Times and Orient Review, June 1913
40The Japan Times, 13 April 1913
41Los Angeles Times, 21 April 1913
42William Elliot Griffis, The Japanese Nation in Evolution: Steps in the Progress of a Great People, 1907; William Elliot Griffis, ‘Japan and the United States: Are the Japanese Mongolian?’, North American Review, vol. 197, no. 691, June 1913
43The Japan Times, 5 September 1913
44Ibid.
45The Japan Times, 6 September 1913
46The Japan Times, 7 September 1913
47The Japan Times, 9 September 1913
48The Japan Times, 11 September 1913
49Op. cit., Ozaki
50The Japan Times, 12 October 1913
51The New York Times, 20 November 1913
London
1The Evening Standard, 2 January 1913
2Ronald Hyam, ‘The British Empire in the Edwardian Era’, in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds, in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, 1999
3James Louis Garvin, ‘The Maintenance of Empire: A Study in the Economics of Power’, The Empire and the Century: A Series of Essays on Imperial Problems and Possibilities by Various Writers, 1905
4Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905, 1988
5J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, 1902
6Simon J. Potter, ‘Richard Jebb, John S. Ewart and the Round Table, 1898–1926’, English Historical Review, vol. CXXII, no. 495, 2007; John E. Kendle, The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union, 1975
7Richard Jebb, Studies in Colonial Nationalism, 1905
8Op. cit., Friedberg
9Richard Jebb, The Britannic Question: A Survey of Alternatives, 1913
10Elie Halévy, L’Angleterre et son Empire, 1905
11Anon., The Decline and Fall of the British Empire: A brief account of those causes which resulted in the destruction of our late Ally, together with a comparison between the British and Roman Empires, 1905
12Deirdre McMahon, ‘Ireland and the Empire-Commonwealth, 1900–1948’, in op. cit., Brown and Roger Louis
13Jeremy Smith, ‘Bluff, Bluster and Brinkmanship: Andrew Bonar Law and the Third Home Rule Bill’, The Historical Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 1993
14Quoted in Alan Megaghey, ‘“God will defend the right”: The Protestant Churches and opposition to home rule’, in David George Boyce and Alan O’Day, Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism since 1801, 2000
15Rudyard Kipling, The Years Between, 1919 (poem from 1912)
16The Daily Chronicle, 17 January 1913
17Quoted in Jonathan Schneer, Ben Tillett: Portrait of a Labour Leader, 1982
18House of Commons Debates, quoted in Chris Wrigley, ‘Churchill and the Trade Unions’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 11, 2001
19Op. cit., Schneer
20Andrew Rosen, Rise Up Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903-1914, 1974, quoted in Krista Cowman ‘“Incipient Toryism”? The Women’s Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903–1914’, History Workshop Journal, issue 53, 2002
21Hansard, 5 May 1913
22Ibid.
23Ibid.
24The Daily Chronicle, 8 May 1913
25The Daily Chronicle, 3, 6 and 14 May 1913
26The Daily Graphic, 10 May 1913
27The Economist, 1 February 1913
28The Economist, 10 May 1913
29Daily Express, 5 June 1913
30The Suffragette, 13 June 1913
31The English Review, November 1913
32The Daily Chronicle, 31 December 1913
33The Evening Standard, 29 December 1913
34The Economist, 27 December 1913
35The Daily Graphic, 31 December 1913
36The Daily Chronicle, 26 December 1913
Epilogue
1Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power, 2010
2Harry Kessler, Das Tagebuch, 1880–1937, vol. 4, 2004
3Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War, 2001
4James Reeve Pusey, China and Charles Darwin, 1983
5Paul Valéry, The Crisis of the Mind, 1919
6Zara Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933, 2007
7Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday, English edition, 1943
8Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, 1975
9Boris Pasternak, Dr. Zhivago, trans. Max Hayward and Manya Harari, 1958
Selected Bibliography
Archives and Libraries
British Library, London
India Office archives at the British Library, London
Central Zionist Archives (CZA), Jerusalem
Israel State Archives, Jerusalem
Center for Jerusalem Studies, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem
Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF), Paris
Benson Ford Research Center, Dearborn, MI
Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution (AAASI), Walter Kuhn and Kuhn family papers, Washington, DC
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
US National Archives, College Park, MD
State Library of Victoria, Melbourne
National Library of Russia, St Petersburg
Morgan Library Archive, New York
New York Public Library, New York
Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles
Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg
www.archive.org
Newspapers and Magazines
The Atlantic (Boston)
North American Review (Boston)
Buenos Aires Herald (Buenos Aires)
The Standard (Buenos Aires)
Levant Herald and Eastern Express (Constantinople)
Detroit Free Press (Detroit)
Ford Times (Detroit)
Indian Opinion (Durban)
Natal Mercury (Durban)
Darkest Russia (London)
Africa Times and Orient Review (London)
The Daily Chronicle (London)
Daily Express (London)
The Daily Graphic (London)
Daily Mail (London)
The Economist (London)
The English Review (London)
The Evening Standard (London)
The Fortnightly Review (London)
The Geographical Journal (London)
The Nineteenth Century and After (London)
The Suffragette (London)
Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles)
Los Angeles Record (Los Angeles)
The Age (Melbourne)
The Argus (Melbourne)
The American Review of Reviews (New York)
The Century Magazine (New York)
Collier’s Weekly (New York)
Evening Mail (New York)
Harper’s Weekly (New York)
The New York Times (New York)
Scientific American (New York)
World’s Work (New York)
L’Afrique française (Paris)
Le Figaro (Paris)
L’Illustration (Paris)
Le Petit Journal (Paris)
La Revue de Paris (Paris)
North China Daily News & Herald (Shanghai)
Birzheye vedomosti (St Petersburg)
Le Journal de Saint-Pétersbourg (St Petersburg)
Novaia zhizn’ (St Petersburg)
Novoe vremia (St Petersburg)
Petersburgskaia gazeta (St Petersburg)
Pravda (St Petersburg)
Rech (St Petersburg)
Teatr i zhizn’ (St Petersburg)
Vestnik Evropy (St Petersburg)
Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney)
The Japan Times (Tokyo)
Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung (Vienna)
National Geographic (Washington, DC)
Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg)
Selected Further Reading
The following is intended as a short list of books which may be of interest to the reader, continuing and in many cases enlarging on the themes of 1913: The World before the Great War.
Politics and Economics
Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought, 2007
Christopher Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons, 2004
Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900, 2011
Robert Bickers, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914, 2012
Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, 2009
Judith M. Brown and William Roger Louis, eds, The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, 1999
Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, 2012
Sebastian Conrad, Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany, trans. Sorcha O’Hagan, 2010 (original German edition 2006)
John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970, 2009
Amy Dockser Marcus, Jerusalem 1913: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2008
Wayne Dowler, Russia in 1913, 2010
Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, 2003
——, The Pity of War: 1914–1918, 1998
Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924, 1997
Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905, 1988
Robert Gildea, Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800–1914, 1996
Carol Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period, 1985
Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization, 2005