1913
Page 58
Finally, my family. I discussed this book extensively with my mother Alexandra before she died in 2010. She was very enthusiastic about the idea – as she was about most things which were fun, and interesting, and different. I hope she would approve of the final product. I think she would. My dearest sister Chloe and brother-in-law JB – and the best niece and nephew in the world, Genevieve and Theo – have been wonderful throughout. So, too, in a rather different way, my uncle John Emmerson, and Robert and Pirjo Gardiner, whose flat is ever a haven of calm, good taste and civilisation. But my greatest thanks are reserved for my father. I think he knows the book now better than I do, having read it at all different stages. He never seems to tire of the job of looking at one more version of another chapter – or at least does an excellent job of pretending not to be tired of it. He has my love, and my respect, and my heartfelt gratitude.
Index
Abbott, G. F., 368, 369, 372
Abdül Hamid II, Sultan, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367–8
Abdullah, Khan Bahadur Sheikh, 280
Acheson, Edward, 129
Adalbert, Prince, of Prussia, 397
Adler, Victor, 7, 88–9, 105
Adrianople see Edirne
Agadir Incident (1911), 35
agriculture see farming
Ahmad Shah Qajar, 310–11, 310, 319, 320, 321
aircraft: first flight over Vatican, 82; first flights, 42; first landings in Palestine, 325, 326; first use in conflict, 80; Russian, 129
Albania, 362, 364, 372, 374, 378
Albert, King of the Belgians, 4
Albrecht der Bär, 68
Alexander II, Tsar, 119
Alexandra, Tsarina, 110, 126, 127
Algeria: conscription, 278–9; ethnicity of non-Arab population, 57; and First World War, 450; French attitude to, 227; French governance, 267–9, 273–9; nationalism and unrest, 273–9; nationalist inconsistencies of thought, 228–9
Algiers: Casbah, 271–3; culture, 270; diversity, 270; Muslims in, 271–3; natural beauty, 269–70; overview, 269–73; Place du Gouvernement, 270–1; population, 269
Alsace, 38–9, 72–3
American Civil War (1861–5), 154; fiftieth anniversary of Gettysburg, 154–6, 155
Amiens, 37–8
Anchorena, Joaquín Samuel de, 256
Angell, Norman, xii, 27
Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), 235, 305, 432–3
Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 323–4
anti-Semitism see Jews
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 45
Arabs: attitude to Zionism, 339–41; in Ottoman Empire, 380
architecture, 9
Argentina: development and pretensions, 252, 253–5; and globalisation, 227; as investment safe haven, 252; nationalism, 261–2; political system and unrest, 262–3, 264; population, 252; problems, 263–6; railways, 252, 253, 257; see also Buenos Aires
Armenian massacre (1908), 359
Armenians, 361, 366, 451
Arnoldson, Klas Pontus, 335
art: internationalism, 8–9; and Paris, 53–4; US love of European, 169–72; see also Futurism
Ashiq, Muhammad al-, 329
Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis, 370
Ashura, 361
Asquith, Herbert, 6, 15, 438, 443–4
Astor, John Jacob, 135
Atatürk, a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal, 365, 371, 376
Australia: aboriginal people, 248–9, 250–1; attitude to British Empire, 228, 232–9; Australia House in London, 17–18; defence issues, 235–7; diversity, 233–4; and First World War, 450, 451; and globalisation, 227; Irish in, 247, 248; labour movement and unions, 246–7; Protestant–Catholic tensions, 437; relations with Britain, 235–7, 434–5; women’s suffrage, 437; see also Melbourne
Australia, HMAS, 236
Austria, 452
Austria-Hungary: attitude to Balkan War, 378; Austrian facilities in Jerusalem, 332; Austrian visitors to Berlin, 59; and Balkan War, 76; durability, 94–6; empire’s extent and diversity, 88–94; implosion after First World War, 452; importance as world power, 350; lack of colonial empire, 3; navy, 412; political system, 90–4; relations with Germany, 98; relations with Italy, 85–6, 101; relations with Russia, 88, 107–9; trade and industry, 94; see also Vienna
automobile industry see car industry
Backhouse, Edmund, 404
Bagot, Richard, 79–80, 84
Bahadur, Nawab Syed Muhammad, 282
Bahr, Hermann, 104
Balkan Wars (1912–13), 76, 359, 376–9, 447, 448
Balkans: Austro-Hungarian interest, 88; First World War’s aftermath, 453; Italian interest, 81; Russian interest, 120
Balla, Giacomo: paintings by, 85
ballet, 54
Ballets Russes, 9, 257
Ballin, Albert, 71
Barrès, Maurice, 39, 58
Barth, Hermann, 359–60
Bartók, Béla, 272
Barton, Edmund, 234
baseball, 399
Bebel, August, 7
beef industry, 252–3, 263–4
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 9, 102
Begg, John, 292
Behrens, Peter: buildings by, 67, 70, 128
Beijing see Peking
Beilis, Menahem Mendel, 126–7, 342–4
Belgium: colonial empire, 3, 4; world fairs, xvi, 4–5
Belinsky, Wladimir de, 127
Bely, Andrei, 115
Ben-Gurion, David, 362
Benhabylès, Chérif, 276–7
Benois, Alexander, 118–19
Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak, 362
Berg, Alban, 103
Berg, Max, 245
Bergson, Henri, 42, 58
Berlin: AEG turbine hall, 67, 70; borough town halls, 68–9; department stores, 61; development, 22, 66–9; Festzug der Innungen, 75; First World War’s aftermath, 452; German attitude to, 69; Grunewald Olympic Stadium, 75; international conferences, 49; leisure and nightlife, 64–5; memorials and monuments, 68; officiousness and militarisation, 62–4; overview, 59–70; population, 68; Potsdamer Platz, 61; public health, 64; trade and industry, 62, 67–8; transport, 61–2; Unter den Linden, 60; Victory Park, 68; Vienna compared to, 98; workers, unions and radical politics, 65–6
Bernhardi, General Friedrich von, 12–13
Bertillon, Jacques, 56–7
Bethmann-Holweg, Theobald von, 73
Beust, Baron, 90
Bissolati, Leonida, 179
Blanche, Jacques-Émile, 53, 54
Bland, John Otway, 404
Böckman, Wilhelm, 416
Boer War see Anglo-Boer War
Boillot, Georges, 37
Bojidar Karageorgevitch, Prince, 289
Bombay: architecture, 288–9, 291–2; attitude to British Empire, 228, 284–5; British influence, 292–4; development, 287–8; diversity, 290–1; overview, 287–94; population, 287; poverty, 291; Taj Mahal Hotel, 289; trade and industry, 288, 292; Victoria Terminus railway station, 288–9; view from Malabar Hill, 291–2; Yacht Club, 292–3
Bompard, Ambassador, 361–2
Bonar Law, Andrew, 17, 439
Bonnier, Marc, 325, 326
Borden, Robert, 238
Borel, Henri, 394–5
Börne, Karl Ludwig, 48
Bosnia, 88, 90, 351, 366
Botha, Louis, 294, 296, 299
Bourassa, Henri, 238
Boxer Rebellion (1901), xiii, 383–9
Boyd Carpenter, Sir William, 177
Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, 179
Brazil, 190, 254–5, 262, 408, 450
Britain: Anglo-Boer War, 235, 305, 432–3; attitude to Balkan War, 378; attitude to Roman Empire, 349; colonial empire, 16–17, 21–3, 57, 227–8, 230–9, 280–7, 292–4, 296–7, 298, 305–8, 356–7, 431–6, 454; contemporary speculations about future of self and empire, 431–6; diplomatic role, 15–16; dockworkers’ strike (1911), 441–2; domestic unrest, 357, 441–6; and Falklands, 262; First World War’s effect on, 454; and Gold Standard, 455; hopes for1914, 447–9; imperial defence, 235, 2
37–9, 356; importance as world power, 350–1, 356–7, 454; Independent Labour Party, 21; influence in Buenos Aires, 257–8; influence in Persia, 310, 314, 317, 319, 320, 321–4; interventions abroad, 386; Irish problem, 436, 437–40; jingoism, 13; and Mexico, 217; and Middle East, 451, 453; and oil, 194, 321–4; political system, 436; population, 56; railways, 24; relations with China, 352, 386, 393, 394, 397, 399, 399, 406, 408; relations with Dominions, 235, 237–9, 434–5; relations with France, 33–6; relations with Germany, 36; relations with Japan, 355, 412, 432; relations with Ottoman Empire, 363–4, 365; relations with Russia, 115; relations with USA, 221; territory taken from China, 352; territory taken from Ottoman Empire, 351; trade and industry, 28; welfare policies, 32–3; women’s suffrage movement, 442–6; see also London
British Petroleum, 323–4
Brittain, Vera, 9
Bruckner, Anton, 9
Bruno, Giordano, 84
Brusilov, General Alexei, 7
Bryan, William Jennings, 197, 219
Bryce, James, 145
Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 379
Buenos Aires: architecture, 255–6, 260–1; Congress of the Argentine Republic, 255–6, 255; culture, 256–7; development, 253–6; diversity, 259–60; European influence, 257–8, 260–1; and globalisation, 227; Jockey Club, 259; Latin influence, 258–60; overview, 252–61, 263–6; problems, 263–6; Teatro Colón, 254, 263; transport, 256; wheat and beef industries, 252–3, 263–4; working class, 264; zoo, 256
Bulgaria, 351, 366, 376–7, 378
Burma, 352
Burnand, Sir Francis, 448
Cairns, Mr (US envoy in Persia), 320
Calcutta, 287, 288
California: Japanese landholding issue, 197, 426–8; migration and diversity, 196–7; oil, 194–6, 195; Spanish-Mexican heritage, 204–5; see also Los Angeles
Cambridge University, 20
Canada: aboriginal people, 249–51; attitude to British Empire, 228, 230–2, 233–9; Catholics in, 248; contemporary speculation about future, 431; defence issues, 235, 237–9; diversity, 233–4, 242–3; economy, 239; relations with Britain, 235, 236–7, 434–5; relations with USA, 237, 243–4; see also Winnipeg
Cananea Copper Company, 207
Canberra, 244–5
car industry, 182, 183–4, 184–8, 187, 189–90
Carl, Katharine, 382–3, 389
Carnegie, Andrew, 5, 177
Carranza, Venustiano, 211, 218, 219
Carson, Sir Edward, 439
Carter, Jesse Benedict, 179
Casas, Bartolomé de las, 208
Catherine II, the Great, Russian Empress, 118
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 314
Cendrars, Blaise, 45
Cevdet Paşa, Ahmed, 372
Chagall, Marc, 9, 45
Chamberlain, Joseph, 29, 432, 434
Channel Tunnel, 37, 447
Chaplin, Charlie, 203
Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 20
Chile, 254–5, 262
China: 1911 revolution, 401–10; attitude to Westernisation, 229, 389; Boxer Rebellion, xiii, 383–9; cars, 190, 395; civil service, 392; economic development, 394–5; and First World War, 450, 451; and globalisation, 227; importance as world power, 350, 351–3, 389–93; opium, 393–4; political system and reforms, 353, 383, 390–3, 401–10; relations with Japan, 352, 355, 394, 397, 406, 408, 428–9; relations with Western Powers, 352, 386, 393, 394, 397–401, 403, 405–8; Revolutionary Alliance uprisings, 392; see also Peking; Shanghai
Ching Chun Wang, 403–4
Chirico, Giorgio de, 9
Chopin, Frédéric, 10
Churchill, Lady Randolph, 35
Churchill, Winston, 322; on currency reserves and trade, 28; and dockworkers’ strike, 441–2; foreign travel, 6, 7; and Marconi scandal, 30–1; and oil, 321–4; on South Africa, 298; and women’s suffrage, 444
Cixi, Chinese Dowager Empress, 382–5, 388, 389, 393
Claudel, Paul, 58
Clemenceau, Georges, 253, 255–6, 260, 262, 263, 278
Cleveland, SS (cruise ship), x
coal mining, 28
colonialism see imperialism and colonialism
communications, 61, 139, 187, 225–6
conferences, international, 49
Congo, 4
Conklin, Edward Grant, 146
Conrad, Joseph, 7, 16
Constant, Baron Paul-Henri d’Estournelles de, 136, 149–50, 196
Constantinople, 359; attitude to West, 372–3; change and modernisation, 368–74, 380; ethnic and religious diversity and festivals, 360–3; Galata Bridge, 346, 362–3; history, 358; layout, 362–3; near capture by Bulgarians, 376–7; overview, 358–63, 368–74, 380; Pera (Western area), 362, 370–2; Stamboul, 362, 369–70; Yildiz palace, 362, 367–8; and Young Turk revolution, 365–6, 367–8
consumption, start of mass, 189–93
cotton industry, 286, 288
Cox, Kenyon, 171
Crete, 366–7
cricket, 258, 293
Croats, 93
cruises, x
Cubism, 170–2
Culpin, Ewart, 24
culture: folk, 8; shared European, 8–10; see also art; dance; Futurism; music
Curie, Marie, 6
Curtis, Edward S., 177
Curzon, Lord: on India, 286; on London, 15, 22–3; on Persia, 309, 312–13, 315, 316–17
Cyprus, 351
Czechoslovakia and Czechs, 92, 452
Daily Mail (newspaper), 18
dance, 9, 54, 64, 102, 257
Daniels, Josephus, 197
D’Arcy, William Knox, 321, 323
Darwin, Charles, 8, 352
Daudet, Léon, 55
Davenport, Charles B., 175
Davison, Emily, 18, 445–6
Dawar, Cowasji, 288
De Amicis, Edmondo, 362–3
Debs, Eugene, 141
Degas, Edgar, 49
Delaunay, Robert, 9, 45, 46
Delhi, 280–1, 283, 288
Denmark, 3
Déroulède, Paul, 41
Desborough, Lord, 447
Detroit: car industry, 182, 183–4, 184–8, 187, 189–90; diversity, 182–3; leisure, 184; other trade and industry, 185; overview, 182–8; population, 182; skyscrapers and other architecture, 184
Diaghilev, Sergey, 9, 118, 257
Díaz, Félix, 213–14, 217
Díaz, Porfirio, 207–8, 210–13
Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 386–7
Dillingham, William P., 175
Dimitriev, General Radko, 120
Din ‘Afghani’, Sayyid Jamal al-, 317–18
Dobson, George, 128–9
Dobuzhinsky, Mikhail, 112
Dodecanese islands, 376
Doheny, Edward L., 194–5, 207, 213
Doheny, Estelle, 195
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 447
Dreiser, Theodore: on Berlin, 59–60, 62–3, 65, 68; on London, 22; on Paris, 37, 52; in Rome, 84
Dreyfus, Captain Alfred, 40–1
Dube, Revd John, 306–7
Dunbar, Olivia Howard, 201, 202
Durban: attitude to British Empire, 228; British influence, 296–7; overview, 295–304, 308; race issues, 297–304, 308
Durham, Edith, 374–5
Dwight, Harry Griswold, 372
Easter, 361
Eberhardt, Isabelle, 272
Edirne (Adrianople), 376, 377, 378–9
Edward VIII, King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 12, 76
Edwardes, Stephen, 290–1
Egypt, 351, 454
Eiffel, Gustave, 42
Einstein, Albert, 62
electricity, 164–5, 394, 395
Elgar, Edward, 9
Eliahu, Jacob, 334
Eliot, Charles, 402
Emerson, Harrington, 189
Empire Day, 222, 230–3, 258, 284
Ende, Hermann, 416
Enfant, Pierre Charles l’, 149
Enver Pasha, Ismail, 364, 375, 378–9
Ernst August, Prince, of Cumberland, 10–12
Ethiopia, 81
Etienne, Eugène, 269, 279
Europe: beginning of end of predominance, 453–4; European identity, 3–10
Exposition Universelle (1867; Paris), 48
Exposition Universelle (1900; Paris), 50
Exposition Universelle et Internationale (1913; Ghent), xvi, 4–5, 130
Expressionism, 54
Falcón, Ramón, 263
Falconnet, Etienne Maurice, 118
Falkland Islands, 262
Fantômas (film), 54–5, 55
farming, 252–3
Fashoda Incident (1898), 34
Favier, Alphonse, 381, 384
Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, 366
Ferrero, Guglielmo, 136, 179, 192
Fikret, Tevfik, 358–9
film industry, 201–4, 288
First World War (1914–18): causes, x–xii; effects, 451–5; expectation of in 1913, 447–9; memorialisation, 456; overview, 450–1
Fisher, Andrew, 236, 427
Fisher, Admiral Jackie, 324
Flandrau, Charles Macomb, 208–9, 212
Florence, 78
Fontaine, Henri la, 5
football, 258
Ford, Henry, 184, 185–6, 188, 189–90
Ford Motor Company, 182, 183–4, 184–8, 187, 189–90
Formosa see Taiwan
Forster, E. M., 26, 78, 79
Forstner, Lieutenant Günter von, 72
Foster, George, 237
Foster Fraser, John, 235, 264
France: armed forces, 278–9; attitude to war, 39; coal imports, 28; colonial empire, 33–4, 35, 41–2, 57, 454; cultural importance, 42–3; fears of decadence, 54–8; importance as world power, 350, 454; influence in Buenos Aires, 260–1; international importance, 41–3; interventions abroad, 388; nationalism and national unity, 9, 13, 38–41, 56; population, 56–7; prestige in the air, 7, 325; railways, 47; relations with Britain, 33–6; relations with China, 352, 388, 394, 398, 406, 408; relations with Germany, 10, 35, 38–9, 48, 57, 261; relations with USA, 261; rule in Algeria, 227, 267–9, 273–9; territory taken from China, 352; time zones and standardisation, 45–7; trade and industry, 28, 42; see also Paris
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, xi, 91–2, 93–4, 100–1
Franz Joseph, Austro-Hungarian Emperor: deal and relations with Hungarians, 90, 92, 93; health, 99–100; interests, 101; Jerusalem visit, 328; old-fashionedness, 100, 102–3; position and power, 91; as symbol of longevity, 96