National Security Intelligence

by Loch K. Johnson

  Notes

  1 This point is well made by David Kahn, “The Rise of Intelligence,” Foreign Affairs 85 (September/October 2006), pp. 125–34; and John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al–Qaeda (New York: Random House, 2003).

  2 On the virtues of soft power, see Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004); and on public diplomacy, Kristin M. Lord, Voices of America: U.S. Public Diplomacy for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, November 2008). On the strengthening of American foreign policy across the board, see Loch K. Johnson, American Foreign Policy and the Challenges of World Leadership: Power, Principle, and the Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

  3 See Business Executives for National Security (BENS), Domestic Security: Confronting a Changing Threat to Ensure Public Safety and Civil Liberties (Washington, DC, February 2015, and February 2016 update).

  4 Barton Gellman, “U.S. Spied on Iraqi Military via U.N.,” Washington Post (March 2, 1999), p. A1; Loch K. Johnson, Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America's Quest for Security (New York: New York University Press, 2000), pp. 170–1.

  5 Matthew Aid, expert on the NSA, comment, “Panel on Security Intelligence, and the Internet,” CASIS (Canadian Association of Security and Intelligence Studies) International Conference, Ottawa, Canada (2009, author's notes).

  6 Paul R. Pillar, a thoughtful former CIA National Intelligence Officer and Middle East expert, has also independently advanced the idea of an outside group of intelligence experts to assist SSCI and HPSCI with their oversight duties; see his Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).

  Suggested Readings

  Absher, K.M., Desch, M.C., and Popadiuk, R. Privileged and Confidential: The Secret History of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2012.

  Aid, M.A. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009.

  Aldrich, R.J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence, 1945–1964. London: John Murray, 2001.

  Allen, M. Blinking Red: Crisis and Compromise in American Intelligence After 9/11. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2013.

  Aspin–Brown Commission. Preparing for the 21st Century: Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, Report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, March 1, 1996.

  Bamford, J. The Puzzle Palace. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1984.

  Bar-Joseph, U. “The Professional Ethics of Intelligence Analysis,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 24 (Spring 2011), pp. 22–43.

  Barrett, D.M. The CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.

  Barron, J. Breaking the Ring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.

  Barry, J.A. “Covert Action Can Be Just,” Orbis 37 (Summer 1993), pp. 375–90.

  Betts, R.K. “Fixing Intelligence,” Foreign Affairs 81 (January–February 2002), pp. 43–59.

  Betts, R.K. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

  Born, H., Johnson, L.K., and Leigh, I., eds. Who's Watching the Spies? Establishing Intelligence Service Accountability. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005.

  Burrows, W.E. Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security. New York: Random House, 1986.

  Business Executives for National Security (BENS). Domestic Security: Confronting a Changing Threat to Ensure Public Safety and Civil Liberties (Washington, DC, February 2015, and February 2016 update).

  Byrne, M. Iran–Contra: Reagan's Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014.

  Central Intelligence Agency. Factbook on Intelligence. Washington, DC: Office of Public Affairs, 1991.

  Chapman, P. How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2008.

  Church Committee. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report. S. Rept. No. 94-465. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 20, 1975.

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  Church, F. “Covert Action: Swampland of American Foreign Policy,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 32 (February 1976), pp. 7–11.

  Clapper, J.R., Jr. “Luncheon Remarks, Association of Former Intelligence Officers,” The Intelligence, AFIO newsletter, McLean, Virginia (October 1995), p. 3.

  Clapper, J.R., Jr. “The Role of Defense in Shaping U.S. Intelligence Reform,” in L.K. Johnson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 629–39.

  Clark, R.M. The Technical Collection of Intelligence. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2011.

  Clarke, R.A. Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror. New York: Free Press, 2004.

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  Crumpton, H.A. The Art of Intelligence: Lessons from a Life in the CIA's Clandestine Service (New York: Penguin, 2012).

  Daugherty, W.J. Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.

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  Fisher, L. Defending Congress and the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.

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  Freedman, L. “The CIA and the Soviet Threat: The Politicization of Estimates, 1966–1977,” Intelligence and National Security 12 (January 1997), pp. 122–42.

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  Gates, R.M. From the Shadows. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.

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  Gill, P. and Phythian, M. Intelligence in an Insecure World, 2d edn. Cambridge: Polity, 2012.

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  Glennon, M.J. National Security and Double Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

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  Gusterson, H. Drone: Remote Control Warfare. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2016.

  Hamilton–Inouye Committee. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran–Contra Affair. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, S. Rept. 100-216 and H. Rept. 100-433, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. (November 1987).

  Hayden, M.V. Playing to the Edge: American Intelligence in the Age of Terror. New York: Random House, 2016.

  Helms, R.M., with Hood, W. A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Random House, 2003.

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  Johnson, L.K. A Season of Inquiry: The Senate Intelligence Investigation. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985.

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  Johnson, L.K. Secret Agencies: U.S. Intelligence in a Hostile World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.

  Johnson, L.K. Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America's Quest for Security. New York: New York University Press, 2000.

  Johnson, L.K. “Bricks and Mortar for a Theory of Intelligence,” Comparative Strategy 22 (Spring 2003), pp. 1–28.

  Johnson, L.K. “Congressional Supervision of America's Intelligence Agencies: The Experience and Legacy of the Church Committee,” Public Administration Review 64 (January/February 2004), pp. 3–14.

  Johnson, L.K. “Educing Information: Interrogation, Science and Art,” Studies in Intelligence 51 (December 2007), pp. 43–6.

  Johnson, L.K. “A Framework for Strengthening U.S. Intelligence,” Yale Journal of International Affairs 1 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 116–31.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. Handbook of Intelligence Studies. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  Johnson, L.K. Seven Sins of American Foreign Policy. New York: Longman, 2007.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. Strategic Intelligence, 5 vols. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.

  Johnson, L.K. “Glimpses into the Gems of American Intelligence: The President's Daily Brief and the National Intelligence Estimate,” Intelligence and National Security 23 (June 2008), pp. 333–70.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. Intelligence: Critical Concepts in Military, Strategic & Security Studies, Vols. I–IV, New York: Routledge, 2011.

  Johnson, L.K. The Threat on the Horizon: An Inside Account of America's Search for Security after the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

  Johnson, L.K. “James Angleton and the Church Committee,” Journal of Cold War Studies 15 (Fall 2013), pp. 128–47.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. “An INS Special Forum: Implications of the Snowden Leaks,” Intelligence and National Security 29/6 (December 2014), pp. 793–810.

  Johnson, L.K. “The Myths of Covert Action,” Virginia Policy Review 7 (Winter 2014), pp. 5–64.

  Johnson, L.K. American Foreign Policy and the Challenges of World Leadership: Power, Principle, and the Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

  Johnson, L.K., ed. Essentials of Strategic Intelligence. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO/Praeger, 2015.

  Johnson, L.K. A Season of Inquiry Revisited: The Church Committee Confronts America's Spy Agencies. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015.

  Johnson, L.K. “Congress and the American Experiment in Holding Intelligence Agencies Accountable,” Journal of Policy History 28/8 (2016), pp. 494–514.

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  Lowenthal, M.M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy, 7th edn. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2017.

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