Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography

by Margaret Thatcher

  Howell, David, 220, 323–4, 331, 418

  Howell, Denis, 217

  Hua Guo Feng, 390

  Huddleston, Bishop (later Archbishop) Trevor, 535

  Hume, John, 476

  Hungary: MT visits, 506–7, 692–3; liberalization (1989), 683

  Hunt, David, 605

  Hunt, (Sir) Rex, 345, 356

  Hunterston ore terminal (Clyde), 307, 449

  Hurd, Douglas (later Baron): joins MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 191; as Northern Ireland Secretary, 471, 476; as Home Secretary, 484; as Foreign Secretary, 542; in ‘A-Team’ for 1987 election, 559; as potential Party leader, 660; at Rome European Council, 667; orders freezing of Kuwaiti assets in Britain, 698; in Cabinet sub-committee on Gulf War, 702, 704–5, 712; proposes MT’s nomination in 1990 leadership contest, 718; and 1990 Party leadership contest, 722, 725, 727, 729–30; as candidate in 1990 leadership election, 724, 734, 737; and MT’s resignation, 732–3

  Hussein, King of Jordan: opposes Palestinians and Syrians, 122; supports Britain in Falklands crisis, 347; MT visits, 530–1; peace initiative, 533; on Iraqi attack on Kuwait, 697, 701, 703

  I’m All Right Jack (film), 298, 667

  Ibbs, Robin, 275

  immigration: Enoch Powell and, 92–4, 222; Conservative policy on, 102; MT on problems of, 222–4; and riots, 327

  In Place of Strife (Labour White Paper on union reforms), 102, 127

  incomes policy: Conservatives’ differences on, 77, 94–6, 120, 228–30; Labour’s, 84, 90, 188, 228, 232; under Heath, 138–41, 145; Keith Joseph attacks, 158; Conservatives propose voluntary system, 185; MT’s strategy on, 186–8, 222, 229–30, 242, 264; and trade union power, 220, 397; and industrial output, 299; and wage increases (1988), 604

  Independence, USS, 428

  Independent Television (ITV), 244

  India: IMF loan to, 337; relations with Soviet Union, 338

  Indian Civil Service, 19

  Industrial Relations Act (1971): Carr and, 124, 127; and unemployment, 133; and 1972 miners’ strike, 134–6; destroyed, 138–9; calls for repeal, 146–7; Howe on, 186

  industry: low productivity, 298–300; investment in 1980s, 612

  Industry and Regional Development (White Paper), 137

  INF Treaty (1987), 672–4, 681

  inflation: in 1960s, 76, 85; effect on jobs, 132; under Heath, 139, 184; Keith Joseph on destructiveness, 158; causes, 184–5; MT’s policy on, 184, 187, 277, 633; falls (1978), 224; and prices, 264; increases (1979), 268; discussed at Tokyo G7 meeting, 284; kept low in Germany, 300; stands at 11–12 percent (1981), 332; Lawson proposes commitment to zero figure, 563; rises under Lawson, 617–18, 639, 642 & n, 645; as monetary phenomenon, 627, 629; and ERM, 632; falls after entry into ERM, 651

  Ingham, Bernard: at Paris CSCE 1990 summit, 721; as MT’s press secretary, 257; on MT’s economic strategy, 319; on Heseltine’s bid for Party leadership, 714; and MT’s decision to resign, 732

  Institute of Economic Affairs, 157

  Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), 513

  Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC of European Community), 552–3, 642, 659, 663–4, 669

  interest rates: increased, 317, 332, 630, 634–5, 639–40, 644n; MT’s policy on, 632–3, 638–9, 710; reduced after sterling entry into ERM, 651

  International Monetary Fund: grants credit to Britain (1975–6), 192, 195–6, 224; loan to India, 337; MT advocates control by UN, 337

  International Transport Workers’ Federation, 304

  Invincible, HMS, 344–5, 360, 375

  Iran: seizes US hostages, 284, 293, 295, 704; war with Iraq, 296–7, 525; releases hostages, 334

  ‘Irangate’ affair (USA), 672

  Iranian Embassy, London: terrorist attack and siege, 195–6

  Iraq: war with Iran, 296–7, 525; attacks Kuwait, 697–700, 703, 705; international actions against, 700, 703

  Ireland, Republic of: co-operation on security, 279, 360, 470–1, 478–9; presidency of EC, 290, 664; attitude in Falklands dispute, 352, 373; NUM lodges money in, 455; and IRA in Northern Ireland, 462–3, 468–70; discussions and agreements on Northern Ireland, 467–74, 476; amends constitution on unity with North, 471; Northern terrorists cross into, 479

  Irish Commission for Justice and Peace (ICJP), 468

  Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 239, 470

  Irish Republican Army (IRA): murders McWhirter, 217; terrorism and violence, 278, 280, 464, 468–71, 477–82; bombs Brighton hotel (1984), 458–62, 472; defeat of, 462; and prison hunger strikes, 466–7, 466–8; arms supplies to, 477

  Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC), 304, 307, 309

  Israel: attacks Lebanon, 426; dispute with Arabs, 525, 529; and Palestinian rights, 530; MT visits, 531–3; prospective action against Iraq, 704–5

  Italy: attitude in Falklands dispute, 352; and defence strategy, 396; hosts informal and formal Councils (1990), 666–7; on EMU, 667

  Jaguar (car company), 497

  Jamaica: and Grenada coup, 427–8

  James Inquiry (into teacher training), 152

  Jankowski, Father, 679

  Japan: attacks Pearl Harbor, 27; atombombed, 41–2; MT visits for G7 meeting, 283–5; attitude in Falklands dispute, 352, 377–8; role in Far East, 524

  Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, 386–7, 676–80, 683

  Jauch, Dr, 21

  Jay, Peter, 212

  Jayewardene, Junius Richard, 537

  Jellicoe, George, 2nd Earl, 125

  Jenkin, Patrick, 331, 597–8

  Jenkins, Roy (later Baron), 132, 200, 292

  Jenkins, (Sir) Simon, 719

  Jerusalem, 531–2

  Jews: persecuted by Nazis, 21–3; in Finchley, 66–7, 531; on MT’s staff, 531; see also antisemitism

  John Brown Engineering, 388

  John Paul II, Pope, 213, 467, 677

  Johnson, Nevil, 197

  Johnson, Paul, 248

  Jones, Colonel H., 376

  Jones, Michael, 718

  Jopling, Michael, 261, 330, 407, 509, 718–19

  Jordan: MT visits, 530, 533; supports Iraq over attack on Kuwait, 702–3

  Joseph, Helen, Lady, 165

  Joseph, Sir Keith (later Baron): compiles reading list for MT, 41; supports MT at Finchley, 66; supervizes MT’s Private Member’s’ Bill, 74; appointed in 1962 reshuffle, 82; favours Heath as leader, 88–9; friendship with MT, 88, 92, 126, 156; and race relations, 93; proposed for Department of Education, 100; and educational policy, 106; in Social Services Department, 111, 124; on learning from mistakes, 120; and industrial development, 137; favours free market, 143; opposes Heath’s policies, 150; advocates monetarism, 151–2; heads Centre for Policy Studies, 156–7, 159, 177, 181; qualities, 156; speeches, 156–9, 162–3, 193; policy proposals, 157–8; as potential Party leader, 162, 165; and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 175, 177; on Conservative policies, 184–5; and trade union reform, 186, 219, 221, 232, 304; opposes wage freezes, 187; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; delivers Stockton Lecture, 194; on pay policy, 229, 232; and John Hoskyns, 231; and election manifesto (1979), 240; in 1979 election campaign, 246, 248; appointed Industry Secretary, 261; and British Steel Corporation wages, 307–8; and British Leyland’s difficulties, 310–13; on reducing public expenditure, 321; moves to Education Department, 331; idealism, 422; economic principles, 484; leaves Cabinet, 557; and choice in education, 570; and privatization of British Telecom, 621; Monetarism is not Enough (Stockton Lecture), 194

  Jouvenal, Bertrand de, 40

  Jumblatt, Walid, 427

  juvenile delinquency, 589

  Kaberry, Donald, 62–3

  Kádár, János, 506–7

  Karmal, Babrak, 294

  Kaunda, Kenneth, 287–8, 451, 536, 539–40

  Kay, Miss (chemistry teacher), 14

  Keays, Bill, 245

  Keays, Sara, 421–2

  Kendall, Denis, 23, 27, 36

  Kennedy, John F., 77–8, 536

  Kent National Union of Mi
ners, 442

  Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School (KGGS), 6, 14

  Keyes, Bill, 309

  Keynes, John Maynard, Baron, 285

  KGGS see Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School, 5

  Khalid, Leila, 122

  Khrushchev, Nikita S., 77, 506

  Kinchin-Smith, Michael, 38

  King, John Leonard, Baron, 621

  King, Tom: in 1983 election campaign, 411; as Employment Minister, 422; and miners’ strike (1984), 442, 455; as Northern Ireland Secretary, 475–6, 480, 484; and local government financing, 597; as Defence Secretary, 661, 695; in Cabinet subcommittee on Gulf War, 702, 705; on equipment and troops for Gulf War, 704–5; suggests MT stand down after 1990 leadership election, 731

  Kinnock, Glenys (later Lady), 566

  Kinnock, Neil (later Baron): attacks MT over Falklands War, 415; as Leader of Labour Party, 448; and miners’ strike (1984), 448; speaks at TUC Conference (1984), 450; condemns violence, 452; in debate on Westland affair, 495–6; on Labour’s defence policy, 565; television coverage in 1987 election campaign, 566; MT mocks in Commons, 711, 715; speech in 1990 No Confidence Debate, 734

  Kipling, Rudyard, 13–14, 30, 120

  Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 377

  Kissinger, Henry, 202–3, 208

  Kitson, Tim, 149, 170, 172, 176

  Klaus, Václav, 693

  Kohl, Helmut: MT meets at Anglo-German summit (1983), 433; denies support to US in air attack on Libya, 501; MT meets before Moscow visit to Gorbachev, 519; and South Africa, 544; and British claims for EC rebate, 548; and MT’s ideas for EC, 551; and EC changes, 554; MT meets at G7 Toronto meeting, 652; proposes EC Central Bank, 653; at Strasbourg European Council (1989), 663; at Dublin Council (1990), 665; on setting deadlines for IGC and EMU, 667; on Soviet borders, 669; and NATO defence policy, 675, 681–2; on arms control, 681; on German reunification, 686–90; visits Moscow (1990), 690; discusses MT’s leadership election at 1990 CSCE Paris summit, 720–1

  Kollek, Teddy, 532

  Korean airliner crisis (1983), 423–4, 504

  Krebs, Richard (‘Jan Valtin’): Out of the Night, 23

  Kuala Lumpur: Commonwealth Heads meeting (1989), 541–2, 646

  Kuwait, 671, 697, 702–5

  labour: costs and productivity, 299; improvements (1980s), 613

  Labour Club, Oxford, 40

  ‘Labour Isn’t Working’ poster, 226

  Labour Party: and rearmament, 21; election victory (1945), 27, 36–8; election victory (1950), 52; and widows’ earnings rule, 81; election victory (1964), 86; landslide election victory (1966), 89; National Plan (1965), 90; relations with trade unions, 90, 227–8, 400; taxation policy, 102; opposes Industrial Relations Bill (1970–1), 127–8; and EC entry, 130; success in February 1974 election, 147, 150; wins October 1974 election, 161; loan from IMF, 192; spending cuts, 193; loses overall majority (1977), 196; divided over Scottish devolution, 198; and Liberal alliance, 198–9, 215–16, 225; and Grunwick dispute, 218; and Conservative advertising campaign, 226–7; broken by 1978–9 strikes, 227; Conference votes to reject wage restraints, 227; pay policy, 228, 232; and strikes of winter 1978–9, 231; and trade union reform, 234–5, 240; and devolution, 237; 1979 election campaign and defeat, 243–5, 250, 252–4; differences over Falklands dispute, 365; leftward shift under Foot, 394, 413; unilateralism, 395; election manifesto (1983), 408; 1983 election campaign and defeat, 411–16; Censure Motion on miners’ strike (1984), 447; Kinnock succeeds to leadership, 448; Conference backs NUM in 1984 strike, 452; in 1987 election campaign, 562; defence policy, 565–7; tax plans in 1987 election, 565; on European elections (1989), 658; leads in opinion polls (1987), 557; (1990), 711, 714

  Lambsdorff, Count Otto von, 284

  Lamont, Norman (later Baron), 660, 726, 731, 736

  Lancaster House, London: Constitutional Conference (on Rhodesia), 288, 290

  LANCE (weapons system), 681–3, 694

  Land Rover, 313, 497–8

  Landsbergis, Vytautas, 691

  Latham, Michael, 151

  Lawley, Sue, 412

  Lawson, Nigel (later Baron): and housing, 151; financial imprudence, 300; as Chancellor, 420, 483, 615–17, 630; builds up coal stocks, 437; and miners’ strike (1984), 442; and Westland affair, 487, 490; and British Leyland, 498; and Hong Kong currency crisis, 527; in ‘A-Team’ for 1987 election, 559–60, 562–3, 565; proposes commitment to zero inflation, 563; opposes proposed NHS reforms, 582–3; opposed to community charge, 600–2; on scrutiny of community charge legislation, 611; shadows deutschmark, 612, 618, 629, 635–6, 641; tax reforms, 615; budgets, 616–17, 630; and privatization of gas and electricity, 622–4; monetary policy, 627; policy on exchange rate, 627, 630–4, 636–8, 641–2; on Economic and Monetary Union, 629, 640, 642–3, 646; differences with MT, 630–3, 635–8, 640–2, 644–5; increases interest rate, 634–5, 639; connives with Howe against MT, 637, 642–3; favours entry into ERM, 637–8, 641–3, 648, 658; proposes independence for Bank of England, 639; resigns as Chancellor, 640, 646–7, 662; uninterested in Party leadership, 660; and Howe’s move from Foreign Office, 662

  Lawton, Frederick, 58

  Lázár, Gyorgy, 507

  Leach, Sir Henry, 344

  Lebanon: US in, 423, 425–7, 431–2; British contingent in, 426–7; Israel attacks, 426; French air strikes in, 432; MT discusses with Mitterrand, 434

  Lee of Fareham, Arthur Hamilton, Viscount, 266

  Left Book Club, 23

  Leggatt, Andrew, 303

  Leigh, Edward, 732

  Leigh-Pemberton, Robin, 640

  Lennox-Boyd, Sir Mark, 709

  Levene, Peter, 486

  Lever, Harold, Baron, 151, 165, 309

  Lewin, Sir Terence (later Baron), 350, 352, 368

  Lewis, Clive Staples, 33

  Liberal Party: strength in Finchley, 66–7, 85; Heath seeks alliance after February 1974 election, 147–8; pact with Labour, 198–9, 215–16, 225; favours early election (1979), 237; joins with SDP, 332, 393; policies, 394; wins Eastbourne by-election (1990), 711

  Libya: gives support to National Union of Mineworkers, 453; arms supplies to IRA, 477, 480; owns share of Fiat, 492; and Palestinian terrorists, 499; US attacks on, 499–503, 557

  Lilley, Peter, 724, 726, 729, 736

  Lithuania, 665, 691

  Liverpool: docks, 138; riots (1981), 326–7

  Lloyd, Selwyn (later Baron), 77

  Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl, 266

  local government: and press exclusion, 73–4; and education, 100, 106–7, 116, 565, 571, 575; reforms, 125, 418; spending reduced, 318; financing and community charge, 595–9, 604, 611; and extension of franchise, 598; election results (1990), 608–9; general capping, 608–10

  Local Government Act (1988), 601

  Local Health Funds (LHFs), 581

  Lockhart, Robert Bruce: Guns or Butter, 23

  Lockheed company, 128–5

  London: IRA terrorism in, 468–9, 471, 479, 481

  Longmore, Sir Arthur, 27

  López-Portillo, José, 336, 365

  Louis, J.J., Jnr, 429

  Louvre Accord, 634, 680

  Lowe, John, 49

  Lubbers, Ruud, 653, 668, 721

  Luce, Richard, 343, 428

  Lusaka see Commonwealth Conferences

  Luxembourg: European Council meeting in (1985), 292, 554–5; NUM lodges money in, 455

  Lyford Cay, Bahamas, 536

  Lygo, Sir Raymond, 494

  Lynch, Jack, 279

  Lyons, J. (company), 49

  McAlpine, Alistair, 180–1, 201, 460, 481, 560, 719

  McFarlane, Bud, 515

  McGibbon, Mrs (Kent miner’s wife), 451

  MacGregor, Ian: as Chairman of NCB, 438; differences with Peter Walker, 438; announces cuts in coal industry, 439–40; knocked down, 439–40; negotiates with NUM, 444, 450; and treatment of working miners and families, 456

  MacGregor, John: chairs Manifesto Committee (1987), 561; as Education Secretary, 574, 661, 714
; succeeds Howe as Leader of the House, 714; and 1990 Party leadership contest, 723, 725–6, 731; and MT’s resignation, 733

  Machel, Samora, 288, 535

  Maclean, Sir Fitzroy, 212–13

  McLean, Muriel, 461

  Macleod, Iain: supports MT at Finchley, 66; speaks at new MPs’ dining club, 76; as Shadow Chancellor, 89–91, 164; praises MT, 91; qualities, 92–3; opposes immigration restrictions, 93; opposes Open University, 110; death, 111, 123–5

  Macmillan, Harold (later 1st Earl of Stockton): as Chancellor of Exchequer, 60; succeeds Eden as Prime Minister, 61–2; speaks at new MPs’ dining club, 76, 78; offers post in Pensions and National Insurance to MT, 78; favours entry into Europe, 82–3; resigns, 84; warns against Party shift to right, 183; calls for Government of National Unity, 194–5; on Prime Ministers’ time for reading, 267; offers support in Falklands crisis, 349; Polaris agreement with Kennedy, 536