Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography
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European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 473, 476
European Council, Strasbourg (1979), 281, 283; Dublin (1979), 290–3; Venice (1980), 296; Athens (1983), 433–5; Brussels (1984), 441, 549–51; Stuttgart (1983), 470; Milan (1985), 473, 551–3; Hanover (1986), 478; Rhodes (1988), 481, 681; The Hague (1986), 539; Fontainebleau (1984), 541, 546–55; Hanover (1988), 640; Madrid (1989), 642–4, 653; Strasbourg (1989), 663–6, 689; Dublin (1990), 665; Rome (1990), 666, 668–9, 711
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 83, 88
European Monetary System (EMS), 554
European Parliament: elections (1989), 657–9
Evening Standard, 162
exchange controls, 272, 317
exchange rate: policy on, 627–8, 630–4, 636–8; and money supply, 628–9; sterling against deutschmark, 650
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): disputes over British membership, 291, 629–32, 634, 637, 640–4, 648–50, 654, 658; Walters ridicules, 645, 650; MT agrees to join, 650–1; and British interest rates, 710
Exocet missiles: in Falklands war, 366, 368–9, 374–5
Express Newspapers v. MacShane (legal case), 302–6
Ezra, Derek (later Baron), 134, 323–4
Face the Nation (US TV show), 672
Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia, 700–1
Falkland Islands: Argentina claims and invades, 339–45; history and British settlement, 339–41; Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ) established, 351; Haig’s proposals on, 354–5; negotiations over, 354–65, 369–72; self-determination principle, 355, 360; Argentina demands sovereignty, 357, 361; MT rejects proposed settlement terms, 363–4
Falklands War: outbreak, 338; conduct of, 339, 367, 373–6, 378–9; British task force raised and despatched, 344–5, 347, 350–1, 356, 360; press coverage, 345; international reactions to, 346–7; Commons debate on, 347–8; British losses and casualties, 369, 373–87; British landings, 372–3; British victory, 380; effect on Conservative Party, 393–4; costs, 397; MT justifies in 1990 No Confidence Debate, 736
Fallon, Michael, 732
families: and social values, 589–91
Far East: MT visits, 390, 525; and Chinese dominance, 524
Farnborough, Kent: MT’s house in (‘Dormers’), 69–70
fascism: ideology, 19–20–1
Fearless, HMS, 350
Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations (FUCUA), 39
Feiling, Sir Keith, 34
Fergusson, Sir Ewen, 721
Ferrier, Kathleen, 31
Fieldhouse, Admiral Sir John, 350, 368, 373
Financial Services Act (1986), 422
Financial Times, 635, 645
Finchley: MT adopted as parliamentary candidate, 64–7; MT first elected MP (1959), 68; MT retains seat, 85–6, 89, 103, 147, 162, 253, 568; MT’s constituency duties as PM, 258; twinned with Ramat Gan (Israel), 533
Finland, 24
Finsberg, Geoffrey, 165
Fitzgerald, Garret: and Northern Ireland problem, 465, 468–74, 476; signs Anglo-Irish Agreement, 473
Fletcher, Michael, 454
Fletcher, Mrs (of Dartford), 46
Fontainebleau: European Council meeting (1984), 546–8
Foot, Michael: co-authors Guilty Men, 23; opposes entry into EC, 129; and Liberal alliance with Labour, 199; on Falklands dispute, 365; policies, 394; traduced in 1983 election campaign, 412; defence policy, 413; Mortimer declares to be Party leader, 414; Kinnock succeeds as Party leader, 448
Ford, Gerald, 209
Ford motor company, 498–9
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): and Falklands conflict, 345–6, 362–3; and British membership of EC, 553
Forsyth, Michael, 732
Fowler, Sir Norman: as Health and Social Security Minister, 331; proposals on Health Service, 561, 579; describes hospitals in 1987 election campaign, 566; withdraws from 1990 leadership campaign, 719
France: and agricultural claims, 292; opposes British EC budget contributions demands, 292; supports Britain in Falklands dispute, 347, 351; independent nuclear deterrent, 383; and sale of cheap food to Soviet Union, 388; and arms control, 414, 424; troops killed in Beirut, 427; sells power to UK, 438; Scargill seeks support in, 453; opposes confrontation with Gaddafi, 500; denies US flyover permission in attack on Libya, 501; axis with Germany in EC, 652, 663–4; assumes EC presidency, 663; federalist policy in EC, 664; concedes German interests, 685; opposition to German reunification, 689; involvement in First Gulf War, 699
Frankfurt: Anglo-German summit, 681
Franks, Oliver, Baron, 342
Fraser, Sir Hugh, 172–3
Fraser, Malcolm, 285, 288, 538
Friedman, Milton, 642n
Fry, Christopher, 31
Fuel and Power, Ministry of, 91
G7 see Group of Seven
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar: National Union of Miners seeks support from, 453; supports IRA, 462, 473; and US attacks on Libya, 500–1, 503
Gaitskell, Hugh, 62, 83
Galtieri, General Leopoldo, 341, 344, 349, 353, 356–7, 359, 372
Gandhi, Indira, 337
Gandhi, Rajiv, 488, 536, 540
Gardiner, George, 732
Garel-Jones, Tristan (later Baron), 709, 727, 730
gas: prices increased, 277; privatized, 620, 622
Gatehouse, Stella, 37
GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs), 666–8
Gaulle, Charles de, 82–3, 129
GCHQ: industrial action, 323n
Gdansk, Poland, 677–9
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 638
General Belgrano (Argentine cruiser), 368–9, 412
general elections: (1935), 20–1; (1945), 36–40; (1950), 50–2; (1955), 59; (1959), 62, 67; (1964), 85–6, 87; (1966), 89; (1970), 103; (1974 February), 145–8; (1974 October), 151, 153–4, 159–61; (1979), 240–55; (1983), 243, 396–7, 401, 404, 408–16, 436; (1987), 243, 559–69
General Electric Company (GEC), 492
General Motors (GM), 497–9
General Practitioners: budgets for, 584
general strike (1926), 437
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 652, 675
George V, King: Silver Jubilee, 16
George VI, King: broadcasts, 18
Georgia, 523
Germany: and rise of Nazism, 20–5; and outbreak of war, 22; pact with Soviet Russia (1939), 24; invades Soviet Union, 26; and G7 meetings, 283–4; and British budget contributions to EC, 291–2; economic success, 299–300; and Polish situation, 388; and defence strategy, 396, 675, 681, 694; in EC, 433–5; prospective neutralism, 435, 673; opposes coal sanctions on South Africa, 540, 544; and EC monetary system, 554; fiscal policy, 629; and EMU, 649; axis with France in EC, 652, 663; supports Social Charter, 659; reunification, 664, 684–90; Bush administration sees as main partner, 670, 680; desire for federal Europe, 685
Gibraltar: IRA terrorists shot dead, 477–8
Gibson, Squadron Leader Guy, 26
Gillies, Miss (headmistress), 27
Gilmour, Ian, Baron: MT appoints Shadow Home Secretary, 178; replaced at Research Department, 181; as Shadow Defence Secretary, 191; and reduction of British EC budget contributions, 293; criticizes monetarism, 319; MT dismisses from Cabinet, 330–1
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry: and Britain’s EC budget contributions, 281–3, 292; at Tokyo G7 meeting, 285; and British arms supply from USA, 385
Glamorgan, HMS, 379
Glenholmes, Evelyn, 476
global warming, 593
Glover, Eleanor, Lady, 723
Godber, Joe, 150
Gollancz, Sir Victor, 23
González, Felipe, 550, 669, 687
Goodlad, Alastair, 713
Goose Green, Falkland Islands, 375–6
Gorbachev, Mikhail: and Soviet aid for NUM, 453; MT’s estimate of and relations with, 505–6, 509–22; deal with MT over embassies, 508; MT invites to Britain, 508–9; meets Reagan, 516–17, 674; succeeds to Sov
iet leadership, 516; arms control proposals, 517, 674; MT meets in Moscow, 519–21; Delors meets, 668–9; signs INF Treaty, 672–3; reforms, 673–4, 684, 691–2; revisits Britain (1987), 673, 681; on human rights, 674; announces Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, 675; proposes denuclearized Germany, 675; suspicion of Bush administration, 681; on German reunification, 685–7, 690; MT support, 691; relations with Yeltsin, 691–2; at CSCE summit (Paris 1990), 721, 723; MT writes to on resignation, 734
Gorbachev, Raisa, 508–9, 516, 522, 681
Gordievsky, Oleg, 516
Gormley, Joe, 142, 323
Gould, Bryan, 566
Gouriet, John, 218
Gow, Ian: as MT’s Parliamentary Private Secretary, 263; discusses Cabinet reshuffle with MT, 330; on dispute over Falklands policy, 348; and 1983 election strategy, 406–7; reservations on Northern Ireland settlement, 469, 474; resigns Treasury post, 474; killed by IRA, 481–2; funeral, 701; campaigns for MT in 1990 leadership election, 709
grammar schools, 99–101, 109, 116, 269; in Northern Ireland, 464; see also education; schools
Granada 500 (TV programme), 252, 410
Grant, John, 45
Grant-Maintained Schools Trust, 572
grant-related expenditure assessments (GREAs), 596 & n
Grantham: MT’s childhood in, 1–5, 10; religious life, 4–5, 8; cinema in, 10–11; character and history, 15; in Second World War, 18–19, 22, 24–6; by-election (1942), 27; in general election (1945), 36–8
Gray, Hamish, 198
Greater London Council (GLC): abolished, 417
Greece: European subsidies, 549–50; opposes IGC at Milan, 553
Green Party: success in 1989 European eletion, 658
Greenham Common, Berkshire, 383
Grenada, 425, 427–32, 698
Griffiths, Brian: and economic policy, 187; and manifesto for 1987 election, 560–1; and grant-maintained schools, 571, 575; and education policy, 575–6; on Exchange Rate Mechanism, 634
Griffiths Report (1983), 274n
Gromyko, Andrei, 514, 516
Group of Seven (G7): Tokyo meeting (1980), 283–5; Versailles meeting (1982), 376–7, 389; Williamsburg meeting (1983), 408, 414–15; Toronto meeting (1988), 652; Houston meeting (1990), 666
Grunwick dispute, 6, 216–19, 221
Guardian (newspaper), 111–12, 271, 276
Guilty Men (by ‘Cato’), 23
Gulf Embargo Surveillance unit, London, 713
Gulf, the: and Iran-Iraq war, 297; first war (1990), 680, 697–8, 702; British troops and equipment in, 704–6; MT’s speech on in 1990 No Confidence Debate, 736
Gummer, John: contributes to MT’s speeches, 410; as Party chairman, 421; and Brighton bomb, 459; Tebbit succeeds as Party chairman, 485; supports review of local government financing, 598; as Minister for Agriculture, 661; and MT’s standing in 1990 leadership contest, 726, 730, 732
Gummer, Penny, 458
Hague, Douglas, 157, 317
Hague, The: European Council meeting (1986), 539
Haig, Alexander: negotiates in Falklands dispute, 341, 343, 349, 351–4, 356–61, 364–5, 369, 376; proposals for settlement of Falklands dispute, 354–5, 363; on role of Ascension Island, 358–9; and British recovery of South Georgia, 361; and Peruvian peace initiatives in Falklands crisis, 369; and British military commitment in Falklands, 375; instructs Jeane Kirkpatrick to withdraw support for Britain in UN, 377; and Soviet threat, 387; and Western alliance, 388
Hailsham, Quintin McGarel Hogg, Baron: as MP for Oxford, 36; proposed as Party leader, 84; on race relations, 93; as Lord Chancellor, 123; congratulates MT on election as leader, 177
Hamilton, Archie, 479–80, 702
Hammond, Eric, 450
Hanna, Vincent, 567
Hanover: European Council meetings (1986), 478; (1988), 640, 652–3
Hanrahan, Brian, 367
Harding, Miss (history teacher), 14
Hare, John, 56–9
Harlech, William David Ormsby Gore, 5th Baron, 286
Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur (‘Bomber’), 26
Harris, Kenneth, 35
Harris, Ralph, 157
Harris, Robin, 560–1
Harrods (store): IRA bomb, 471
Harry Ramsden’s Fish and Chip Shop, Leeds, 413
Hastings, Stephen, 367
Haughey, Charles: discusses Northern Ireland with MT, 465–7, 469, 479; opposes Anglo-Irish Agreement, 476–7; speech in USA on British policy in Northern Ireland, 478; and Patrick Ryan case, 481; and Irish presidency of EC, 664
Havel, Václav, 684, 693
Havers, Michael (later Baron): and Falklands War, 350, 368; and miners’ strike (1984–5), 442, 455
Hawke, Bob, 536, 540, 542
Hayek, Friedrich A., 645; The Road to Serfdom, 40–2
Hayhoe, Barney, 217
Heald, Sir Lionel, 74
Healey, Denis (later Baron): downplays inflation rate, 159; quarterly budgets, 164, 195; MT mocks in Commons, 165, 169; as Chancellor, 178, 187; criticizes MT’s views on immigration, 223; attacks Conservative advertising campaign, 226; attacks Howe, 261; on Falklands dispute, 365; defence policy, 413; in 1983 election campaign, 415; accuses MT of relishing Falklands slaughter, 415
health: Conservative reforms, 561, 578–80
Health and Security, Department of, 274
Heath, (Sir) Edward: abstains in Scotland and Wales Bill debate, 19; as Bexley Heath candidate, 49–50; and MT’s adoption as candidate for Finchley, 66; enthusiasm for British entry into Europe, 82, 88–9, 125, 129, 132, 200, 202; opposes Douglas-Home’s leadership, 87; wins leadership contest, 87–9; qualities and character, 88, 162; election defeat (1966), 89; Shadow Cabinet, 91–3; relations with Powell, 93–4; educational policy, 101–2; general election victory (1970), 103–4; appoints MT Education Secretary, 104, 113; consults MT on education, 116; premiership, 119–26; and release of Leila Khalid, 122; economic strategy, 123, 126, 128, 132–3; and 1972 miners’ strike, 136; and industrial relations, 138, 141–3, 145; prices and incomes policy, 139–40, 185; announces three-day week, 143; strategic failure, 144–5; calls 1974 general election, 145; loses office in February 1974 election, 147–50; favours coalition government, 148–9, 160, 202; in Opposition, 150–2; and mortgage rates, 153, 159; and MT’s housing policy, 154–5; and October 1974 election, 154, 160–2; approves Keith Joseph’s research unit, 156; reaction to Keith Joseph’s policy proposals, 157–9; leadership questioned and challenged, 162–4, 166, 168, 170–2; and MT’s standing for Party leadership, 166, 169; declines MT’s offer of Shadow Cabinet post, 175–7; warns against Party shift to right, 183; at 1975 Blackpool Conference, 190; favours Scottish devolution, 196–7; on Labour’s pay policy, 228–9; and 1979 election campaign, 250; attacks MT at 1981 Conference, 332–3; and Falkland Islands, 340; on European elections (1989), 658; loses three general elections, 708
Heffer, Eric, 1
Helms, Jesse, 336
Helsinki Final Act (1975), 687 & n, 688
Helsinki Summit (1975), 204–7
Henderson, Sir Nicholas (Nico), 346, 349, 352, 362–3, 371
Hermes, HMS, 344, 360, 375
Heseltine, Michael (later Baron): Heath appoints to Shadow Cabinet, 150; MT appoints Shadow Industry Secretary, 178; Biffen replaces at Industry, 195; criticizes trade unions, 233; in 1979 election campaign, 245; dislikes dual key control of Cruise missiles, 395; in 1983 election campaign, 413; and despatch of troops to Lebanon, 426; and Grenada affair, 428–9; as Environment Secretary, 484; and Westland affair, 485–96; as Defence Secretary, 486; resigns from Cabinet, 494; meets Gorbachevs, 509; and local government financing, 595–6; announces abandonment of community charge, 610; challenges MT in 1990 leadership election, 708–9, 713–19, 721, 724–7, 731, 733, 736; defeated in 1990 leadership election, 737
Heysel Football Stadium riot (1985), 481 & n
Hibbert Journal, 15
Higgins, Terence, 120, 142
Hillary, Richard: The Last Enemy, 25
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nbsp; Hiroshima, 41–2
history: teaching of, 573–4
Hitler, Adolf, 20–2, 24–7
Hodgkin, Dorothy, 31–2
homosexuality, 96–8
Honda motor company, 498
Honecker, Erich, 683
Hong Kong: Chinese claims and policy on, 390–2, 524–9; currency crisis, 526–7
hooliganism see riots
Hornsby-Smith, Pat, 49–50, 75, 78
Hoskyns, John: devises ‘Stepping Stones’ operation, 231; and public expenditure, 278, 320–1; and union reform, 305; and MT’s 1982 Cabinet reshuffle, 332; succeeded by Ferdinand Mount, 402
Houghton, Douglas, 81
housing: MT appointed to Ministry, 89; rents, 139, 576–7; and Conservative 1974 defeat, 149; MT’s policy on, 151–5, 160, 576; and rates, 162; council and private, 417, 577, 614; high-rise council estates, 558; sale of council properties, 558; in Conservative 1987 election manifesto, 561, 569; Ridley’s reforms, 576–8; for young unmarried mothers, 589; and working labour market, 613–14; private ownership, 614–15; private rented, 614; and mortgage tax relief, 617; prices, 639
Housing Act (1988), 614
Housing Action Trusts (HATs), 577–8
Houston, Texas: NASA Space Center, 98–9; G7 meeting (1990), 666
Howard, Michael, 485, 660, 726, 729
Howe, Derek, 239
Howe, Elspeth, Lady, 459, 661
Howe, Sir Geoffrey (later Baron): on British sovereignty in EC, 131; in Cabinet to oversee prices and incomes, 140; opposes Heath, 151; and Keith Joseph’s economic policy proposals, 158; in leadership election, 172; MT appoints Shadow Chancellor, 178; Economic Reconstruction Group, 184, 220; hostility to trade unions, 186; and MT’s economic policy, 187–8; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; and trade union reform, 220–1, 304; on collective bargaining, 229; and election manifesto (1979), 240, 242; on incomes policy, 242; in 1979 election campaign, 246; as Chancellor, 261, 616, 627; supports public expenditure cuts, 276–7, 318, 329; economic strategy, 316–17, 321–2, 329; budgets: (1979), 271; (1980), 277; (1981), 321–2, 329; economic discussions in Cabinet, 328; replies to Heath’s attack at 1981 Conference, 333; excluded from Cabinet sub-committee on Falklands, 349; examines long-term public expenditure, 401; prepares election manifesto (1983), 404, 406; in 1983 election campaign, 407, 411; and costing of Labour’s 1983 manifesto promises, 413; Europeanism, 420; as Foreign Secretary, 420, 483; and despatch of troops to Lebanon, 426; and Grenada affair, 428–9; and US actions in Lebanon, 431; and Brighton bomb, 459; supports Three-Judge courts in Northern Ireland, 476; and Westland affair, 490; and US air attack on Libya, 500; suggests inviting Chernenko to Britain, 508; meets Gorbachevs, 509–10; on future of Hong Kong, 526; visits Peking, 528; meets P.W. Botha at Chequers, 535; reluctance to join ‘eminent persons’ on South Africa, 538; visit to South Africa, 539; attends Fontainebleau European Council (1984), 546, 548; and EC Single Market, 551; favours IGC at Milan meeting, 553; in ‘A-Team’ for 1987 election, 559; favours joining ERM, 631–2, 637, 641–3, 648, 658; alliance with Lawson against MT, 637, 642–3; political ambitions, 643; praises Lawson as Chancellor, 648; as potential Party leader, 660; removed as Foreign Secretary, 660–1; as Deputy Prime Minister, 662; on prospect of single currency, 711–12; deteriorating relations with MT, 712, 718; resigns, 712–13, 716; resignation speech in Commons, 716–19