Less Than Human

by Smith, David Livingstone

  death camps

  Einsatzgruppen (paramilitary death squads)

  Mein Kampf (Hitler) and

  “ordinary men” as executioners

  Nazi soldiers, repulsed by

  Nuremberg trials

  propaganda and

  Holyoak, Keith

  Homily of the Gospel (Gregory the Great)

  Homo erectus

  meat in diet

  Homo ergaster

  Homo heidelbergensis

  Homo sapiens

  and cooperative hunting

  See also Paleolithic period

  Homo sapiens sapiens

  homogenization

  homunculi

  Hornshøj-Møller, Stig

  Höss, Rudolf

  human behavior

  biological explanations of

  human kind module

  “Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality” (Rorty)

  humanness

  biology, having a fixed meaning in

  culture and

  Plato’s definition of

  humans

  and cruelty

  and dehumanization

  killing, ambivalence about

  Neanderthals and humans, split between

  violent aggression against outsiders, disposition for

  and war

  See also Homo sapiens

  Hume, David

  on greed

  on humans conceiving all things like themselves

  moral theory

  and property rights

  Hussein, Saddam

  as a “monster”

  Hutto, Charles

  Huxley, Aldous

  Huxley, Julian

  Ibn Butlan

  Ibn Khaldun

  Ibn Munqidh, Usama

  Ibn Sina (aka Avicenna)

  Iliad (Homer)

  immigrants

  Innocent III, Pope

  Instruction of Ani (Egyptian text)

  intuitions

  Iraqi war

  Fallujah as “a huge rat’s nest”

  as hunting expedition

  and war porn

  and PTSD

  Irish people

  considered a race

  Isaac, Benjamin H.

  Islam

  and the kinship of milk (rida’a)

  American invective against

  Jews as subhuman creatures

  and natural slavery

  racism in

  slavery in

  slaves considered livestock

  Israelis

  and Arabs

  Italian people

  considered a race

  Jacoby, Karl

  James I

  James, William

  James River massacre

  Jamestown colony

  Janie

  Japan: Know Your Enemy (propaganda film)

  Japanese

  dehumanization of

  Nanjing, atrocities committed in

  sense of superiority

  Japanese macaque monkeys

  Japheth

  Jefferson, Thomas

  racist remarks of

  Jewish male menstruation

  myth of

  Jews

  dehumanization of

  ghetto life

  and Muslims

  Nazi medical experiments on

  Nazis and

  passion plays, portrayal in

  and the Star of David

  wealth confiscated by the Nazis

  See also anti-Semitism; Holocaust; Israelis

  Jívaro people

  Jones, Ernest

  Jordan, Winthrop

  Journey to the Ants (Hölldobler/Wilson)

  Judas

  Judges, book of

  Jünger, Ernst

  justice

  demand for

  as a moral issue

  Kafka, Franz

  Kangura (“Awaken!”) magazine

  Kant, Immanuel

  and the distinction between means and ends

  Karpinski, Janis

  Katsuichi, Honda

  Keen, Sam

  Keil, Frank C.

  Kelman, Herbert C.

  Kerrey, Bob

  Ketcham, William D.

  Khan Younis refugee camp

  Khmer Rouge (Communist Party of Kampuchea)

  Kiernan, Ben

  Killers of the Dream (Smith)

  King Lear (Shakespeare)

  King Philip’s War

  Koonz, Claudia

  Koran

  and slavery

  Korean conflict

  ratio of weapon fire increase

  Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy)

  Kripke, Saul

  Kristallnacht pogrom

  Kuhn, Steven L.

  Kulaks

  Soviet Union’s genocide of

  Kuper, Leo

  Lady Philosophy (fictional character)

  language

  evolution of

  information revolution

  and the spread of culture

  See also thought

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de

  Las Casas, Pedro de

  Lawrence, Sir William

  Leatherneck magazine

  LeMay, Curtis

  LeMoncheck, Linda

  Leopold II of Belgium

  Levi, Primo

  Leviathan (biblical monster)

  Lex Aquilia statute

  Li-Ping Luo

  Liber Monstrorum de Diversis Generibus (The Book of Monsters of Various Kinds)

  Limbaugh, Rush

  Lincoln, Abraham

  Lindbergh, Charles

  Litvinoff, Emanuel

  Litz, Brett T.

  Locke, John

  Lodz

  Germans touring

  Goebbels filming in

  Jews murdered in

  London Company

  Lorenz, Konrad

  Lovejoy, Arthur O.

  Lussu, Emilio

  MacArthur, R. S.

  McCauley, Clark

  MacCurdy, John T.

  McDonough, Giles

  McEwan, Ian

  MacKinnon, Catherine

  MacNair, Rachel

  maggots

  Maguen, Shira

  Malamud, Bernard

  “Man’s Place in the Animal World” (Twain)

  Manchester, William

  manticore (monster)

  Mao Zedong

  and the Cultural Revolution

  as a monster

  Marshall, Samuel Lyman Atwood (“SLAM”)

  material world as an illusion

  Mather, Cotton

  Mein Kampf (Hitler)

  Melpa of Papua New Guinea

  mourning ceremonies

  Men Against Fire (Marshall)

  Menelaus

  mentally handicapped people

  Merrick, John (the “Elephant Man”)

  Mesopotamia

  implying others are nonhuman

  monster gods in

  Metamorphosis, The (Kafka)

  Mexican immigrants

  dehumanization of

  Middle Ages

  hell, perception of

  monsters, belief in

  passion plays, portrayal of Jews in

  Middle Passage (transatlantic slave trade)

  Milgram, Stanley

  Mill, John Stuart

  Miller, Geoffrey

  Mills, Charles W.

  Milosevic, Slobodan

  Mithen, Steven

  Mladic, Ratko

  modal intuitions

  Modern Warfare 2 (computer game)

  Mohegan Indians

  Mommsen, Theodor

  monogenecists

  monsters

  Greco-Roman

  and the Middle Ages

  mythology, as theme in

  in religious mythology

  Stone Age images of

  Montesinos, Antonio

  moral disengagement

 
authorization

  routinization

  Moroccans, dehumanization of

  Morton, Samuel George

  Moshman, David

  Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War, The (Smith)

  Mr. Oreo thought experiment

  Muhammad

  Mulinare, J.

  Mundurucú of Brazil

  and headhunting

  Museum of Natural History (NYC)

  Ota Benga at

  Muslim terrorists

  American invective against

  Argentine Jewish Mutual Aid Association, bombing of

  mental health of

  Muslim Turks

  and the Armenian genocide

  Muslims

  Darfur genocide

  ethnic cleansing and sexual sadism

  and Jews

  Spain, conversion of and expulsion from

  Srebrenica, slaughter of Bosnian Muslims at

  Musolff, Andreas

  My Lai massacre

  Myers, Richard

  on Fallujah as “a huge rat’s nest”

  Nagasaki, nuclear bombing of

  Nanjing (China)

  Japanese atrocities committed in

  Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame, The (Katsuichi)

  Narragansett Indians

  Native Americans (in the Caribbean)

  atrocities against, protests over

  carnage committed by the Spanish

  colonization and

  death from disease

  dehumanization of

  dogs trained to massacre

  enslavement of

  enslavement of others

  genocidal hostility toward

  as homunculi

  non-Adamic lineage of

  population, drastic fall in

  Native Americans (in North America)

  colonialism and

  enslavement of

  ethnocentrism of

  and the great chain of being

  non-Adamic lineage of

  and scalping

  sociopolitical changes and

  natural kinds, the concept of

  natural philosophers

  Natural History (Pliny the Elder)

  Natural History of Peace, A (Sapolsky)

  Nazis

  and African-American blood transfusions

  anti-Jewish propaganda

  and blood purity

  Gleichschaltung

  and Jews

  Kristallnacht pogrom

  Mein Kampf (Hitler) and

  paranoia of

  prisoners, medical experiments on

  Soviet Union’s guerilla war against

  and the Star of David

  and the wealth confiscated from murdered Jews

  See also Holocaust

  Nazi Conscience, The (Koonz)

  Neanderthals and humans

  split between

  Negative Ethnicity: From Bias to Genocide (Wamwere)

  Negro a Beast, The (Carroll)

  New Zealand

  indigenous people, hunting for sport

  New Guineans

  growing up exposed to bloodshed

  New Chemical Light, The (Sendivogius)

  New York Times, The

  New York Tribune

  New Yorker, The, magazine

  Newman, George E.

  Newman, William R.

  Newton, Isaac

  Ngarambe, Elie

  Nixon, Richard

  “No, sexual violence is not ‘cultural’” (Shannon)

  Noah

  nonhuman xenophobia

  Nuremberg trials

  of doctors

  following orders as justification

  war criminals, mental health of

  Nyirarugira, Esperance

  O’Malley, King

  O’Shaughnessy, Nicholas Jackson

  objectification

  of women

  Olmsted, Frederick Law

  Omaar, Rakiya

  On Aggression (Lorenz)

  On Human Nature (Wilson)

  “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (Pico della Mirandola)

  Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (Browning)

  Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life, The (Parkman)

  Orwell, George

  Othello (Shakespeare)

  outgroup bias

  Owen, Wilfred

  Paleolithic period

  art

  markers of ethnic affiliation

  trade, evidence of

  xenophobia

  Palestinian nursery rhyme

  Palestinians

  See also Arabs; Israelis

  Paracelsus

  Parkman, Francis

  Patterson, Orlando

  Paul III, Pope

  Paul and slavery

  “Peaceful Primates” (Sapolsky)

  Penn, Derek

  People’s Republic of China

  Cultural Revolution

  the Great Leap Forward

  Pequot Indian village, massacre at

  Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress (MacNair)

  Peterson, Dale

  physically handicapped people

  Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni

  Plato

  Pliny the Elder

  Plotinus

  Pol Pot

  and the Cambodian genocide

  as a “madman”

  Politics and Propaganda (O’Shaughnessy)

  Polyaenus

  Polybius

  polygenecism

  Pope, Alexander

  Povinelli, Daniel

  Powhatan Indians

  “Prenuclear-Age Leaders and the Nuclear Arms Race” (Frank)

  primate

  Primitive War (Turney-High)

  Principia (Newton)

  professional sports

  as slavery

  Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature (Newman)

  propaganda

  anti-German

  anti-Japanese

  anti-Semitic

  dehumanization as primary function of

  and genocide

  and the Holocaust

  posters

  pseudo, definition of

  Pseudo-Thomas

  pseudospeciation

  biologists and

  dehumanization as a feature of

  pseudospecies

  origin of

  psychoanalysis

  psychological essentialism

  psychology

  Psychology of War, The (MacCurdy)

  public executions

  Pulleyblank, E. G.

  Purchas, Samuel

  Putnam, Hilary

  Pyle, Ernie

  Qadaffi, Muammar el-

  Quakers and slavery

  Quammen, David

  race

  bodily fluids, essences of distributed through

  children and

  essential differences

  ethnoraces

  folk-biological concepts

  pseudospecies, origin of

  puzzle of

  races to species

  and skin color

  social constructionism and

  sociopolitical changes and

  racial essences

  blood, distributed through

  breast milk, distributed through

  DNA and

  ethnoraces

  mystical explanations of

  racism

  anthropology and

  blood libel (ritual slaughter of Christian children)

  Jewish male menstruation, myth of

  lynching

  monogenecists and

  moral disengagement and

  non-Adamic lineage

  polygenecists and

  in the United States

  radioactive decay

  Ramsey, William M.

  Rao, Aparna
r />   rape

  “traditional” feature of Congolese culture

  Raudsepp, Maaris

  Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakarīyā al-

  real essence

  Red Flag

  Red Guard (China)

  and the Cultural Revolution

  Resid, Mehmed

  Retamar, Fernández

  Rieff, David

  Ripley, William Z.

  Roma (Gypsies)

  Nazi medical experiments on

  Rome

  monsters, belief in

  racism in

  slaves considered livestock

  Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)

  Roots of Nazi Psychology, The (Gonen)

  Rorty, Richard

  Roscoe, Paul

  Russell, Bertrand