Less Than Human
Page 38
Rwandan genocide
Hutus blaming the Tutsis
Hutus genocide against the Tutsis
Sageman, Marc
Saharan African
St. Louis World’s Fair
Ota Benga at
human zoo at
Sapolsky, Robert
Sartre, Jean-Paul
Savage, Michael (Michael Alan Weiner)
scalping
Scholtmeijer, Marian
Schuyler, George
Schuyler machine
Schwarzenegger, Arnold
Schwarzenegger machine
Semonides of Amorgos
Sendivogius, Michael
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de
Serbs
Bosnian Muslims, accused of genocide
Bosnian Muslims, slaughter of
sexual minorities
sexual sadism, ethnic cleansing and
Shakespeare, William
Shalit, Ben
Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas)
Shannon, Lisa
Shay, Jonathan
Shem
slavery
abolition of
the Enlightenment and
Lincoln/Douglas debates
natural slavery, theory of
origins of
racism and
religious grounds, justified on
transatlantic slave trade
trans-Saharan slave trade
in the United States
white supremacists blaming emancipated slaves
Slavery and Social Death (Patterson)
Slavery in the American Slave States, The (Olmsted)
slaves
as Ham’s descendants
humanness, denial of
non-Adamic lineage of
as soulless
treated as livestock
Smith, Adam
Smith, John
Smith, Lillian
Snowden, Frank
social anthropology, rise of
sociobiology
social constructionism
natural kinds
and race
“sorcerer, the”
Trois-Frères cave painting of
Soviet Union
anti-German propaganda
Germany, atrocities during invasion of
guerilla war against Nazi German forces
Kulaks, genocide of
World War II fatalities
Spain
Jews, conversion of and expulsion from
Muslims, conversion of and expulsion from
Spanish Civil War
Spanish conquistadores
Sperber, Dan
Srebrenica
slaughter of Bosnian Muslims at
Stalin, Joseph
as a “monster”
Stannard, David
Stanton, Gregory H.
Star of David
Star Wars (film)
Steuter, Erin
Stiner, Mary C.
Stoddard, Solomon
Stoker, Bram
“Story of Isaac, The” (Cohen)
Strabo
Stratagems in War (Polyaenus)
Strong, George Templeton
Subhaym
Subhuman, The (Nazi publication)
subhumans
Lincoln and
Untermenschen
Sumner, William Graham
sympathy
and imagination, connection between
Taylor, Telford
Tempest, The (Shakespeare)
Terhune, Mary
Terminator (fictional character)
Terminator, The (film)
Teutsch, S. M.
Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith)
thought
cognitive archaeology
higher-order
linguistic thought
second-order
See also language
Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (Goodall)
Tiamat (Mesopotamian monster)
Time magazine
“To T. S. Eliot” (Litvinoff)
Tostado, Alonso
Totem and Taboo (Freud)
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume)
Trois-Frères cave painting of “the sorcerer”
Tryon, Thomas
Tshuchiya, Yoshio
Turkey
and the Armenian genocide
Turney-High, Harry Holbert
Tutsis. See under Rwandan genocide
Twain, Mark
on “the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals”
“Twin Earth” thought experiment
Two Dialogues on the Man-Trade (abolitionist tract)
Two Treatises of Government (Locke)
Ugly Duckling hypothesis
United States
illegal immigration from Latin America, hostility toward
Native Americans, enslavement of
racial classifications
racism in
slavery in
transatlantic slave trade
See also Native Americans
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
United States military
and Germans
and Japanese
Japanese body parts as trophies
Untermenschen (subhumans)
Valladolid, debate in
Vaughan, Alden T.
Verner, Samuel Phillips
Verrill, Alpheus Hyatt
Vietnam War
body parts as trophies
ratio of weapon fire increase
Viking berserkers
von Reichenau, Walter
von Trotha, Lothar
Vonnegut, Kurt
Wagner, Gerhard
Wagner, Wolfgang
“Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy)
Waitz, Theodor
Wakefield, John
Walker, Francis A.
Wamwere, Koigi Wa
war
ant colonies and
body parts as trophies
children growing up exposed to bloodshed
chimpanzee communities and
combat guilt and psychological damage
dehumanization and
feuding and
and group solidarity
and human nature
hunting, compared with
killing, ambivalence about
and suicide
targets, replacing with human forms
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
war porn
War on the Mind (Watson)
Washington, George
Washington, Jesse
Watson, Peter
We Europeans (Carr-Saunders/Haddon/Huxley)
What Is Human? (Scholtmeijer)
“Why Men Love War” (Broyles Jr.)
Wills, Deborah
Wilson, Edward O.
Wilson, Matthew
Winters, Joseph Edcil
Winthrop, Wait
women
ancient Greeks and
objectification of
oppression of
World War I
World War II
and African-American blood transfusions
body parts as trophies
and target practice
Wouk, Herman
Wrangham, Richard
Wretched of the Earth, The (Sartre)
Wright, Richard
xenophobia, nonhuman
Yanomamö
raids against neighbors
Yosef, Ovadia
“Your Terrorist” (Alizadeh)
Zammit, Jean
Zemon, Natalie
ALSO BY DAVID LIVINGSTONE SMITH
Why We Lie
The Most Dangerous Animal
For my aunt, Laura Forester Mueller
LESS THAN HUMAN. Copyright © 2011 by David Livingstone Smith. All rights reserved.
For information, address St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
www.stmartins.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, David Livingstone, 1953–
Less than human : why we demean, enslave, and exterminate others / David Livingstone Smith.—1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-312-53272-7
1. Humanity—Psychological aspects. 2. Social isolation. 3. Marginality, Social. 4. Social status. I. Title.
HM1131.S65 2011
305.5'68—dc22
2010040196
First Edition: March 2011
eISBN 978-1-4299-6856-0
First St. Martin’s Press eBook Edition: March 2011
*I use these words in this special way only in contexts where the distinction matters. Elsewhere, I stick to their vernacular meanings.
*For the sake of accuracy, Locke didn’t use the term natural kind, which was introduced by John Stuart Mill over a century later.
*This claim is less impressive than it sounds, as the folk-biological beliefs of relatively few cultures have been studied in depth.
*The full story is a lot longer. Birds’ wings were originally exapted from forelimbs, and their feathers were apparently exapted from reptile scales.
*Of course, I don’t mean to say that this is all that there is to cruelty.
*Interestingly, less than half of the men and women surveyed thought that noncombatants should be treated with “dignity and respect” and about a third admitted to having cursed at or insulted them.
*Sometimes this hominin is called Homo ergaster rather than Homo erectus. There is a great deal of controversy about the relationship between the two species (if, indeed, they are two species).
*Cheese maggots (the larvae of the fly Piophila casei) are called “skippers” because of their ability to “skip” up to six inches into the air.