Mr. Hornaday's War
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Trefethan, James B. Crusade for Wildlife: Highlights In Conservation Progress. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Co. and the Boone and Crockett Club, 1961.
Trudeau, Noah Andre. Southern Storm: Sherman’s March to the Sea. New York: Harper Perennial, 2008.
Utley, Robert M., and Wilcomb E. Washburn. Indian Wars. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. The Malay Archipelago. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1869.
——. My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions. Vol. 1. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1905.
Ward, Henry Augustus. Catalogue of Casts of Fossils from the Principal Museums of Europe and America. Rochester, NY: Benton & Andrews, 1866.
Watts, Sarah. Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Wilbanks, William. Forgotten Heroes: Police Officers Killed in Early Florida, 1840–1925. New York: Turner Publishing, 1998.
Wilson, Alexander. Wilson’s American Ornithology. New York: T. L. Magagnos & Co., 1840.
ARTICLES AND DISSERTATIONS (INCLUDES UNPUBLISHED SOURCES)
Bruckner, Zoltan. “For a Balanced View of the American Indian.” Institute for Historical Review 18, no. 2 (March/April 1999).
Coffman, Douglas. “William Hornaday’s Bitter Mission: The Mysterious Journey of the Last Wild Bison.” Montana, February 1991, pp. 58–71.
Cole, Leon J. “The German Carp in the United States.” Appendix to the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Government Printing Office, 1905.
Dehler, Gregory J. “An American Crusader: William Temple Hornaday and Wildlife Protection in America, 1840–1940.” PhD diss., Lehigh University, 2001.
Dolph, James Andrew. “Bringing Wildlife to Millions: William Temple Hornaday, The Early Years: 1854–1896.” PhD diss., University of Massachusetts, 1975.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Snowy Egret Biological Status Review Report, March 31, 2011.
Franzen, Jonathan. “Emptying the Skies.” New Yorker, July 26, 2010.
Grigg, Gordon, and Carl Gans. “Morphology and Physiology of the Crocodylia.” In Fauna of Australia, vol. 2A, Amphibia and Reptilia, chapter 40, pp. 326–36. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993.
Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain. “No Shelter at Transfer Points.” New York Times, letter to the editor, January 4, 1903.
Hornaday, W. T. “An African Pigmy.” New York Zoological Society Bulletin 23, no. 302 (1906).
——. “The Crocodile in Florida.” American Naturalist, September 1875.
——. “On the Destruction of Birds and Mammals.” Auk 15 (1898): 280.
——. “The Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals: A Report on the Results of an Inquiry.” Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society 2 (1898): 77.
——. Eighty Fascinating Years (unpublished autobiography). Hornaday papers, Library of Congress, 1938.
——. “The Evolution of a Zoologist.” Hornaday papers, Library of Congress.
——. “The Founding of the Wichita National Bison Herd.” Bulletin of the American Bison Society (1907): 412.
——. “On the Species of Bornean Orangs, with Notes on Their Habits.” Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 28 (1879): 438–55.
——. “The Steam Roller Of The Feather Importers In The United States Senate: The Lobby Of The Feather Trade Jubilant, Thus Far: A Warning To The American People.” Pamphlet, 1913.
——. “Suicide of Ota Benga, the African Pygmy.” Zoological Society Bulletin 19, no. 3 (1916): 1356.
Horowitz, Helen. “The National Zoological Park: ‘City of Refuge’ or Zoo?” Records of the Columbia Historical Society (Washington, D.C., 1973–74), pp. 405–29 (from a larger history of American zoos undertaken when the author was a fellow in American and cultural history at the Smithsonian Institution).
Mergen, Alexa. “From Bison to Biopark: 100 Years of the National Zoo.” Friends of the National Zoo, 1989.
Meyers, George S. “A New Polynemid Fish Collected in the Sadong River, Sarawak, by Dr. William T. Hornaday.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 26, no. 9 (September 15, 1936): 376, 377.
Mitchell, John E., and Richard H. Hart. “Winter of 1886–87: The Death Knell of Open Range.” Rangelands 9, no. 1 (February 1987): 3–8.
Oldys, Henry. “Scarcity Forces America to Protect Its Game.” New York Times, September 3, 1911.
Peterson, John M. “Buffalo Hunting in Montana in 1886: The Diary of W. Harvey Brown, Montana.” Journal of Western History 31, no. 4 (Autumn 1981): 2–13.
——. “W. Harvey Brown and K.U.’s First Buffaloes.” Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 4, no. 4 (Winter 1981): 219–26.
Rauzon, Mark J. “The Diaries of Max Schlemmer from Laysan Island 1905–1907.” Journal of the Hawaiian Audubon Society 70, no. 4 (May 2010): 25–29.
“Restricts Sale of Game: Gov. Dix Signs the Bayne Bill Protecting Native Wild Animals.” New York Times, June 27, 1911.
Shell, Hanna Rose. “Skin Deep: Taxidermy, Embodiment, and Extinction in W. T. Hornaday’s Buffalo Group.” Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 55, supp. 1, no. 5 (October 18, 2004): 88–112.
Van Nostrand, Jeanne. “The Seals Are About Gone . . .” American Heritage, June 1963, pp. 11–19.
Wood, Judith Hebbring. “The Origin of Public Bison Herds in the United States.” Wicazo Sa Review 15, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 157–82.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Adobe Walls, Second Battle of, 182
“An African Pigmy” (Hornaday), 160
African Silences (Matthiessen), 166
Agassiz, Louis, 119
“Age of Extinction,” 111–12
Alaskan code of game laws, 207
Alaskan fur seal (Ursus marinus), xv, 175, 195–96, 218–19
alligator hunting, 92–93
American, Sadie, 202
American bison (Bison americanus), xv; ancestral homeland of, 12; apparent dim intelligence of, 61; bones sold for fertilizer, 33; census of, 4–5; compared to gaur and aurochs, 61; donated to new zoo, 136–37; as embodiment of Great Plains, 56–57; exhibited at New York Zoological Park, 183; free-roaming, extinction of, 46, 59; harness-broken, 184–85; herd split by Union Pacific Railroad, 22; Hornaday undertakes census of, 4–5; hunted (see buffalo-hide hunters; buffalo hunting); mythical “Canadian herd,” 33–34; near-extinction of (see near-extinction of American bison); Plains Indians’ dependence on, 18–19; private herds of, 140, 184; size of herds, 21, 67–68
The American Bison (Garretson), 185
American bison habitat grouping (National Museum): Hornaday’s drive to create, 55–57, 133; Hornaday’s note on, 48–49; importance of bull buffalo in, 44–45; taxidermy used in creating, 44, 47–48
American Bison Society: creation of, 57–58, 60, 133, 184; formation of bison herds on game reserves, 188–89; fund-raising for conservation, 184–85; vision of game preserve, 186
American Museum of Natural History: Eskimo exhibit, 157; failure to find bison specimens, 58–59; Osborn as head of, 151, 152; Ota Benga housed at, 158
American Ornithologists’ Union, 174, 179
Arapaho Indians, 182
“archosaureans,” 93
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad, 68
Audubon, John James, 13, 82, 127, 133
Audubon Act of 1911 (Dutcher Law), 192, 198
Audubon magazine, 192
Auk (journal), 179
Auten, Benjamin (guardian), 81, 98–99
Axis deer (“chital”), 105
badger, train ride with, 135
bag limits, reduction of, 208
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 24, 35, 45, 133, 134
Ballweg, Ambrose, 79
Barnum, P. T., 160
Bashilele tribe (African slave traders), 157
Battle Creek Sanitarium, 98<
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Bayne, Howard, 193
Bayne law, passage of, 193–94, 195
Baynes, Ernest Harold, 184–85
Beebe, C. William, 198–99
Bengal tigers, 107–9; killed by Hornaday, 9, 114–17, 122; kinds of, 107–8
Benton, Thomas Hart, 51–52
Berlin Zoo, 151, 154
Bessey, Charles, 82, 175
Betty (secretary), 213–14
Bird-Lore magazine, 192
birds: Audubon’s killing of, 82; Christmas Bird Count, 192; creation of sanctuaries for, 208; erroneous conclusions about hawks and owls, 178; Hornaday awarded medals for protection of, 203; Hornaday’s report on, met with disbelief, 179; illegally killed, 193; laws for protection of, 192, 194, 207; market hunting of (see feather trade); “mausoleum” of, in New York City, 193; proposed waterfowl hunting ban, 212–15; species in great peril, 173; survey of decrease in populations, 178; treaty with Canada on migratory birds, 194. See also specific bird species
Birds of America (Audubon), 13, 82
birds-of-paradise, 198, 199, 203
Black Elk (Sioux medicine man), 136–37
Black Elk Speaks (Neihardt), 137
Blackmore, William, 21
Blocki, Louise, 202
Boas, Franz, 157
bones (skeletons): bison bones sold for fertilizer, 33; of buffalo, found in Montana Territory, 28–29; collecting in Miami, 92, 95; specimens skinned and skeletonized, 39, 121
Boone, Daniel, 21, 58
Boone and Crockett Club, 58, 151, 152, 184, 208
Borneo, 127; described, 122–23; Dyak tribes of, 123, 124–25; Hornaday’s book about, 107, 112, 128, 217; Hornaday’s paradise fish (Polynemus hornadayi), 217; hunting orangs in, 123–27
Boyd, Irwin (cowboy/guide), 30, 36
Boy Scout medal named for Hornaday, 217
Bradley, Guy, 191, 192
Brewster, William, 202
Brinkley, Douglas, 9, 190
Bronx Zoo. See New York Zoological Park
Brown, Harvey, 36–37, 39, 42
“Brownie” (Hornaday’s horse), 43
buffalo. See American bison
Buffalo, New York, life in, 146, 147–48, 154
buffalo-hide hunters, 5, 64; “Doc” Zahl, reminiscences of, 33–34; “lazy or shiftless,” 69; unable to keep up with harvesting hides, 62–63
buffalo hunting: carcasses left to rot, 62–63; consequences of, 68–69; estimates of numbers slaughtered, 67, 68, 71; to extinction of species, 61; hides, disposition of, 39, 68; inevitability of extermination and, 66; last wild buffalo shot, 46; mechanized slaughter, 5; by Plains Indians, 21, 63; skeletons and carcasses found, 28–29; slaughter condemned by newspapers, 64–65; still-hunts, 61–62. See also collection of specimens
“buffalo jumps,” 21
Bumpus, Henry, 158
Burroughs, John, 217
Canada, 33–34, 194, 196
Cannon, Joseph (“Uncle Joe”), 141–42
“Canoe and Rifle on the Orinoco” (travelogue), 103
captive breeding program, 136, 183
Carew, Kate, 171–72
Carnegie, Andrew, 127–28
carp, common (Cyprinus carpio), 134–35
Catlin, George, 63
“cattle-lifters” (tigers), 108
Central Park zoo, 150
Chamberlain, George E., 203
Chamberlain, Josephine. See Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain
Champawat Tigress, 108
Chapman, Frank, 192
Cheyenne Indians, 14, 20, 69, 182; legend of buffalo cave, 66; White Dog (guide), 26, 27
Chicago Exposition of 1875, 98
Chicago Tribune, 10–11
Chimney Butte Ranch (Dakota Territory), 54–55
Christmas Bird Count, 192
Civil War, 9, 17, 78–79
“clay manikin process” (taxidermy), 56
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 127
Cleveland, Grover, 136
closed hunting seasons, fight for, 207
Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 20, 61–62, 140
collection of specimens: American bison, 6, 41, 42–44, 164; Audubon’s killing of birds, 82; Bengal tiger, 9, 114–17, 122; crocodiles, 94–96, 97, 122; to demonstrate need for preservation, 12–13; Hornaday and Wallace as tireless collectors, 120–21; Hornaday’s anger over stolen bison specimen, 41, 164; live, for “little tryout zoo,” 134–35; maritime specimens from Biscayne Bay, 91–92; in Miami, 92; Orinoco River expedition, 103–4; primates, by Du Chaillu, 119–20; work of skinning and skeletonizing, 39. See also American bison habitat grouping (National Museum)
Colored Baptist Ministers Conference, 161
Columbus Dispatch, 207
Comanche Indians, 181, 182, 185; legend of buffalo cave, 185–86; Quanah Parker, chief of (see Quanah Parker)
Conger, Omar D., 65
conservation: cultural remorse and, 132; fund-raising for, 184–85; groundswell of support for, 215–16
conservation organizations: impotence of, 174. See also specific organizations
Cooper, Merian C., 86
Cooper’s hawk, 178
Corbett, Jim, 108
Corbin, Austin, 184
cowboys: charge over bison, 188; as guides, 26–27, 36, 38; penchant for nicknames, 37
Cox, S. S., 64
Cree Indians, 63
Crockett, Davey, 58
crocodiles (crocodillians): appearance and bite force, 94; evolution of, 93–94; gavial, 112, 122; Hornaday’s discovery of, 93–96; Hornaday’s paper on, 96; hunt for and collection of specimen, 94–96, 97, 122
Crocodylus acutus floridanus, 96
Crow Indians, 136
Custer, George Armstrong, 14, 22, 136–37
Darwin, Charles, xiv, 85; advances theory of natural selection, 118–19; On the Origin of Species, 119; Ota Benga incident and, 161, 163, 164, 165
Darwin-Wallace paper (1858), 118–19
Dehler, Gregory, 80, 81
Delano, Columbus, 15, 20–21, 66, 70, 189
“Department of Living Animals,” 134, 135–37
“descent with modification,” 118
The Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday), 178
Dix, John, 193
Dodge, Richard Irving: as ally in “war for wildlife,” 69–70; on consequences of buffalo slaughter, 68–69; estimates number of buffalo slaughtered, 67, 68, 71
“Dohong” (orangutan), 159, 160
Donaldson, Thomas, 140
Drake, John B., 10–11
Du Chaillu, Paul, 9, 76, 84, 87, 105; collection of primate specimens, 119–20; expedition to Africa, 85–86
ducks, 214, 215–16
Ducks Unlimited, 208
Dutcher, William, 179, 192
Dutcher Law (Audubon Act of 1911), 192, 198
Dyak tribes (headhunters): description of Dyak village, 124; Hornaday’s admiration for, 113–14; on location of orangs, 123; morality of, 124–25
Eastman, George, 193
Eighty Fascinating Years (Hornaday), xv
Eldredge, Charles, 65
elephants, 121
Elliot, Henry Wood, 195–96
Endicott, William C., 24, 26
Eng Quee (servant), 112, 123, 124
“ethical hunting,” 58
“ethic of limits,” 12
“ethnographic exhibits,” 157, 159–60, 164
eugenics, 163
Everglades, 88, 89–97
expeditions, xiv; to Africa, 86–87, 109; to collect live specimens for “little tryout zoo,” 134–35; Du Chaillu’s African expedition, 85–86; to Everglades, 89–97; to Great Plains (see Smithsonian expeditions of 1886); to India, 9, 105–17, 122; to Orinoco River delta, 99–104
Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (Du Chaillu), 9, 85–86
“extermination exhibit,” 135
The Extermination of the American Bison (Hornaday), 57, 60–61, 132, 133
“extinction event,” 16
/> famine in India, 107, 112–13
fear of species extinction, xvii
feathered hats, 8, 15, 178, 192, 198
feather trade: actions of lobby for, xvi, 201–3; approaching half a million birds per year, 199; Hornaday’s fight against, 175, 198–99; Hornaday testifies regarding, 199–200
federal government: blamed for slaughter of buffalo, 64; lack of wildlife protection by, 173–74. See also game protection laws; U.S. Congress
Field and Stream magazine, 202
Fielding, Dodge (grandson), 216
Fielding, Helen Hornaday (daughter), 176, 195, 216
Figgis & Co., 199
financial depression of 1893, 148
Flathead Indian Reservation, 185
Forest and Stream magazine, 192
Forney, A. H., 6–7, 23, 24, 27, 34
Fort, Greenbury L. (representative from IL), 64
Fort Dodge (KS), 67
Fort Keogh (Montana Territory), 24–25, 37
Fort Sill (OK), 186
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 212
Frick, Henry Clay, 193
fund-raising: by American Bison Society, 184–85; for expedition to India, 106, 111; for National Zoo, 141–42; for Orinoco River expedition, 100–101; Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, 205–6
“game hogs,” 209
game protection laws, xvi; “anti-machine-gun bills,” 209; Audubon Act of 1911 (Dutcher Law), 192, 198; to combat “market hunting,” 192–94; feeble state and territorial laws, 65–66, 177; Hornaday’s efforts after retirement, 207–8; H.R. 921, fate of, 19, 64–65; model bird protection law, 192; passage of Bayne law, 193–94, 195; against pelagic sealing, 196; prohibiting sale of game, 192; revision of Alaskan code, 207; Weeks-McLean Law of 1913, 194, 207; written by hunters, 71, 177, 197
game wardens, 191, 192, 194
Garretson, Martin, 185
gaur (Bos gaurus), 61
gavial (Indian crocodile), 112, 122
Geronimo, 157
golden eagle, 136
Golden Fleece (bark), 102–3
Goode, G. Brown, 6, 136, 145; assistance with creating “little tryout zoo,” 133, 134; assistance with National Zoo, 60, 138, 141; wants Hornaday to continue as chief taxidermist, 140–41
Gordon, James, 161, 165
gorilla, 85, 86
goshawk, 178
gouamba, 105
Graham, Frank, Jr., 217–18