Mr. Hornaday's War
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Grant, DeForest, 151
Grant, Madison, 151, 152, 156, 175; approves campaign for Bayne bill, 193; forbids Hornaday’s publicity efforts, 180; racial views of (eugenicist), 163–64; role in Ota Benga incident, 162
Grant, Ulysses S., 11, 15, 18, 19, 65
“A Gratitude Monument” (Hornaday), 205
Great Plains: bison as embodiment of, 56–57; expeditions to (see Smithsonian expeditions of 1886); grazing capacity of, 68; Indians of (see Plains Indians; specific tribes)
“The Great Slaughter,” 21
Grinnell, George Bird, 19–20, 66, 192, 202, 207
grizzly bears, 136, 171–72
gun lobby, xvi
gun manufacturers, 15, 175
guns and ammunition, 26; big-game rifles, 109; fight against “slaughter guns,” 208; Hornaday as “crack shot,” 80, 91, 116; Maynard rifle, 91, 101, 105, 109, 114–16, 122; for Orinoco River expedition, 101; repeating shotguns, 175, 208, 209, 210; Sharps rifles, 5, 8, 22, 33, 62; tiger hunting, 9, 114–16, 122; Winchesters, 15, 42, 50
Hagenbeck, Carl, 154
Harper’s Weekly, 8, 20–21
Harrison, Benjamin, 142
Harrison, Francis Burton, 200–201
Haughton, A. R., 123
Haughton, Samuel, 119
Hay-Elliot Fur Seal Treaty of 1911, 196
headhunters, 113–14, 124
heath hen, extinction of, 173, 213
Hedley, George, 6; first Smithsonian expedition, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34; real estate business in Buffalo, 146, 147–48; second Smithsonian expedition, 38
Hitler, Adolf, 163, 212
“Holocene extinction,” xvii, 93–94
Hornaday, Calvin (brother), 78–79
Hornaday, Clark (brother), 78, 79
Hornaday, Ezekiel (grandfather), 77
Hornaday, Helen (daughter), 176, 195, 216
Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain (“Empress Josephine”), 60, 154, 215; cares for queasy orangutans, 155; engagement to Hornaday, 109–10; first meeting with Hornaday, xiii–xiv, 99–100; Hornaday’s first book dedicated to, 130; Hornaday’s love for, 52, 104, 176; letters of, important to Hornaday, 110, 129, 147; little written record of, 129; loneliness in his absences, 195; urges Hornaday’s resignation, 146–47; wedding in Battle Creek, 129
Hornaday, Martha (mother), 77–78, 79
Hornaday, William (father), 77–78, 79
Hornaday, William Temple: collection of specimens by (see collection of specimens); dangers faced by, 122; death of, 216; eagerness to go to Africa, 76; eulogized, 217–18, explanations for exhibiting Ota Benga, 164, 165; fame of, 122, 172; feelings of inferiority, 153; forgotten by historians, 217–18; insensitive to matters of race, 164; opposition to buffalo slaughter, 21; reporter’s assessment of qualifications, 141; response to MacArthur’s criticism, 161–62; as taxidermist (see American bison habitat grouping; taxidermy); treatment of servants, 112; undertakes census of American bison, 4–5
appearance of, 3, 47; after two years in India, 121; energy, in old age, 206–7; facial features, 8–9, 106; in middle age, 171, 172; as young man, 90
awards and honors: eulogies, 218; honorary doctorates, 172; Hornaday’s paradise fish, 217; medals for bird protection, 203; media praise, 204, 205; Mount Hornaday named for, 216–17; William T. Hornaday Award (Boy Scouts), 217
criticism of, xiv–xv, 49; for bison reserves, 189; “often irritating,” 207; pygmy exhibit “an outrage,” 161–62; as “repentant hunter.” 153; “stop Hornaday” campaign, 206
early life of, 3; college years, 81–82; deaths of parents, 79; family moves West to Iowa, 77–78; learns to shoot and hunt, 80; life on Eddyville farm, 78–79; lives with uncle in Indiana, 79; love for wildlife, 78; religious upbringing, 80–81
employed by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment: expedition to Everglades, 88, 89–97; hired by Prof. Ward, 9, 76–77; interest in various departments of, 83–84; letter of application, 83; proposal for African expedition, 86–87; romance and glamour of, 84; sets up exhibit at Chicago Exposition of 1875, 98
as hunter: alligator hunting, 92–93; book written about, 107, 112, 128, 217; feelings of guilt for hunting, 70–71, 80, 81; learns to hunt in childhood, 80; numbness to regret for killing wildlife, 97; orangutan hunts, 123–27; views of hunting career, 132–33
illnesses: bedridden at age 83, 214; injuries, 106; neuritis, xiv, 212–13; tropical fevers (malaria), 110, 112, 121
letters of: on captive breeding program, 136; on combating public apathy, 179–80; complimenting FDR, 216; expressing gratitude to Ward, 123; expressing love for Josephine, 176; to FDR on waterfowl hunting ban, 212–15; on financial worries, 154–55; note on bison habitat grouping, 48–49; passage of Bayne law, 194; plans to exhibit humans, 159–60; preference for old clothes, 172; protesting “sidehunts,” 179; Ward publishes letters from India, 122; on wildlife protection, 175
marriage to Josephine: fifty-year anniversary, 213; importance of her letters to him, 110, 129, 147; life in Buffalo, NY, 146, 147–48, 154; move to Stamford, CT, 150; tour of European zoos, 154; wedding in Battle Creek, MI, 110, 129
nature and temperament of, 55, 155, 215; combativeness, xvi, 8, 176–77; “command presence,” 106, 121–22; near rudeness, xiii–xiv, 99; obstinacy, 9, 132–33, 215, 219; teetotaler, 37
Theodore Roosevelt and, 50–59; creation of American Bison Society, 57–58, 60, 133; first meeting, 50–51; natural companions, 51–52
views on: Andrew Carnegie, 128; boasts of killing orangutans, 126; career as hunter, 132–33; ethics of “last buffalo hunt,” 36; falling in love, 104; feelings of guilt for hunting, 70–71, 80, 81; first meeting with Josephine, 99; hierarchy of sentient life, 164–65; his lack of scientific accomplishment, 120; his war for wildlife, xv; his wife, Josephine, 129, 130; Indian expedition, 106, 107; Indians’ foolishness with buffalo, 63–64; killing large bull buffalo, 41–42; kinship of humans and apes, 126–27; largest specimen taken, 43–44; marriage, 213; near-extinction of American bison, 5; “new” crocodile subspecies, 96; old age, 206–7; rapacious hunters, 12; Samuel Pierpont Langley, 137–38; saving of wildlife, xvi–xvii; “side-hunts,” 178–79; South America, 104; vistas in Montana Territory, 27; Ward’s demands, 111; Ward’s museum, 84
work on National Zoo: conflicts with Langley, 144–46; demoted by Langley, 145; epiphany regarding, 131–32; given “free rein,” 140–41; resignation, 146–47, 149; secures funding, 141–42
work on New York Zoological Park: extensive official duties of, 174–75; Hornaday hired to create zoo, 149; knowledge of wildlife status due to, 173; retirement in 1926, 204; tour of European zoos, 154; upset over “Bronx Zoo” name, 204–5; vision of finished zoo, 151–52
writings of: archived papers, 129; autobiography (unpublished), xv, 35–36, 175, 180; on creation of wildlife reserves, 183; fortieth-anniversary poem to Josephine, 205; natural history articles, 148; on wildlife and conservation, xvi. See also specific works
Hornaday’s American Natural History (Hornaday), 96
Hornaday’s paradise fish (Polynemus hornadayi), 217
Howard Colored Orphan Asylum, 165
hunting: destruction of bird species by, 178–79; duck hunters’ refusal to hunt, 215–16; estimates of slaughtered wildlife, 71–72; “ethical hunting,” 58; “game hogs,” 209; Hornaday’s game protection efforts and, 207–8; hunters as “armies of destruction,” 197, 209–10; increase in numbers of hunters, 210; ineffectual game laws and, 66; “market hunting,” 192; reduction of bag limits, 208; seal hunting, 175, 195–96
The Hunting Grounds of the Great West (Dodge), 69
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (Roosevelt), 8
HV Ranch, 37
India, 9, 105–17, 122; famine in, 107, 112–13; Hornaday’s book about, 107, 112, 128, 217; lack of game in, 111–12; man-eating tigers, 107–9
Indian expedition, 105–17; dangers of, 109–10; Hornaday kills tiger, 9, 114–17, 122
Indians. See Plains Indians; specific tribes
Indian wars: atro
cities in, 18, 20; massacre of Custer, 22; role in near-extinction of buffalo, 19, 20–21, 66, 70; Sherman’s conduct of, 17–19
international wildlife protection treaties, 196
invasive species, introduction of, 134–35
Iowa State Agricultural College, 82, 128–29
Iowa State University, 77, 82
Iron Jacket (Comanche chief), 181
Isa-tai (medicine man), 182
Jackson, Chester: decision to travel with Hornaday, 90–91; on departure for Orinoco, 101–2; description of Hornaday, 90; first meeting with Hornaday, 89–90; idea for Orinoco River expedition, 100; letters to, 130; on storms at sea, 102–3; unable to go on Indian expedition, 110–11
Kansas City Journal, 189
Kellogg, John Harvey, 98
King Kong (film), inspiration for, 9, 86
Kiowa Indians, 182, 185–86
Kipling, Rudyard, 151
Lacey, John F., 191
Lacey Act of 1900, 185, 191–92
Lane, Harry, 203
Langley, Samuel Pierpont, xvi, 141, 149; appointed to Smithsonian, 137; appoints committee to “control” Hornaday, 145, 146; conflicts with Hornaday over Zoo, 144–46; fascination with flying machines, 138; gives Hornaday free rein to create zoo, 140–41; Hornaday’s disenchantment with, 137–38; petulance of, 146; power over National Zoo, 142; “reign of terror” over Smithsonian, 143; “resolution” about National Zoo, 143–44; support of zoo bill, 140
“Langley’s Folly,” 138
law. See game protection laws
Lee, Alice Hathaway, 52–53, 54, 55, 58
Leopold, King of Belgium, 157
Liberty (schooner), 89, 91
Library of Congress, 129
Liebling, A. J., 172
Life magazine, 212
Linnean Society, 119
Little Bighorn River, Battle of, 14, 22, 136–37
Little Robe (Cheyenne chief), 66
Livingstone, David, 85, 109
lobbying: actions of feather-trade lobbyists, xvi, 201–3; American Bison Society created for, 57–58, 60, 133; gun lobby, xvi
loggerhead turtles, 89–90
London Feather Sale of May 1911, 199
“Long Island bunch,” 192–93
LU-Bar Ranch, 25
Lucas, Frederic, 83
lyrebirds, 8, 203
MacArthur, R. S., 161
The Malay Archipelago (Wallace), 120
Malay Peninsula, 120
Malay people, 112
manatee, 91, 104
man-eating tigers, 108
“market hunting,” 192–94
Matthiessen, Peter, 166
McCanna,“Mac” (camp cook), 37
McCormick, B. C., 64–65
McCullough, David, 53
McGillicuddy, Valentine T., 136–37
McHugh, Tom, 67–68
McKinley, William, 58, 184, 185
McLean, George, 203
McLellan, George B., Jr., 162
McLeod, Columbus, 191
McNaney, Jim (cowboy), 36, 39, 40, 42, 44
McNary, O. C., 66
Megatherium (giant ground sloth), 83
Merrill, J. C. (army doctor), 13, 25
Meyers, George S., 217
“militant women,” 201
Miller, David (half-brother), 79, 91
Miller, Warren, 202
Minds and Manners of Wild Animals (Hornaday), 165
Montana National Bison Reserve, 188
Montana Territory, 6–7; Fort Keogh, 24–25, 31, 37; Smithsonian expedition of 1886, 23–29; as wild and dangerous place, 13–14
Moran (pvt. from Fort Keogh), 31
Morgan, J. P., 155–56
Mount Hornaday, 216–17
Mssrs. J. & A. Boskowitz, 62
Muir, John, 217
Nangen (servant), 105, 106, 112, 114, 115
National Academy of Natural Sciences, 95
National Audubon Society 179, 192, 200
National Museum. See U.S. National Museum
National Zoo (Washington, D.C.), xvi; determination to create, 57, 60, 133; disputes over borders of, 141; Hornaday’s work with (see Hornaday, William Temple); inspiration for, 34; public interest in, 135–36; publicity campaign for, 138–39; site of, 137, 139, 140, 144
natural selection, 118
Nature (journal), 128
Nautdah (Cynthia Ann Parker), 181–82
near-extinction of American bison, 5–6; buffalo hunting and, 61; Hornaday’s views on, 5; public apathy regarding, 60, 63; Quanah Parker’s outrage at, 182; return from, 218; role of Indian wars in, 19, 20–21, 66, 70; wild bison exterminated, 46, 59
Neihardt, John C., 137
New York City, 150–51, 163, 193
New York Evening Post, 164
New York Public Opinion, 138–39
New York Times, 122, 184, 204; gratitude toward Hornaday, 188; Josephine’s letter to, 129; on Ota Benga exhibit, 160, 162, 165
New York Times Magazine, 206–7
New York World, 171–72
New York World-Telegram, 172
New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo), 183; donation of bison to Wichita game preserve, 187, 188; exhibition of Ota Benga, xv, xvi, 156–62; Hornaday’s work with (see Hornaday, William Temple); as instant success, 156; official opening of, 155–56; search for appropriate site, 153–54
New York Zoological Society, 151, 154, 200; mandate on wildlife preservation, 174–75, 198; offers job to Hornaday, 149, 152–53; pressured to fire Hornaday, 206; publication of Hornaday’s report, 178; renamed Wildlife Conservation Society, 218
Northern Pacific railroad, 11–12, 14
“Old Man” (baby orangutan), 127
“Old Stripes” (Bengal tiger), 9, 114–17, 122
Oldys, Henry, 200, 202
“Ole Boss” (crocodile), 94–96, 97
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 119
“On the Species of Bornean Orangs, with Notes on Their Habits” (Hornaday), 127
orangutan (“Man of the forest”), 123–27; appearance and size of specimens, 125; Hornaday’s feeling for, 126–27; observation of behavior, 127; queasy, Josephine cares for, 155
Orinoco River expedition, 99–104; Golden Fleece, 102–3; Hornaday writes travelogue about, 103; outfitting in Manhattan, 101; proposal and funding for, 100–101; specimens collected, 103–4
ornithologists, 173, 177–78
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 151, 175; on American Bison Society, 189; approves campaign for Bayne bill, 193; love of hunting, 152; remarks at zoo opening, 156, 159
Oskaloosa College, 81–82
Ota Benga: as “employee” of zoo, 160, 162; exhibited at St. Louis World’s Fair, 157, 158; exhibited in Monkey House, 160–62; Hornaday’s explanation for exhibiting, 164, 165; housed at American Museum of Natural History, 158; purchased and brought to U.S. by Verner, 157; released to Rev. Gordon, 165; suicide due to homesickness, 166–67; wanders woods near Lynchburg, VA, 165–66
Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday), 164, 197, 199–200, 209, 210
Outdoor Life magazine, 218
Palmer, Theodore, 179–80
Parker, Cynthia Ann (Nautdah), 181–82
Parker, Quanah. See Quanah Parker
passenger pigeon, extinction of, 173, 213
The Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 163
Pearson, T. Gilbert, 200, 202
Peary, Robert, 157
People’s Home Journal magazine, 208
Pera Vera (tracker), 105, 106, 112, 114, 115, 123, 124
Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund: battles of, 207–8; formation of, 205–6
Peta Nocona, 181, 182
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, 96
Phillips, Henry (rancher), 25
Piegan Indians, 40–41, 164
Plains Indians: “buffalo jumps,” 21; dependence on buffalo, 18–19, 20, 63, 68–69; diminished with loss of buffalo, 26; legends of buffalo caves, 66, 185–86; Wichita Mountains sacred to, 18
5–86. See also specific tribes
The Plain Truth About Game Conservation (Hornaday), 208
plume hunters, 178
politics, 139–40, 141, 145
“pot-hunters,” 178
Powell, John Wesley, 145, 146
prairie chicken, 207
Prevotel, Isadore, 83
Pribilof Islands: fur seal comeback in, 218–19; seal hunting in, 175, 195–96
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 127
pronghorn antelope, 207
public apathy, xvii, 20–21; Hornaday’s determination to combat, 177; moral outrage lacking in America, 197; near-extinction of buffalo and, 60, 63; regarding Hornaday’s survey of bird decline, 179
public interest: in National Zoo, 135–36; in pygmy exhibit, 160–61, 162
public relations: campaign for National Zoo, 138–39; Cody’s offer of buffalo herd, 140; facts as propaganda tools, 180; fawning publicity for Hornaday, 171–72; Hornaday’s letters as publicity for Ward’s, 122
quail, 207
Quanah, Acme, and Pacific Railroad, 187
Quanah Parker: escapes Texas Rangers, 181–82; as extraordinary person, 186–87; outrage at massacre of buffalo, 182; Roosevelt’s promise to, 186, 187, 190
“rag-and-stuff method” of taxidermy, 55
“Rajah” (orangutan specimen), 125
Reeves, Pressly, 191
Rochester Democrat Chronicle, 122
Rock Creek Park, 137, 139, 140, 144
Roosevelt, Alice Lee, 53
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: as conservationist, 214; names peak in Yellowstone for Hornaday, 216–17; new hunting regulation by, 209; response to Hornaday’s request, 216; waterfowl hunting ban and, 212–15
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 54
Roosevelt, Theodore, 8, 14, 24, 104, 217; American Bison Society and, 57–58, 183–84; embraces “the strenuous life,” 54–55; first meeting with Hornaday, 49–50; literary career of, 51–52; marriage to Alice Hathaway Lee, 52–53; New York Zoological Society and, 151, 152; physical frailty in youth, 52; political career of, 58; as president, 184, 186; promise to Quanah Parker, 186, 187, 190; trip West to territories, 53–54
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 203
Rush, Frank, 188
Russell, Charles M., 14
Russell, L. S. (“Russ”) (cowboy), 36, 38, 39–40
“Sandy” (buffalo calf), 31–32, 34, 48, 136
Santa Fe New Mexican (newspaper), 64