David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition
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A revised view on the literary sources of the Davidic conquests
Na’aman, N. 2002. In Search of Reality Behind the Account of David’s Wars with Israel’s Neighbours. Israel Exploration Journal 52:200–224.
History and archaeology of Gath
Maeir, A., and C. S. Ehrlich. 2001. Excavating Philistine Gath: Have We Found Goliath’s Hometown? Biblical Archaeology Review 27 (6):22–31.
Schniedewind, W. M. 1998. The Geopolitical History of Philistine Gath. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 309:69–77.
CHAPTER 4. TEMPLE AND DYNASTY
Assyrian military and economic activity
Finkelstein, I. 1992. Horvat Qitmit and the Southern Trade in the Late Iron Age II. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 108:156–70.
Tadmor, H. 1966. Philistia Under Assyrian Rule. Biblical Archaeologist 29:86–102.
The assault of Israel and Damascus on Judah
Cazelles, H. 1991. La guerre syro-ephraimite dans le context de la politique internationale. In D. Garrone, ed., Storia e tradizioni di Israele, 31–48. Brescia.
Modern archaeological research in Jerusalem
Avigad, N. 1984. Discovering Jerusalem, 31–60. Oxford.
Geva, H., ed. 2000. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem.
Steiner, M. L. 2001. Excavations by Kathleen M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967, vol. III, The Settlement in the Bronze and Iron Ages. London.
Vaughn, A. G., and A. E. Killebrew, eds. Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Atlanta.
The expansion of Jerusalem
Broshi, M. 1974. The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. Israel Exploration Journal 24:21–26.
Geva, H. 2003. Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter. In A. G. Vaughn andA. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 183–208. Atlanta.
Reich, R., and E. Shukron. 2003. The Urban Development of Jerusalem in the Late Eight Century B.C.E. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 209–18. Atlanta.
Iron Age cemeteries in Jerusalem
Barkay, G., A. Kloner, and A. Mazar. 1994. The Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem During the First Temple Period. In H. Geva, ed., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, 119–27. Jerusalem.
Ussishkin, D. 1993. The Village of Silwan: The Necropolis from the Period of the Judean Kingdom. Jerusalem.
Olive oil economy in Judah
Finkelstein, I., and N. Na’aman. 2004. The Judahite Shephelah in the Late 8th and Early 7th Centuries BCE. Tel Aviv 31:60–79.
Lmlk storage jars
Na’aman, N. 1986. Hezekiah’s Fortified Cities and the LMLK Stamps. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 261:5–21.
Vaughn, A. G. 1999. Theology, History, and Archaeology in the Chronicler’s Account of Hezekiah. Atlanta.
The expansion of writing and literacy in Judah
Jamieson-Drake, D. W. 1991. Scribes and Schools in Monarchic Judah: A Socio-Archaeological Approach. Sheffield.
Schniedewind, W. 2003. Jerusalem, the Late Judaean Monarchy and the Composition of the Biblical Texts. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 375–94. Atlanta.
———. 2004. How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel. Cambridge.
Data on population changes in the northern highlands (Iron II to Persian period)
Finkelstein, I., Z. Lederman, and S. Bunimovitz. 1997. Highlands of Many Cultures: The Southern Samaria Survey: The Sites, 898–906. Tel Aviv.
Zertal, A. 1989. The Pahwah of Samaria (Northern Israel) During the Persian Period. Types of Settlement, Economy, History and New Discoveries. Transeuphratène 2:9–30.
Deportees settled in the territories of the northern kingdom
Na’aman, N., and R. Zadok. 1988. Sargon II’s Deportations to Israel and Philistia. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 40:36–46.
———. 2000. Assyrian Deportations to the Province of Samaria in the Light of the Two Cuneiform Tablets from Tel Hadid. Tel Aviv 27:159–88.
The cult reform of Hezekiah
ACCEPTING ITS HISTORICITY
Haran, M. 1978. Temples and Temple-Service in Ancient Israel—An Inquiry into the Character of Cult Phenomena and the Historical Setting of the Priestly School. Oxford.
Lowery, R. H. 1991. The Reforming Kings: Cults and Society in First Temple Judah. Sheffield.
McKay, J. 1973. Religion in Judah Under the Assyrians. Naperville.
Weinfeld, M. 1964. Cult Centralization in Israel in the Light of a Neo-Babylonian Analogy. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23:202–12.
REJECTING ITS HISTORICITY
Fried, L. 2002. The High Places (Bamôt) and the Reforms of Hezekiah and Josiah: An Archaeological Investigation. Journal of the American Oriental Society 122:1–29.
Handy, L. 1988. Hezekiah’s Unlikely Reform. Zeitschrift für die altestamentliche Wissenschaft 100:111–15.
Na’aman, N. 1995. The Debated Historicity of Hezekiah’s Reform in the Light of Historical and Archaeological Research. Zeitschrift für die altestamentliche Wissenschaft 107:179–95.
Archaeological evidence for the abandonment of cult places in the late eighth century
Aharoni, Y. 1974. The Horned Altar at Beersheba. Biblical Archaeologist 37:2–23.
Herzog, Z. 2001. The Date of the Temple at Arad: Reassessment of the Stratigraphy and the Implications for the History of Religion in Judah. In A. Mazar, ed., Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, 156–78. Sheffield.
Ussishkin, D. 2003. The Level V “Sanctuary” and “High Place” at Lachish. In C. G. den Hertog, U. Hübner, and S. Münger, eds., Saxa Loquentur: Studien zur Archäologie Palästinas/Israels, Festschrift für Volkmar Fritz, 205–11. Münster.
Influence of Assyrian chronicles on biblical history writing
Van Seters, J. 1990. Joshua’s Campaign of Canaan and Near Eastern Historiography. Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 4:1–12.
———. 1997. Solomon’s Temple: Facts and Ideology in Biblical and Near Eastern Historiography. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 59:45–57.
Hezekiah’s revolt
Grabbe, L. L., ed. 2003. “Like a bird in a cage”: The Invasion of Sennacherib in 701 BCE. Sheffield.
Halpern, B. 1991. Jerusalem and the Lineages in the Seventh Century BCE: Kinship and the Rise of Individual Moral Liability. In B. Halpern and D. W. Hobson, eds., Law and Ideology in Monarchic Israel, 11–107. Sheffield.
Lachish and its conquest by Sennacherib
Ussishkin, D. 1982. The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib. Tel Aviv.
CHAPTER 5. SOLOMON’S WISDOM?
The archaeology of the days of Manasseh
Finkelstein, I. 1994. The Archaeology of the Days of Manasseh. In M. D. Coogan, J. C. Exum, and L. E. Stager, eds., Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Honor of Philip J. King, 169–87. Louisville.
Settlement activity in the Judean Desert
Cross, F. M., and J. T. Milik. 1956. Explorations in the Judean Buqeah. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 142:5–17.
Stager, L. E. 1976. Farming in the Judean Desert. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 221:145–58.
The six-chambered “Solomonic” gates
Yadin, Y. 1970. Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. Biblical Archaeologist 33:66–96.
Evidence against the six-chambered gates theory
Ussishkin, D. 1980. Was the “Solomonic” City Gate at Megiddo Built by King Solomon? Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 239:1–18.
———. 1990. Notes on Megiddo, Gezer, Ashdod, and Tel Batash in the Tenth to Ninth Centuries B.C. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 277/278:71–91.
Hazor in the ninth and eighth centu
ries
Finkelstein, I. 1999. Hazor and the North in the Iron Age: A Low Chronology Perspective. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 314:55–70.
The debate over the dating of the Iron Age strata
Ben-Tor, A. 2000. Hazor and Chronology of Northern Israel: A Reply to Israel Finkelstein. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 317:9–15.
Boaretto, E., A. J. T. Jull, A. Gilboa, and I. Sharon. 2005. Dating the Iron Age I/II Transition in Israel: First Intercomparison Results. Radiocarbon 47:39–55.
Bruins, H. J., J. van der Plicht, and A. Mazar. 2003. 14C Dates from Tel Rehov: Iron Age Chronology, Pharaohs, and Hebrew Kings. Science 300:315–18.
Finkelstein, I., and E. Piasetzky. 2003. Recent Radiocarbon Results and King Solomon. Antiquity 77:771–79.
———. 2003. Wrong and Right; High and Low—14C Dates from Tel Rehov and Iron Age Chronology. Tel Aviv 30:283–95.
———. 2003. Comment on “14C Dates from Tel Rehov: Iron-Age Chronology, Pharaohs, and Hebrew Kings.” Science 302:568b.
Gilboa, A., and I. Sharon. 2003. An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate: Alternative Chronologies for Phoenicia and Their Effects on the Levant, Cyprus, and Greece. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 332:7–80.
Levy, T., and T. Higham, eds. 2005. Radiocarbon Dating and the Iron Age of the Southern Levant: The Bible and Archaeology Today. London.
Mazar, A. 1997. Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein. Levant 29:155–65.
The Solomonic districts
Na’aman, N. 2002. Solomon’s District List (1 Kings 4:7–19) and the Assyrian Province System in Palestine. Ugarit-Forschungen 33:419–36.
Late monarchic realities behind the Solomon narrative
Knauf, E. A. 1991. King Solomon’s Copper Supply. In E. Lipinski, ed., Phoenicia and the Bible, 167–86. Leuven.
The Megiddo stables
Cantrell, D. 2005. Stable Issues. In I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin, and B. Halpern, eds., Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons. Tel Aviv.
Cantrell, D., and I. Finkelstein. 2005. A Kingdom for a Horse: The Megiddo Stables and Eighth Century Israel. In I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin, and B. Halpern, eds., Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons. Tel Aviv.
Pritchard, J. B. 1970. The Megiddo Stables: A Reassessment. In J. A. Sanders, ed., Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century, 268–75. Garden City.
Yadin, Y. 1976. The Megiddo Stables. In F. M. Cross, W. E. Lemke, and P. D. Miller, eds., Magnalia Dei: The Mighty Acts of God. Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Memory of G. E. Wright, 249–52. Garden City.
Horses in Assyria and Israel
Dalley, S. 1985. Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II. Iraq 47:31–48.
Heidorn, L. A. 1997. The Horses of Kush. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56:105–14.
The ancient Arabs
Ephal, I. 1982. The Ancient Arabs. Jerusalem.
The rise of Edom
Bienkowski, P., ed. 1992. Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan. Sheffield.
———. 1994. The Origin and Development of Edom. In S. Mazzoni, ed., Nuove fondazioni nel vicino oriente antico: Realtà e ideologia, 263–68. Pisa.
Camels at Tell Jemmeh
Wapnish, P. 1984. The Dromedary and Bactrian Camel in Levantine Historical Settings: The Evidence from Tell Jemmeh. In J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, eds., Animals and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and their Flocks, 171–200. BAR International Series 202. Oxford.
The kingdom of Sheba
Simpson, J., ed. 2002. Queen of Sheba: Treasures from Ancient Yemen. London.
King Hiram of Tyre
Green, A. R. 1983. David’s Relations with Hiram: Biblical and Josephan Evidence for Tyrian Chronology. In C. L. Meyers and M. O’Connor, eds., The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth, 373–97. Winona Lake.
Mendels, D. 1998. Hellenistic Writers of the Second Century BCE on the Hiram-Solomon Relationship. In Identity, Religion and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History, 379–93. Sheffield.
Glueck on Solomon’s copper at Ezion-geber
Glueck, N. 1940. The Third Season of Excavation at Tell el-Kheleifeh. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 79:2–18.
———. 1965. Ezion-geber. Biblical Archaeologist 28:70–87.
A reevaluation of the finds from Tell el-Kheleifeh
Pratico, G. D. 1993. Nelson Glueck’s 1938–1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal. Atlanta.
The Timna mines—a current view
Rothenberg, B. 1972. Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. Aylesbury.
The copper mines at Wadi Feinan
Hauptmann, A., and G. Weisgerber. 1992. Periods of Ore Exploitation and Metal Production in the Area of Feinan, Wadi Arabah, Jordan. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 4:61–66.
Knauf, E. A., and C. J. Lenzen. 1987. Edomite Copper Industry. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 3:83–88.
CHAPTER 6. CHALLENGING GOLIATH
The figure of King Manasseh in the Deuteronomistic History
Ben-Zvi, E. 1991. The Account of the Reign of Manasseh in II Reg 21:1–18 and the Redactional History of the Book of Kings. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 103:355–74.
Eynikel, E. 1997. The Portrait of Manasseh and the Deuteronomistic History. In M. Vervene and J. Lust, eds., Deuteronomy and Deuteronomic Literature, 233–61. Leuven.
Halpern, B. 1998. Why Manasseh Was Blamed for the Babylonian Exile: The Revolution of a Biblical Tradition. Vetus Testamentum 48:473–514.
Schniedewind, W. M. 1991. The Source Citations of Manasseh: King Manasseh in History and Homily. Vetus Testamentum 41:450–61.
Van Keulen, P. 1996. Manasseh Through the Eyes of the Deuteronomists. Leiden.
The Deuteronomistic History
Cross, F. M. 1973. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, 274–88. Cambridge.
de Pury, A., T. Römer, and J.-D. Macchi, eds. 2000. Israel Constructs Its History. Sheffield.
Knoppers, G. N., and J. G. McConville, eds. 2000. Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History. Winona Lake.
McKenzie, S. L., and M. P. Graham, eds. 1994. The History of Israel’s Traditions: The Heritage of Martin Noth. Sheffield.
Römer, T., ed. 2000. The Future of the Deuteronomistic History. Leuven.
Na’aman, N. Forthcoming. The Past That Shapes the Present.
Noth, M. 1981. The Deuteronomistic History. Sheffield.
King Josiah: the biblical text, history, and messianic expectations
Eynikel, E. 1996. The Reform of King Josiah and the Composition of the Deuteronomistic History. Leiden.
Laato, A. 1992. Josiah and David Redivivus: The Historical Josiah and the Messianic Expectations of Exilic and Postexilic Times. Stockholm.
Na’aman, N. 1991. The Kingdom of Judah Under Josiah. Tel Aviv 18:3–71.
Sweeney, M. 2002. King Josiah of Judah: The Lost Messiah of Israel. Oxford.
The geopolitical situation in the late seventh century
Malamat, A. 1988. The Kingdom of Judah Between Egypt and Babylon: A Small State Within a Great Power Confrontation. In W. Classen, ed., Text and Context, 117–29. Sheffield.
Redford, D. B. 1992. Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, 430–69. Princeton.
Distribution of late-seventh-century Judahite finds and the borders of Judah
Kletter, R. 1999. Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to Its Political Borders. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 314:19–54.
Ekron: excavations, history, the Ekron inscription, and the oil industry
Eitam, D. 1996. The Olive Oil Industry at Tel Miqne-Ekron in the Late Iron Age. In D. Eitam and M. Heltzer, eds., Olive Oil in Antiquity, 167–96. Padova.
Gitin, S. 1995. Tel Miqne-Ekron in the 7th Century B.C.E.: Th
e Impact of Economic Innovation and Foreign Cultural Influences on a Neo-Assyrian Vassal City-State. In S. Gitin, ed., Recent Excavations in Israel: A View to the West, 61–79. Dubuque.
———. 1996. Tel Miqne-Ekron in the 7th century B.C.: City Plan Development and the Oil Industry. In D. Eitam and M. Heltzer, eds., Olive Oil in Antiquity, 219–42. Padova.
Gitin, S., T. Dothan, and J. Naveh. 1997. A Royal Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron. Israel Exploration Journal 47:1–16.
Na’aman, N. 2003. Ekron Under the Assyrian and Egyptian Empires. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 332:81–91.
Naveh, J. 1998. Achish-Ikausu in the Light of the Ekron Dedication. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 310:35–37.
The Philistines in the Bible
Ehrlich, C. S. 1996. The Philistines in Transition. A History from ca. 1000–730 B.C.E. Leiden.
Machinist, P. 2000. Biblical Traditions: The Philistines and Israelite History. In E. Oren, ed., The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, 53–83. Philadelphia.
Biblical Philistines and later Greek traditions
Finkelstein, I. 2002. The Philistine in the Bible: A Late-Monarchic Perspective. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 27:131–67.
Yadin, A. 2004. Goliath’s Armor and Israelite Collective Memory. Vetus Testamentum 54:373–95.
The biblical expression “until this day”
Geoghegan, J. C. 2003. “Until this Day” and the Preexilic Redaction of the Deuteronomistic History. Journal of Biblical Literature 122:201–27.
Greek arms and warfare
Hansen, V. D., ed. 1991. Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience. London.
Snodgrass, A. M. 1964. Early Greek Armour and Weapons from the End of the Bronze Age to 600 B.C. Edinburgh.
———. 1967. Arms and Armour of the Greeks. London.
Mesad Hashavyahu
Fantalkin, A. 2001. Mezad Hashavyahu: Its Material Culture and Historical Background. Tel Aviv 28:3–165.
The Kittim
Aharoni, Y. 1981. Arad Inscriptions, 12–13. Jerusalem.
Dion, P.-E. 1992. Les KTYM de Tel Arad: Grecs ou Phéniciens? Revue Biblique 99:70–97.
Heltzer, M. 1988. Kition According to the Biblical Prophets and Hebrew Ostraca from Arad. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 167–71. Nicosia.