David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition
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CHAPTER 7. PATRON SAINTS OF THE TEMPLE
The Neo-Babylonian period
Lipschits, O. Forthcoming. The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem—Judah Under Babylonian Rule. Winona Lake.
Lipschits, O., and J. Blenkinsopp, eds. 2003. Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Winona Lake.
Vanderhooft, D. S. 1999. The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets. Atlanta.
The Persian period: archaeology and history of Yehud
Berquist, J. L. 1995. Judaism in Persia’s Shadow. Minneapolis.
Carter, C. E. 1999. The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period. Sheffield.
Davies, P. R., ed. 1991. Second Temple Studies 1: The Persian Period. Sheffield.
Eskenazi, T. C., and K. H. Richards, eds. 1994. Second Temple Studies 2: Temple and Community in the Persian Period. Sheffield.
Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period, 538–332 B.C. Warminster.
The Samaritans
Crown, A. D., ed. 1989. The Samaritans. Tübingen.
Pummer, R. 1987. The Samaritans. Leiden.
Purvis, J. 1968. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Origin of the Samaritan Sect. Cambridge, Mass.
The Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim
Stern, E., and Y. Magen. 2002. Archaeological Evidence for the First Stage of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim. Israel Exploration Journal 52:49–57.
Messianic expectations in the exilic period
Collins, J. J. 2003. The Eschatology of Zechariah. In L. L. Grabbe and R. D. Haak, eds., Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic and Their Relationships, 74–84. London.
Meyers, E. M. 1996. Messianism in First and Second Zechariah and the “End” of Biblical Prophecy. In J. E. Coleson and V. H. Matthews, eds., “Go to the Land I Will Show You”: Studies in Honor of Dwight W. Young, 127–42. Winona Lake.
Rose, W. H. 2000. Zemah and Zerubbabel. Sheffield.
The books of Chronicles
Graham, M. P., K. G. Hoglund, and S. L. McKenzie, eds. 1997. The Chronicler as Historian. Sheffield.
Graham, M. P., and S. L. McKenzie, eds. 1999. The Chronicler as Author: Studies in Text and Texture. Sheffield.
Graham, M. P., S. L. McKenzie, and G. N. Knoppers, eds. 2003. The Chronicler as Theologian: Essays in Honor of Ralph W. Klein. Sheffield.
Japhet, S. 1997. The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical Thought. Frankfurt.
Noth, M. 1987. The Chronicler’s History. Sheffield.
David and Solomon in Chronicles
Abadie, P. 1994. Le fonctionnement symbolique de la figure de David dans l’oeuvre du Chroniste. Transeuphratène 7:143–51.
Dillard, R. B. 1984. The Literary Structure of the Chronicler’s Solomon. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30:85–93.
Edelman, D. 2001. Did Saulide-Davidic Rivalry Resurface in Early Persian Yehud? In A. J. Dearman and P. M. Graham, eds., The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of J. Maxwell Miller, 69–91. Sheffield.
Knoppers, G. N. 1995. Images of David in Early Judaism: David as Repentant Sinner in Chronicles. Biblica 76:449–70.
———. 2003. “The City Yhwh Has Chosen”: The Chronicler’s Promotion of Jerusalem in the Light of Recent Archaeology. In A. G. Vaughn andA. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 307–26. Atlanta.
Throntveit, M. A. 1997. The Idealization of Solomon as the Glorification of God in the Chronicler’s Royal Speeches and Royal Prayers. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 411–27. Leiden.
Van Seters, J. 1997. The Chronicler’s Account of Solomon’s Temple-Building: A Continuity Theme. In P. M. Graham, K. G. Hoglund, andS. L. McKenzie, eds., The Chronicler as Historian, 283–300. Sheffield.
Williamson, H. G. M. 1991. The Temple in the Books of Chronicles. In W. Horbury, ed., Templum Amicitiae: Essays on the Second Temple Presented to Ernst Bammel, 15–31. Sheffield.
Wright, J. W. 1998. The Founding Father: The Structure of the Chronicler’s David Narrative. Journal of Biblical Literature 117:45–59.
David in the psalms
Cooper, A. M. 1983. The Life and Times of King David According to the Book of Psalms. In R. E. Friedman, ed., The Poet and the Historian: Essays in Literary and Historical Biblical Criticism, 117–31. Chico.
Mays, J. L. 1986. The David of the Psalms. Interpretation 40:143–55.
CHAPTER 8. MESSIANIC VISIONS
Messianic expectations in the Bible, Second Temple Judaism, and Christianity
Charlesworth, J. H., H. Lichtenberger, and G. S. Oegema, eds. 1998. Qumran-Messianism. Tübingen.
Collins, J. J. 1995. The Scepter and the Star: The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature. New York.
Evans, C. A., and P. W. Flint. 1997. Eschatology, Messianism and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids.
Green, D. E. 1980. Messianic Expectations in the Old Testament. Philadelphia.
Hess, R. S. and Carroll, M. D., eds. 2003. Israel’s Messiah in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids.
Neusner, J., W. S. Green, and E. S. Frerichs, eds. 1987. Judaism and Their Messiah at the Turn of the Christian Era. New York.
Oegema, G. S. 1998. The Anointed and His People: Messianic Expectations from the Maccabees to Bar Kochba. Sheffield.
Pompykala, K. E. 1995. The Davidic Dynasty Tradition in Early Judaism: Its History and Significance for Messianism. Atlanta.
Reventhrow, H. G., ed. 1997. Eschatology in the Bible and in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Sheffield.
The Wisdom of Solomon
Grabbe, L. L. 1997. Wisdom of Solomon. Sheffield.
The Psalms of Solomon
Atkinson, K. 2004. I Cried to the Lord: A Study of the Psalms of Solomon’s Historical Background and Social Setting. Leiden.
Franklyn, P. N. 1987. The Cultic and Pious Climax of Eschatology in the Psalms of Solomon. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Periods 18:1–17.
Jonge, M. de. 1991. The Expectation of the Future in the Psalms of Solomon. In Jewish Eschatology, Early Christian Christology and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: Collected Essays, 3–27. Leiden.
Trafton, J. L. 1994. The Psalms of Solomon in Recent Research. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 12:3–19.
David in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Atkinson, K. 1998. On the Herodian Origin of Militant Davidic Messianism at Qumran: New Light from Psalm of Solomon 17. Journal of Biblical Literature 118:435–60.
De Roo, J. C. R. 1999. David’s Deeds in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Discoveries 6:44–65.
Evans, C. A. 1997. David in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In S. E. Porter and C. A. Evans, eds., The Scrolls and the Scriptures: Qumran Fifty Years After, 183–97. Sheffield.
Messianic figures in Roman Judea
Hengel, M. 1989. The Zealots: Investigations into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I until 70 A.D. Edinburgh.
Horsley, R. A. 1992. Jesus and the Spiral of Violence. Minneapolis.
Horsley, R. A., and P. S. Hanson. 1985. Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus. Minneapolis.
Solomon as magician
Torijano, P. A. 2002. Solomon the Esoteric King: From King to Magus, Development of a Tradition. Leiden.
The Testament of Solomon
Duling, D. C. 1988. The Testament of Solomon: Retrospect and Prospect. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 2:87–112.
David and Solomon in the works of Flavius Josephus
Feldman, L. H. 1989. Josephus’ Portrait of David. Hebrew Union College Annual 60:129–74.
———. 1995. Josephus’ Portrait of Solomon. Hebrew Union College Annual 66:103–67.
Jesus, David, and Solomon
Bowman, J. 1984–85. Solomon and Jesus. Abr-Nahrain 23:1–13.
Charlesworth, J. H. 1997. The Son of David: Solomon and Jesus (Mark 10:47). In P. Borgen and S. Giversen, eds., The New Testament and Hellenistic Judaism, 72–87. Peabody.
Chilton, B. 1982. Jesus ben David: Reflections on the Davidssohnfrage. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 14:88–112.
Paffenroth, K. 1999. Jesus as Anointed and Healing Son of David in the Gospel of Matthew. Biblica 80:547–54.
Smith, S. H. 1996. The Function of the Son of David Tradition in Mark’s Gospel. New Testament Studies 42:523–39.
David and Solomon in rabbinic literature
Bassler, J. M. 1986. A Man for All Seasons. David in Rabbinic and New Testament Literature. Interpretation 40:156–69.
Shimoff, S. R. 1997. The Hellenization of Solomon in Rabbinic Texts. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 457–69. Leiden.
David and Solomon in the literature of the church fathers
Wojcik, J. 1981. Discriminations Against David’s Tragedy in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. In R.-J. Frontain and J. Wojcik, eds., The David Myth in Western Literature, 12–37. West Lafayette.
EPILOGUE. SYMBOLS OF AUTHORITY
David and Solomon in medieval and modern art and literature
Fleminger, J. 2002. Behind the Eyes of David. Sussex.
Frontain, R-J., and J. Wojcik, eds. 1981. The David Myth in Western Literature. West Lafayette.
Hourihane, C., ed. 2002. King David in the Index of Christian Art. Princeton.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In researching and writing this analysis of the David and Solomon tradition in its archaeological and historical context, we owe thanks to many colleagues and friends who offered valuable assistance and welcome advice. Among those who discussed with us special historical problems or reviewed draft chapters, we are especially grateful to Professor Donald Redford of Penn State University, Professor Thomas Römer of the University of Lausanne, Dr. Oded Lipschits and Gidi Yahalom of Tel Aviv University, and Dr. Hanan Eshel of Bar Ilan University.
Our thanks also go to Yuri Smertenko of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University for the maps and illustrations that appear in this book.
As always, our agent Carol Mann skillfully guided our concept from the very beginning. Bruce Nichols, our editor at the Free Press for both this book and our earlier book The Bible Unearthed, once again offered his unfailingly sage editorial insights and helped us enormously with his equally deft editorial pen.
Our families—Joëlle, Adar, and Sarai Finkelstein and Ellen and Maya Silberman—showed their patience and understanding through months of travel, research, writing, rewriting, and marathon phone calls between Belgium and Israel. We can only hope that the results of our work justify their continuing faith in us.
I.F.N.A.S.
23 June 2005
INDEX
Abdi-ashirta
Abdi-Heba
Abigail
Abijah, King of Judah
Abijam, King of Israel
Abner
Abraham
Absalom
Achaemenids
Achilles
Achish, King of Gath
Achitophel “Acts of Solomon, The,”
Acts of the Apostles
Adam
Adonijah
Adullam, cave of
Ahab, King of Judah
Aharoni, Yohanan
Ahaz, King of Judah
Ahaziah, King of Judah
Akkadian language
Albright, William Foxwell
Alexander the Great
Alyattes, King of Lydia
Amarna letters
Amel-Marduk (Evil-merodach)
Amenhotep III, Pharaoh
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), Pharaoh
Ammon
Amnon
Amon, King of Judah
Amos
Amun, temple of, at Karnak
Amurru
Anatolian language
angels
Apiru
apocrypha
apologies
Arabia
Arad
Aramaic language
Aram Damascus, Arameans
“Ark Narrative,”
Ark of the Covenant
Armageddon
armor
Asa, King of Judah
Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria
Asia Minor
Assyria
chronicles of
disintegration of
horse trading and
imperial expansion of
Israel under control of
Judah as vassal state of
Judah’s failed rebellion against
Judah’s yearly tribute owed to
Assyrian Chronicle
Athaliah, Queen of Judah
Athrongaeus
Augustine, Saint
Avigad, Nahman
Aziru
Baal
Babylonia
Cyrus’s conquest of
Israelites’ exile in
Judah destroyed by
Babylonian Chronicle
Balkans “barbarians,”
Bassler, Jouette
Bastam
Bathsheba
Christian metaphorical view of
David’s seduction of
midrash on
as mother of Solomon
Uriah’s death and
Belkin, Lawrence
Benjamin:
highlands of
tribe of
Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus)
Bethel
Bethlehem
Bible, see Hebrew Bible; New Testament; specific books
biblical minimalism
Bilqis
Biran, Avraham
Black Obelisk
“Book of the Law” (“Book of the Covenant”)
British Museum
British Royal Engineers
Bronze Age dates:
Late
Middle
Broshi, Magen
Bunimovitz, Shlomo
Canaan, see Israel, Kingdom of
Cantrell, Deborah
caravans
carbon 14 dating
Chalcolithic period
Charlemagne, Emperor
Cherethites
Chicago, University of
chiefdoms, dimorphic
Christendom, see Europe
Christianity
David and Solomon story in
early literature of
see also Judeo-Christian tradition
Christian missionaries
Chronicles, First and Second books of
books of Ezra and Nehemiah compared with
David and Solomon story in
Israel redefined in,
writing of
City of David
City of God, The (Augustine)
Clovis, King of the Franks
Conrad II, Emperor
Constantine, Emperor
Constantinople
Cook, Gila
copper
“Court (Succession) History”:
dating and historicity of
description of
as literature
Omride dynasty and
political use of
courtly ballads
covenant, between God and Israel
“creative historiographies,”
Crete
Cross, Frank Moore
Crowfoot, John Winter
cult worship, see idolatry
cuneiform inscriptions
Cyprus
Cyrus the Great
Damascus, see also Aram Damascus Arameans
daric,
Darius, King of Persia
David:
bandit period of
Bathsheba seduced by
in Chronicles
as collaborator with Philistines
death of
first nonbiblical use of name
&n
bsp; flawed character of
God’s choice of
God’s promise to
Goliath and, see Goliath historicity of
Jerusalem conquered by
Jerusalem court of
kingdom of
lineage of
lyre (harp) playing of
psalms and ritual music attributed to
rabbinic scholars and
Saul as enemy of
Saul succeeded by
sons of, see Absalom; Amnon
Tomb of
Tower of
Uriah’s death and
wars of
wives of
David and Solomon story:
artistic depictions of
biblical account of see also “Acts of Solomon, The”; “Court History”; Deuteronomistic History; “History of David’s Rise, The” biblical minimalism and
Christianity and
in Chronicles
continued power of
dating and historicity of
divine favor in
European adaptation of
evolution of
exorcisms and
first written version of
historical minimalism and
history shaped by
in Islamic tradition
Judeo-Christian tradition and
later sources for
messianic visions and
political uses of
rabbinic scholars and
reasons for composition of
recovering the history of
religious uses of
royal Hellenistic version of
as theology
Western Tradition and
Davidic dynasty
Athaliah’s attempted liquidation of
dating of
end of
“House of David” inscription and
list of
messianic transformation of
Omride dynasty linked to
prophesied revival of
Roman extermination of claimants to
tombs of
Davies, Philip
Dead Sea Scrolls
demons
Deuteronomistic History
anachronisms found in
Chronicles compared with
compilation of
dating and historicity of
description of
earlier and later main strata of
historical minimalism and
moral of
as political program
religious ideology of
revision of
see also “Acts of Solomon, The”; “Court History”; “History of David’s Rise, The”
Deuteronomy, Book of
Dibon
dimorphic chiefdoms
Dius
divine right of kings