Who Discovered America? : The Untold History of the Peopling of the Americas (9780062236777)

by Menzies, Gavin; Hudson, Ian

  Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250–1150 B.C. London: Thames & Hudson, 1978.

  Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

  Shaw, M. C. “Painted ‘Ikria’ at Mycenae?” American Journal of Archaeology 84 (1980): 167–79.

  Sølver, Carl V. “Egyptian Shipping of About 1500 B.C.” Mariner’s Mirror 22, no. 4 (1936).

  Tilley, A. F., and Paul Johnstone. “A Minoan Naval Triumph?” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 5 (1976): 285–92, published online February 22, 2007.

  Tsountas, C. “Ships on Cycladic ‘Frying Pans’ ” in Kykladika II, Arah Eph (1899) and Tsountas 1898 and Hesperia 72 (2003) (405–426).

  Wachsmann, Shelley. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998.

  Mycenae

  Schliemann, Heinrich. Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns. London: John Murray, 1878. See also article on Schliemann’s Mycenae albums by Sinclair Hood. http://www.aegeussociety.org/images/uploads/publications/schliemann/Schliemann_2012_70–78_Hood.pdf.

  Linear B

  Ventris, Michael, and John Chadwick. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

  Chinese, Egyptian, and Minoan Ships and Their Trade

  Minoan

  Astour, M. C. “Ugarit and the Aegean.” Alter Orient Und Altes Testament 22 (1973): 17–27.

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  . “A Prolegomena to a Study of Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials to the Aegean in the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.” In Proceedings of 6th International Aegean Conference, Temple University, Philadelphia, 1997.

  . “Nautical Archaeology and Biblical Archaeology.” Biblical Archaeologist 53 (1990).

  . “Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendours of the Bronze Age.” National Geographic, December 1987.

  Bowen, R. L. “Egypt’s Earliest Sailing Ships.” Antiquity 34 (1960): 117. See many other articles by Bowen on this subject.

  Brown, L. M. “The Ship Procession in the Miniature Fresco.” In Thera and the Aegean World. London: Thera Foundation, 1978.

  . “Theran Awning and Stern Cabin.” In The Ship Procession in the Miniature Fresco. London, 1978.

  Bucaille, Maurice. Mummies of the Pharaohs. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

  Carter, Howard. “The Tomb of Tutankhamun 3.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 26 (1940).

  Casson, Lionel. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.

  Castleden, Rodney. Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge, 1998.

  Emanuele, P. Daniel. “Ancient Square Rigging with and Without Lifts.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6 (1977): 181–85.

  Gibbins, D. “Bronze Age Wreck’s Revelations.” Illustrated London News 281 (1993): 72–73. See also numerous articles on wrecks by David Gibbins.

  Gillmer, T. C. “The Thera Ships: A Re-analysis.” Mariner’s Mirror 64 (1978).

  Uluburun Shipwreck

  Bass, G. F., et al. “The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun: 1986 Campaign.” American Journal of Archaeology 90, no. 3 (1986): 269–96.

  Pulak, C. “The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond.” In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity, 1500–450 BC: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 16–18 2000. Nicosia: Costakis & Leto Severis Foundation, 2001.

  . “Discovering a Royal Ship from the Age of King Tut: Uluburun Turkey. In George Fletcher Bass, ed. Beneath the Seven Seas. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

  . “The Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun: Aspects of Hull Construction.” In W. Phelps, Y. Lolos, and Y. Vichos, eds., The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 B.C.: Proceedings of the International Conference, Island of Spetses, 19 September 1998. Athens: Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology, 1999.

  . “The Uluburun Shipwreck.” In Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium “Cities on the Sea,” Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18–22, 1994. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994.

  Egyptian Ships

  Barton, George A. Archaeology and the Bible. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1920 (for Akkad besieging Crete). See many articles by Barton on disasters.

  Bietak, Manfred. “Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February 1991): 27–72.

  . “Servant Burials in the Middle Bronze Age Culture of the Eastern Nile Delta.” Eretz Israel 20 (1989): 30–43.

  Building Pharaoh’s Ship. WGBH, Boston, January 2010.

  Clagett, Marshall. Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989.

  Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994.

  Dever, William G. “Tell el Dab’a and Levantine Middle Bronze Age Chronology: A Rejoinder to Manfred Bietak.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (1991): 73–79.

  Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004.

  Grajetzki, Wolfram. The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth, 2006.

  Holladay, John S., et al. Cities of the Delta, Part III, Tell el-Maskhuta: Preliminary Report on the Wadi Tumilat Project 1978–1979. American Research Center in Egypt Reports, vol. 6. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1985.

  Landström, Björn. Ships of the Pharaohs. London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.

  Linder, E. “Naval Warfare in the El-Amarna Age.” In David J. Blackman, ed., Marine Archaeology. Colston Papers 23. London: Butterworths, 1973.

  Redmount, Carol A. “Ethnicity, Pottery and the Hyksos at Tell El-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta.” Biblical Archaeologist 58 (1995): 182–90.

  . “On an Egyptian/Asiatic Frontier: An Archaeological History of the Wadi Tumilat.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1989.

  Ryholt, K. S. B. The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1500 B.C. Copenhagen: Museum Tuscolanum Press, 1997.

  Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Tufnell, Olga, and William F. Ward. Relations Between Byblos, Egypt and Mesopotamia at the End of the Third Millennium B.C. A Study of the Montet Jar. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1966.

  Ward, Cheryl. “Building Pharaoh’s Ships: Cedar, Incense and Sailing the Great Green.” British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18 (2012): 217–32.

  Translation/Deciphering Minoan Linear A

  Tsikritsis, Minas. Continued on Gavin Menzies’s website. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/Evidence/chapter-40-%E2%80%93-a-return-to-crete.

  Material Evidence of Trade

  Betancourt, Philip P. “Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon.” Archaeometry 29 (1987): 45–49.

  . The History of Minoan Pottery. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

  Kenna, Victor E. “Cretan and Mycenaean Seals in North America,” American Journal of Archaeology 68 (January 1964): 1–12.

  Panagiotaki, M. “Crete and Egypt: Contacts and Relationship Seen Through Vitreous Materials.” In Alexandra Karetsou, ed., Krete-Aigyptos: Politismikoi Desmoi Trion Chilietion. Athens: Herakliou, 2000.

  Calculation of Longitude at Se
a

  General

  Levy, David H. The Sky: A User’s Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. See also many guides by Levy.

  Moore, Patrick. Naked Eye Astronomy. New York: Norton, 1965. See also many other useful books by Sir Patrick Moore.

  Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke. “The Assyrian Canon Verified by the Record of a Solar Eclipse BC 763.” Athenaeum: Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, no. 2064 (May 18, 1867): 660–61.

  Toulmin, Stephen, and June Goodfield. The Fabric of the Heavens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

  Van der Waerden, B. Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. See also many articles by the same author.

  Wagner, Jeffrey K. Introduction to the Solar System. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1991.

  Water Clocks

  Brown, D., J. Fermor, and C. B. F. Walker. “The Water Clock in Mesopotamia.” Archiv für Orientforschung 46 (1999): 141–48.

  Englund, R. K. “Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (1988): 121–85.

  Fermor, John. “Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia.” Vistas in Astronomy 41 (1997): 157–67.

  Michel-Nozières, C. “Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: A Physical Study.” Centaurus 42, no. 3 (2000): 180–209.

  Steele, John M. “The Design of Babylonian Waterclocks.” Centaurus 42 (2000): 210–22.

  Walker, C., and J. Britton. “Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia.” In C. B. J. Walker, ed., Astronomy Before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press, 1996.

  The Babylonian World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.

  Ocean Navigation

  Babylonian Lunar Theory

  Aaboe, Asker H. A Computed List of New Moons for 319 B.C. to 316 B.C. from Babylon. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1969.

  . Contributions to the Study of Babylonian Lunar Theory. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1979. See also review by N. M. Swerdlow in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32 (1980).

  . Lunar and Solar Velocities and the Length of Lunation Intervals in Babylonian Astronomy. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1971.

  . Some Lunar Auxiliary Tables and Related Texts from the Later Babylonian Period. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1968.

  . “Two Lunar Texts of the Achaeminid Period from Babylon.” Centaurus 14 (1969): 1–22.

  Brack-Bernsen, Lis. “On the Babylonian Lunar Theory: A Construction of Column Φ from Horizontal Observations.” Centaurus 33 (1990): 39–56.

  Brack-Bernsen, Lis, and H. Hunger. “A Collection of Rules for the Prediction of Lunar Phases and of Month Length.” SCIAMUS 3 (2002): 3–90. See several other papers by Lis Brack-Bernsen.

  Fatoohi, L. J., F. R. Stephenson, and S. S. Al-Dargazelli. “The Babylonian First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent: Data and Criterion.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 30 (1999): 51–72.

  Goldstein, Bernard R. “On the Babylonian Discovery of the Periods of Lunar Motion.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 33 (2002): 1–13.

  Hubor, Peter J. “Babylonian Short-Time Measurements: Lunar Sixes.” Centaurus 42 (2000): 223–34.

  Neugebauer, O. E. “On Babylonian Lunar Theory.” Sky and Telescope 4 (1944): 3.

  Steele, J. M. “Babylonian Lunar Theory Reconsidered.” Isis 91 (2000): 125–26.

  . “Miscellaneous Lunar Tables from Babylon.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 60 (2006): 123–55.

  Swerdlow, N. M., ed. Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.

  Maritime Trade in 100,000 B.C.

  General

  Aksit, Ilhan. Anatolian Civilisations and Historical Sites. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, 2009.

  “Aspendos” by M. Edip Ozgur, Ankara. ISBN 978-975-387-107-5.

  Ayabakan, Cumali. All of Aphrodisias Step by Step. Kartpostal ve Turistik Yayincilik. Antalya: Güney, n.d.

  Cimok, Fatih. The Hittites. Ankara: A Turizm Yayinlari, 2011.

  Clark, Peter. Bronze Age Connections: Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009.

  Demirer, Unal, and Antalya Müzesi. Antalya Museum. Antalya: Curators of Antalya Museum, 2005.

  Ephesus Museum. Selcuk, Pub 3KG. ISBN 786055 488017.

  Eracun, Selçuk. Ephesus. Istanbul: Hitit Color Yayinlari, n.d.

  Korfmann, Manfred. Troia/Wilusa: Guidebook. N.p.: Canakkale, 2005.

  Kunar, Serhat. All of Antalya and Mediterranean Coast. Istanbul: Turistik Yayinlari, 2004.

  Macqueen, J. G. The Hittites. London: Thomas & Hudson, 1986.

  . The Hittites and Their Contemporaries. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998.

  The Museum of Anatolian Civilisations. ISBN 975-17-2498-9.

  “Pergamon” Pub Mert. Istanbul, 2004. ISBN 9-789752850583.

  Seeher, Jürgen. Hattusa Guide: A Day in the Hittite Capital. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari, 2005.

  Sözen, Zeynep. Perge: Guide. Istanbul: Kultur Sanat Yayincilik, 2009.

  Guidebooks of Museums in Anatolia

  Ephesus

  Turkey—Lonely Planet, 1996

  Aphrodisias—“Step by Step”

  Aspendos—“A Travel Guide”

  Aspendos Orenyeri—Antalya Museum

  “The Ruins in Arkanda”—Antalya Museum

  Turkey Pocket Map—Duru

  Pergamon—Mert Istanbul 2004

  Ephesus Museum—3KG Publications

  Perge—BKG Publications

  Antalya Museum—Curator Antalya Museum 2005, Ankara

  PART B. CHINA IN THE AMERICAS

  DNA Evidence

  Brown, M. D., et al. “mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1852–61.

  King, R. J., et al. “Differential Y Chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic.” Annals of Human Genetics 72, no. 2 (2008): 205–14.

  Reidla, Maere, et al. “Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X.” American Journal of Human Genetics 73, no. 5 (2003): 1178–90.

  Mercier, G., F. Diéterlen, and G. Lucotte. “Y-Haplotype X in the Balkans.” International Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 2 (2006): 111–16.

  Novick, Gabriel, et al. “Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian Origin of Native American Populations,” Human Biology: The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology 70, no. 1 (1998): 32.

  Richards, M., et al. “Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near East mtDNA Pool.” American Journal of Human Genetics 67, no. 5 (2000): 1251–76.

  Schurr, Thomas G. “Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World.” American Scientist 88 (2000): 246–53.

  Shlush, Liran I., et al. “The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East.” PLoS ONE 3, no. 5 (2009): e2105.

  Torroni, A., et al. “Mitochrondrial DNA ‘Clock’ for the Amerinds and Its Implications for Timing Their Entry into North America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9 (1994): 1158–62.

  In Search of Lost Civilizations

  Gallenkamp, Charles. Maya—The Riddle and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilisation. London: Penguin, 1987.

  Mookerji, D. N. “A Correlation of the Maya and Hindu Calendars.” Indian Culture 2, no. 4 (1935–36): 685–92.

  Neugebauer, O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.

  Newcomb, R. M. Plant and Animal Exchanges Between the Old and the New Worlds. Privately printed 1963.

  Parry, J. H. The Discovery of South America. New York: Taplinger, 1979.

  Riley, Carroll L., et al., eds. Man Across the Sea. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.

  Sachan, J. K. S. “Discovery of Sikkim Primitive [Maize] Precursor in the Americas.” Maize Genetics Co-operative Newsletter 60 (1986).

  Sauer, Carl Ortwin. Maize into Europe. Vienna: Akten des 34. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses, 1962.


  Smith, G. Elliot. Elephants and Ethnologists: Asiatic Origins of the Maya Ruins. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1924.

  Soper, Fred L. “The Report of a Nearly Pure Ancylostoma Duodenale Infestation in Native South American Indians and a Discussion of Its Ethnological Significance.” American Journal of Hygiene 7 (1927): 174–84.

  Steffy, J. Richard. Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. 1994; reprint, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011.

  Townsend, Charles H. T. “Ancient Voyages to America.” Brazilian American 12 (1925).

  Varshavsky, S. R. “Appearance of American Turkeys in Europe Before Columbus.” New World Antiquity 8, no. 8 (1961).

  The Maya Compared with Peoples of the Ancient Near East

  Aveni, Anthony, and Owen Gingerich. Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980.

  Bork, Ferdinand. Amerika und Westasien. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann, 1912.

  Charencey, Hyacinthe de Comte. “Les Noms de Métaux Chez Differents Peuples de la Nouvelle Espagne.” In Congres Internacional des Americanistes, Compte-Rendu, Paris 1890. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1892.

  Chatelain, Maurice. Nos Ancêtres Venus du Cosmos. Paris: Laffont, 1975.

  Clarke, Hyde. Researches in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Comparative Philology and Mythology. London: Trübner, 1875.

  Coe, M. D. “Native Astronomy in Mesoamerica.” In A. F. Aveni, ed., Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975.

  . “The Funerary Temple of the Classic Maya.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12 (1956): 387–94.

  Durbin, Marshall. “The Evolution and Diffusion of Writing.” American Anthropologist 73 (1971): 299–304. Published online October 28, 2009.

  Fraser, D. “Theoretical Issues in the Trans-Pacific Diffusion Controversy.” Social Research 32 (1965): 452–77.

  Freed, Stanley A., and Ruth S. Freed. “Swastika: A New Symbolic Interpretation.” In Christine M. Sakumoto Drake, ed., The Cultural Context: Essays in Honor of Edward Norbeck, Rice University Studies, No. 66. Houston: William Marsh Rice University, 1980.

  Gingerich, Owen. “Summary: Archaeoastronomy in the Tropics.” In Anthony F. Aveni and Garu Urton, ed., Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the Tropics, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 385. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982. See also many essays by Gingerich on related subjects.