Reckoning

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Reckoning Page 96

by David Halberstam

Chiang Kai-shek, 118

  China, Nationalist, 110, 111, 112, 118

  China, People’s Republic of, 662

  Chris Craft, 385-386

  Chrysler, Walter P., 41, 188, 553

  Chrysler Corporation, 484, 553-576

  Asian suppliers and, 713

  financial difficulties of, 35-36, 538, 554, 556-562

  Ford and, 45, 329

  Ford exiles at, 565

  GM and, 553

  government bailout of, 35, 564, 566-567

  government emissions standards and, 560, 564

  H car, 559

  internationalization of, 554

  K car, 559-560, 566-567, 568, 569, 571

  layoffs at, 556, 567

  losses at, 561, 564, 568

  management problems at, 557-558

  market share of, 554

  Mexican plant opened by, 708-709

  Minivans, 571-572, 575-576

  oil crisis briefing at, 8

  quality issue at, 568

  sales bank for, 555, 563-564

  Samsung and, 713, 714

  stock preoccupation at, 554

  tank division sold by, 568, 569

  Chrysler Financial Corporation, 555

  Chung Se Yung, 717, 724

  Churchill, Winston, 327

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 737

  Cincinnati Milacron, 312

  Citizen Nader, 498

  Citroën, 664

  Clark, Tom, 347

  class divisions, 746

  Clay, Eleanor, see Ford, Eleanor Clay

  Clay, Lucius, 119

  Clurman, Richard, 192, 473-474

  CNA company, 230

  coal energy, 77, 78, 329, 459

  Cohen, Theodore, 115, 121

  Cohn, Roy, 532, 534

  Cold War, 110, 111, 118

  Cole, Ed, 42, 348

  Cole, Robert, 719

  Common Market, 645, 646

  communications industry, 504

  Communists, Japanese, 109, 110, 119, 137, 138

  in labor unions, 114-118

  mass strike organized by, 116-117

  Masuda and, 142, 181

  in Nissan union, 126

  Shioji and, 405

  Communists, U.S., 346, 347

  competition, 13-14, 45-46

  Confucianism, 127, 272, 648

  conglomerates, 231-232

  Congress, U.S., 324, 564, 566

  Congressional Record, 499

  Conoco, 37

  Consumer Reports, 3, 443

  convertibles, 571

  Conway, Jack, 349

  Corporate Tragedy, A (Marsh), 166

  Cosell, Howard, 674, 682

  Cossar, Wylie, 475

  Council of Economic Advisers, 621, 626

  Couzens, James, 70, 84

  Crain, Keith, 39, 435, 732, 744

  Crist, Judith, 673

  Crosley auto company, 329

  Crusoe, Lewis, 204, 205, 239-240, 242, 539, 663

  as Ford division manager, 234

  McNamara vs., 234-237

  Cullman, Joe, 549, 550

  Curran, Bill, 678-679

  Curtice, Harlow, 46, 323, 329

  Curtis, Gerry, 420

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 77

  Cusamano, Michael, 396

  Cyrus Lawrence, 5, 7

  Dae Woo auto company, 713

  Dahlinger, John, 59

  Dahlinger, Ray, 100-101

  Daily Princetonian, 499

  Daley, Richard, 160

  Dali, Salvador, 512

  Dalitz, Moe, 534

  Danforth, John, 627

  Danner, Richard, 502

  Danzig, Paul, 344-345

  Davis, David E., Jr., 10-14, 40, 193, 482, 520, 638

  European models scouted by, 12-14

  front-wheel-drive cars promoted by, 13-14, 522

  Iacocca and, 562-563

  Davis, Jeannie, 193

  Davis, John, 95

  Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco), 325

  dealerships:

  at Ford, 353-354, 358-359, 362-363

  for Nissan U.S., 427-428

  Dearborn Tractor, 196

  Debs, Eugene V., 340

  decremental change, 371

  Defense Department, U.S. (Pentagon), 202

  deGaulle, Charles, 105, 106

  DeLaRossa, Don, 374, 571-572, 575

  Delco, 325

  DeLorean, John, 381, 382, 570, 637-642

  arrest and trial of, 637-638

  at GM, 11, 639, 640-641

  media buildup of, 638-639

  DeLorean, Zach, 640

  DeLorean Motor Company, 557

  Deming, W. Edwards, 312-320, 732

  interchangeable managers and, 315

  Japanese admiration for, 312-313, 319

  as quality control expert, 312, 314, 316-320

  demographic changes, 352

  Denmark, 698

  Depression, Great, 26, 97, 343, 600

  DeTomaso, Alejandro, 483-484

  Detroit, Mich.:

  as company town, 342-343

  corporate leaders in, 40-42

  early industries in, 63

  immigrants in, 62-63, 67

  migration from, 50

  before oil crisis, 3-4

  social atmosphere in, 41-43

  Super Bowl in, 53

  unemployment in, 49-51

  urban decay in, 52-53

  Detroit Automobile Company, 68, 69

  Detroit Bank, 120

  Detroit Dry Docks, 66

  Detroit Economic Club, 199, 637

  Detroit Edison, 67, 68

  Detroit Free Press, 188, 467, 676

  Detroit Lions, 38, 191

  Detroit News, 601, 682

  Detroit News Tribune, 69

  Detroit Saturday Night, 60

  Detroit Tigers, 38, 338

  DeVenter, John, 81

  DeVos, George, 277

  diemakers, 606-607, 654-655

  Dodge, John, 92

  Dodge, Joseph, 120-125, 303

  Dodge brothers, 79-80

  Doehler-Jarvis company, 610-612

  Domei labor federation, 411

  domestic-content legislation, 656

  Doriot, George, 602

  Dow, Alexander, 68-69

  downsizing, 538-547

  Doyle, James, 106

  Draper, William, 119-120

  Drucker, Peter, 336, 706

  DuPont, 37, 54

  DuPont, Tom, 674

  Duquette, Emil, 213

  Durant, William C., 74

  DuRoss, Kathy, see Ford, Kathy DuRoss

  Dykstra, John, 242

  Earl, Cliff, 494

  Eastern Europe, 273-274

  Eban, Abba, 192

  E-coat process, 506-508

  Economist, 368

  economists, 620-621

  Edison, Thomas A., 67, 68, 86

  Egypt, 9-10, 457-459, 462

  Eichelberger, Robert, 106, 108

  eight-cylinder engines, 323, 580

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 105, 521

  Eizenstat, Stuart, 564

  Enju, Tadayoshi, 418

  Erie Canal, 62

  ESB (Philadelphia Electric Storage Battery), 691-692

  Esso, 328

  Estes, Pete, 11-14

  Everhot Heating company, 491

  executives:

  on layoffs, 44

  salaries of, 509, 622, 659-660

  Exxon, 460, 462

  factory men, 210-213, 219-220, 234, 243-245, 507-509, 741

  farming, 78

  FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 347, 637

  Feaheny, Tom, 525

  Federal Express, 676

  Feis, Herbert, 327

  Feroggiaro, Fred, 332, 334

  Ferrare, Cristina, 640, 641

  Fiat, 519

  Fidelity Fund, 228

  Finance, Japanese Ministry of, 582

  finance men, 210-213, 219-220, 234, 243-245, 507
-509, 741

  Iacocca and, 353-354, 364, 371, 375, 535-536

  Firestone, Harvey, 60

  five-fifty warranty, 568

  Flanders, Walter, 72

  Flint, Mich., 345

  Flom, Joe, 691

  Focus, 650

  Folsom, Ward, 212-213

  Forbath, Peter, 473

  Forbes, 40, 692

  Ford, Anne, 189, 190, 192

  Ford, Anne McDonnell, 470, 471, 475, 670, 676

  Ford, Benson, 191, 222-223, 236

  Ford, Billy, 675

  Ford, Charlotte, 189, 190, 192, 474

  Ford, Clara Bryant, 66, 67-68, 96, 97, 100, 101

  Ford, Cristina, 39, 380, 471-473, 474-475, 531, 681

  Ford, Cynthia, 670-671

  Ford, Edith, 472

  Ford, Edsel, 89, 90, 91-96, 189, 193

  childhood of, 91, 470

  death of, 95-96

  Henry Ford and, 92-94, 95-96, 98, 190

  Knudsen and, 89

  marriage of, 92

  Ford, Edsel Bryant, II, 670-679, 682

  as car buff, 671-672

  childhood of, 672-673

  at Ford, 674-676

  Ford, Eleanor Clay, 92, 96, 97, 189, 190-191, 193-194, 225

  Ford, Gerald, 465

  Ford, Henry, 59-75, 79-81, 83-101, 239, 331

  Amaya on, 25-26

  assembly line developed by, 72-74, 308-309

  background of, 59, 61, 64-67

  Bennett and, 94-97

  Dodge brothers’ suit against, 79-80

  Edsel Ford and, 92-94, 95-96, 98, 190

  as egocentric and isolated, 86-91, 97-98

  estate of, 222

  financial disorder created by, 99-101

  first car built by, 68-69

  $5 day introduced by, 84-85

  labor practices of, 83-85, 86-88, 97, 98

  mass production initiated by, 59-60, 71-74

  personal habits of, 85-87

  Taylorism adopted by, 71-73

  values of, 60-61

  Ford, Henry, II, 53, 187-200, 224, 367, 468-477, 671

  board members and, 549-552

  Caldwell and, 597, 598, 603-604

  childhood of, 92, 187-190

  as conservative, 256

  diversification opposed by, 486-487

  in downsizing debate, 540, 542-547

  Edsel Ford II and, 670, 671, 673-675

  Eleanor Ford and, 190-191

  erratic social behavior of, 191-192

  European trips of, 468, 479-480

  at Ford West Germany meeting, 530

  Frey and, 367-369

  front-wheel-drive car approved by, 526-528, 546-547

  Fugazy and, 534-535

  on GM, 45

  Henry Ford and, 468-469

  Honda engine proposal rejected by, 544

  Iacocca and, 40, 353, 357-358, 366, 371-373, 376, 377-380, 384, 388, 477-480, 482-484, 519, 527-532, 534-535, 547-552, 678-682

  Knudsen fired by, 387-388

  loyalty issue and, 529, 530-531

  Lundy and, 254-255, 256, 258-259

  Lutz and, 742

  McKinsey study ordered by, 548

  management style of, 198-200

  Mini/max and, 572-573

  Mustang and, 371-373, 376

  Nader and, 497

  new-product development program launched by, 528

  during oil crisis, 528

  personal characteristics of, 193-194, 199-200

  personal life of, 470-477

  personal wealth of, 40

  personnel policies of, 195-197

  in plant renovation issue, 236

  professional management under, 101

  in public offering of stock, 224, 225, 233

  in real estate deals, 39

  retirement of, 680-681

  small cars scorned by, 468

  Sperlich and, 482, 544-546, 547-548

  in struggle for control, 96-97, 99, 195-196

  Whiz Kids hired by, 203

  at Yale, 195

  Ford, Henry, III, 677

  Ford, Kathy DuRoss, 39, 474, 475, 534, 681

  Ford, William, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70

  Ford, William Clay, 40, 191, 224, 549, 551

  football team owned by, 38, 191

  Henry Ford II and, 476

  Ford Foundation, 223, 224, 232, 233

  creation of, 222

  diversification by, 485

  Ford Motor Company:

  Aero look at, 663-666

  assembly line production developed for, 72-73

  board of directors at, 198, 549-552

  bonus system at, 506, 568

  bookkeeping at, 99-100, 101

  Cardinal, 366, 522

  Chrysler bailout and, 35

  conservative management at, 257-258

  dealers, 353-354, 358-359, 362-363

  design center at, 383, 662-666

  diversification rejected at, 486-487

  dividends crisis at, 222-223

  downsizing debate at, 538-547

  early growth of, 74

  early investors in, 70

  E-coat process at, 506-508

  economists at, 620-621

  Edsel, 237, 378, 538-539

  Escort, 546

  in Europe, 479, 507, 604

  executive jobs lost at, 44

  executive salaries at, 509, 622, 659

  Falcon, 206-207, 365-366, 373

  Fiera, 378-379

  Fiesta, 527, 539-541, 544, 597

  financial difficulties of, 38-39, 604-605

  financial vs. factory men at, 210-213, 219-220, 234, 243-245, 507-509, 741

  fixed costs cut at, 44, 604-605

  front-wheel-drive cars at, 521-523, 546-547

  GM and, 44-45, 74-75, 89-90, 92-94, 97-98, 329-330, 574

  KD cars produced by, 215

  in Korea, 713

  labor relations at, 44, 83-85, 86-88, 97, 98, 466

  learning curve at, 308-309

  Lincoln, 237, 389, 536-537

  losses at, 604

  Mark III, 536-537

  Maverick, 443

  Mercury, 237

  Mini/max, 572-576

  Model A, 91

  Model T, 59-60, 70-72, 74, 83, 88, 89, 90

  Mustang, 366-368, 370-376, 389, 737

  in 1970s, 484-485

  1983 recovery at, 732

  oil crisis briefing at, 9

  paint oven battle at, 241, 506-508

  Panther, 542, 543, 544-546

  PEG plan at, 655-656, 657

  Pinto, 443, 504

  PIPs program at, 466-467, 477

  plant closings at, 605

  plant managers at, 213-215, 218-219, 238, 242, 509-510

  plant renovation issue at, 234-237

  plant upgrading money at, 505-506

  as political company, 196-198

  procurement methods at, 602-603

  production decisions at, 242

  production tricks at, 218-220

  profits at, 85, 90, 99-100, 243, 537, 731-732

  protectionism at, 620, 622-623, 625

  public offering of stock in, 223-225, 229, 231, 233

  quality issue at, 35, 466-467, 506-508, 622, 659, 732

  Rouge plant of, 80-82

  Sociology Department of, 86-88

  speedup at, 84

  Sputnik, 47

  as static company, 484-487

  steel purchasing at, 621-622

  Taurus and Sable program at, 663-666

  Thunderbird, 234, 521, 663

  Tiger, 543, 544-546

  UAW contracts with, 244, 622

  V-8 engines used by, 580

  wages at, 519, 621, 622

  Wall Street pressures on, 245-246, 256, 485, 551

  in West Germany, 530

  Whiz Kids at, 203-213

  worker layoffs at, 44, 605

  during World War II, 96, 99

  Forrestal, James, 119

  Fortune, 41, 94, 323, 325, 331, 553,
558, 601, 636, 692

  France, 326, 329, 645

  Fraser, Doug, 408, 489-496

  background of, 490-491

  in Chrysler negotiations, 558-559

  Iacocca and, 567, 679

  Ishihara’s meeting with, 591-592

  as shift steward, 492-493

  wage settlements as viewed by, 593

  younger autoworkers as viewed by, 489-490, 493-496

  Frazer, Joe, 331-334

  Frey, Donald, 197, 205, 206, 353-354, 364, 366-370, 474

  background of, 368-370

  Iacocca and, 381, 384-385, 569

  Knudsen and, 384-385

  Mustang model and, 367, 370, 374-375, 737

  Frey, Stu, 737

  Friedkin, Billy, 673

  Friedman, Steve, 692

  front-wheel-drive cars, 12, 13-14, 389, 519-523, 546-547

  at Chrysler, 559-560

  design of, 522

  at GM, 12, 521

  Sperlich’s work on, 522-523

  technology for, 521-522

  fuel efficiency standards, 537-538, 564

  fuel emissions standards, 537, 559, 564

  Fugazy, Bill, 532-535, 685

  Fuji Bank, 166

  Fuji Motors, 733

  Funabashi, Yoichi, 127

  Funston, Keith, 224, 225, 227

  gas:

  average mileage for, 537

  high-octane, 325-326

  before oil crisis, 14, 520

  topping off with, 465

  see also oil; oil crisis (1973)

  Gates, John W., 76

  Geddes, Ray, 368

  Geneen, Harold, 230

  General Dynamics, 568

  General Electric, 295

  General Motors (GM), 9, 10-11, 35, 40, 234, 354

  advertising agency for, 10-12

  Buick, 442

  Chevrolet division of, 89-90

  Chrysler and, 553-554

  Corvair, 502

  Delco division of, 325

  DeLorean at, 11, 639, 640

  dress code at, 11-12

  economists at, 620-621

  eight-cylinder cars from, 323

  Ford and, 44-45, 74-75, 89-90, 92-94, 97-98, 329-330, 574

  front-wheel-drive cars considered by, 12, 521

  Japanologists in meeting with, 487-488

  Knudsen at, 381-382

  in Korean joint venture, 713

  market share of, 329

  Nader investigated by, 502-503

  Opel, 442

  protectionism and, 625

  Saturn program at, 711-712

  UAW contracts with, 45, 348-349

  union organizing at, 344-346

  Vega, 443

  Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany), 111, 119, 329, 530, 645

  Germany, Nazi, 326

  GI Bill, 226

  Gibney, Frank, 487, 701

  Gillen, Vincent, 502

  Gilmour, Allan, 741

  Goahamu, Katsundo, see Gorham, William R.

  Goddard, Joel, 606-617, 653-658

  apprentices and, 606

  background of, 609-610

  as die-cast diemaker, 606-607, 608, 609

  at Doehler-Jarvis, 610-612

  expectations of, 608

  at Ford, 612-613

 

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