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The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War

Page 42

by A. J. Baime


  Grand Cross of the German Eagle, [>]

  invasion of the Soviet Union, [>]

  invasions of European nations, [>]-[>]

  Kristallnacht, [>]–[>]

  perceived impregnability of, [>]–[>], [>]

  restrictions on profits leaving Germany, [>]

  size of army in 1940, [>]

  sympathizers with, in Detroit, [>]–[>]

  unconditional surrender, [>]

  use of slave labor, [>]

  war with, FDR’s early recognition of likelihood of, [>]

  See also Combined Bomber Offensive; Hitler, Adolf; Luftwaffe (German Air Force)

  Nelson, Donald

  on the achievement of American war production, [>]

  on FDR’s singular awareness of likelihood of war, [>]

  on home front production, 1941 to 1944, [>]–[>]

  on task involved in war production, [>]

  on US accelerated production strategy, [>], [>]

  on US losing war to Germany, [>]–[>]

  Neutrality Acts, [>]-[>], [>], [>]

  New Deal policies, and industrialist opposition to FDR, [>], [>], [>]

  New York Central railroad spur into Willow Run factory, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  New York City

  fears of chemical attacks, [>]

  Hitler’s desire to destroy, [>]

  The New Yorker, Knudsen profile, [>]

  New York Post, on Joe Adonis, [>]

  New York Times

  on conversion to defense production, [>]

  criticisms of HF in, [>]

  on the Detroit Race Riot of 1943, [>]

  on estimated worth of HF and EF in 1927, [>]

  interview of HF in, [>]

  on 1941 River Rouge strike, [>]

  praise for HF’s role in war production, [>]

  on wage increase given Ford employees, [>]

  See also Brisbane, Arthur

  North Africa, Allied victory, [>]–[>]

  North American Aviation, [>]

  nose turret for B-24, Arnold’s request for, [>]–[>]

  Ochs, Adolph, [>]

  Oerliken anti-aircraft gun, [>]

  Office of Price Administration, [>]–[>], [>]

  Office of Production Management (OPM), [>]–[>], [>]

  Oiseau de Proie (Santos-Dumont’s flying machine), [>]

  Olds, Ransom, [>]

  Oldsmobile division (General Motors), production of artillery rounds, [>]

  Olds Motor Works, Curved Dash Oldsmobiles, [>]

  Opel division (General Motors)

  building of trucks for the Nazi regime, [>], [>], [>]

  plans for production of Allison engines at, [>]–[>]

  Operation Argument, [>]–[>]

  Operation Barbarossa, [>]

  Operation Gomorrah, [>]

  Operation Husky, [>], [>]

  Operation Overlord. See D-Day invasion (Operation Overlord)

  Operation Tidal Wave

  Army Air Corps volunteer participants, [>], [>]

  awareness of danger of, [>]

  as Black Sunday, [>]

  casualties, [>]–[>]

  cloud cover over Pindus Mountains, [>]

  confusion of battle during, [>], [>]–[>]

  decorations and awards following, [>]

  and the discomfort of flying B-24 Liberators, [>]

  early warnings about, in Ploesti, [>]–[>]

  fuel, bombs, and ammunition carried by B-24 Liberators during, [>]

  low-altitude approach, [>]

  lull before, [>]

  return to Benghazi, [>]

  secrecy about, and lack of information, [>]

  training for, [>]–[>]

  See also Ploesti, Romania

  Orwell, George, [>]

  Oskar II Peace Ship, [>]–[>]

  Owens, Jesse, [>]

  P-40 Warhawks (Curtis-Wright), [>]

  P-51 Mustang, [>]

  pacifism

  America First group, [>]–[>]

  Camp Willow Run, [>]–[>]

  Lindbergh’s opposition to military use of airplanes, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  peace crusade, [>]

  Packard Motor Car Company

  factory, [>]

  innovative automobiles, [>], [>]

  McCauley as leader of, [>], [>]

  production of marine engines, [>]

  production of Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, [>], [>], [>]

  Patton, George, [>]

  payload, B-24 Liberator, [>]

  Peace Ship (Oskar II), peace crusade, [>]–[>]

  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Japanese attack on, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Pearson, Drew, [>]

  Pehle, J. W., [>]

  Pendergast, “Boss Tom,” [>]

  penicillin, [>]

  Perry, William, [>]

  Phillips, Reginald, [>]

  Pioch, William, [>], [>]–[>]

  Pipp, Wally, [>]

  Piquette Avenue, Detroit, Ford Motor Company at, [>]

  Ploesti, Romania

  destruction of, in 1944, [>]

  first battle over, [>], [>]–[>]

  Nazi defenses, [>]–[>]

  oil installations, [>]–[>], [>]

  See also Operation Tidal Wave

  Poindexter, Joseph, [>]

  Poissy, France, Ford plant at, [>], [>]–[>]

  Poland, invasion by Nazi Germany, [>], [>]

  police, Detroit, during 1943 race riots, [>]–[>]

  Pontchartrain Hotel, Detroit, [>], [>]

  Pontiac division (General Motors), Oerliken anti-aircraft guns, [>]

  Pratt & Whitney, R-2800 Double Wasp airplane engines, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Quadricycle, [>]–[>], [>]

  R-2800 Double Wasp engine (Pratt & Whitney), [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Rabaul, Japan, Lindbergh’s military missions in, [>]

  racial conflicts, racism

  and the Detroit Race Riot of 1943, [>], [>]–[>]

  within Ford, [>]

  impact of war production on, [>]

  long-standing, in Detroit, [>]

  shown by Bennett, [>]

  use of blacks as strikebreakers, [>]–[>], [>]

  and wildcat strikes at Willow Run, [>]

  radar systems, shortwave, [>]

  Radford, VA, gunpowder factory, [>]

  Rascher, Sigmund, [>]–[>]

  rationing

  deprivations associated with, [>]–[>]

  and need for accommodations near production facilities, [>]–[>], [>]

  raw materials

  accelerating production of in the US, [>]

  delivery by train to Willow Run, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and halting production of customer cars, [>]

  importing to Ford factories in Nazi Europe, [>], [>], [>]

  Rayburn, Sam, [>]

  rear-engine car designs, [>]

  Regensburg, Germany, surveillance photo from, [>]

  Republic P-47 Thunderbolt “Jug” fighter-bomber, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Research Findings About Ford-Werke Under the Nazi Regime, [>]

  Reuther, Walter, [>]–[>], [>]

  Reynaud, Paul, [>], [>]

  River Rouge plant, “the Rouge” (Ford)

  Army-Navy “E” Award for Excellence, [>]

  Bennett’s control over, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  HF2 and BF’s first jobs at, [>]

  labor strikes and unrest at, [>]–[>], [>]

  location and concept for, [>]–[>]

  magnesium foundry, [>]–[>]

  production of aviation engines, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  production of Jeeps, [>]

  production of parts for the B-24, [>]

  production of tanks, [>]

  protests against hiring of Lindbergh, [>]

  response to EF’s death at, [>]

  size and production capacity, [>]–[>]

  See also Battle of the Overpass; Bennett, Harry; blacks; Ford Motor Company; Service Department

  rivet
s, riveting, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Roberge, R. I., [>]–[>]

  Rockwell, Norman, [>]

  Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engines, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Romania, declaration of war on the US, [>]

  Rome, Italy, fall to Allied troops, [>]–[>]

  Rommel, Erwin, [>]–[>]

  Roosevelt, Eleanor

  concerns about racial strife, [>], [>]–[>]

  on possible government takeover of Ford, [>]

  recognition of war’s toll on FDR, [>]

  support for labor unions, [>]

  visit to Willow Run, 1942, [>]

  on watching one’s child go off to war, [>]

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

  address to Congress, May 1940, [>]–[>]

  appeals from Churchill for airplanes, [>]–[>], [>]

  arsenal of democracy concept, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  “Arsenal of Democracy” address to the nation, 1940, [>]

  and Bennett’s request to help stop strike against Ford, [>]

  Casablanca Conference, [>]–[>], [>]

  charisma and background, [>]

  communication, collaboration with Churchill, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  condolence letter to Eleanor Ford, [>]–[>]

  conscription act, [>]

  D-Day prayer, [>]

  death, [>]

  declaration of “Unlimited National Emergency,” [>]

  declaration of war following Pearl Harbor attack, [>]–[>]

  discussion about leadership at Ford after EF’s death, [>]

  emphasis on developing airpower, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  on the fall of Mussolini, [>]

  50,000-airplane plan, [>]–[>]

  first flight, [>]

  focus on increasing war production, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  during Great Depression, [>]-[>], [>]

  HF’s dislike for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Lend-Lease bill negotiations, [>]

  and mobilization of troops during Detroit Race Riot, [>]

  physical decline, health problems, [>]–[>], [>]

  recognition of the inevitability of war, [>]

  relationship with EF, [>], [>]

  response to fall of Rome to Allies, [>]–[>]

  response to Nazi invasion of Western Europe, [>]–[>]

  review of secret war progress reports, [>]

  State of the Union Address, 1942, [>]

  State of the Union Address, 1943, [>]

  strategic differences with Churchill, [>]

  Tehran Conference, [>], [>]

  view of Lindbergh as Nazi, [>]

  visits to production facilities, [>], [>]

  visit to Willow Run, 1942, [>], [>]–[>]

  during World War I, [>]

  See also arsenal of democracy concept; military airplanes, airpower; war production

  Roosevelt, Theodore, [>], [>], [>]

  Rosenman, Samuel, [>]

  “Rosie the Riveter” (Rose Monroe), [>]

  “Rouge, the.” See River Rouge plant

  Roundtable luncheons, [>]

  Royal Air Force (RAF)

  area bombing approach, [>]

  and Battle of Britain, [>]–[>]

  bombing of Ford plant at Poissy, [>]–[>]

  propaganda leaflets, [>]

  Saks, Leonard, [>]

  salary

  Bennett’s, [>], [>]

  Bugas’s, at Ford, [>]

  EF’s, as president of Ford, [>]

  female vs. male employees, [>]

  HF’s, as president of Ford, [>]

  Knudsen’s, as defense commissioner, [>]

  Knudsen’s, at General Motors, [>], [>]

  Lindbergh’s, at Willow Run, [>]

  Sorensen’s, at Piquette Avenue plant, [>]

  of workers at Ford, [>], [>]

  San Diego, CA

  Ford production officials in, [>]

  See also Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, San Diego

  Sandusky, OH, gunpowder factory, [>]

  Santos-Dumont, Alberto, [>]

  Schmidt, Robert, [>]

  Schneider, Henry, [>]–[>]

  Sebold, William, [>]

  security

  during Casablanca meeting, [>]

  and concerns about spies and Axis sympathizers, [>]–[>]

  at defense plants, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Selby, Norman “Kid McCoy,” [>]

  Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. See Truman Committee

  Service Department (Ford security force)

  and the Battle of the Overpass, [>]–[>]

  Bennett’s development of, [>]–[>]

  black hires for, [>]

  disbanding of, [>]

  employees, [>]

  as private police force, [>]

  questioning of during FBI investigation, [>]

  surveillance of EF and HF2 by, [>]

  thefts by, [>]

  use of intimidation and violence, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  See also Bennett, Harry

  Sheldrick, Laurence, [>], [>], [>]

  Sherwood, Robert, [>], [>], [>]

  shipbuilding industry, [>], [>]

  Shoumatoff, Elizabeth, [>]–[>]

  Sicily, Allied invasion of (Operation Husky), [>], [>]

  Sinatra, Frank, [>]

  slave labor, [>], [>], [>]

  Sloan, Alfred

  attacks on FDR’s defense plan, [>]

  at auto industry meeting in New York, [>]

  defense of GM’s contracts with Nazi Germany, [>]

  firing of Knudsen for working with FDR, [>]–[>]

  power as chairman of GM, [>]–[>]

  Smart, Jacob, [>]

  Smith, Roscoe

  on anxiety among River Rouge workers, [>]

  on dangers of befriending EF, [>]

  physical attack on by Bennett, [>]

  studies of B-24 Liberator in San Diego, [>]–[>]

  Sorensen, Charlie “Cast Iron”

  appearance, [>], [>]–[>]

  approval of plan for wing-carving machine, [>]

  and decision to allow Ford-Werke AG to produce trucks, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  desire to build complete bombers, not supply parts, [>]–[>]

  desire to produce bomber parts at the Rouge, [>]

  and development of the first Model T and Ford assembly line, [>]

  on the Double Wasp engine, [>]

  dynamometer system for heating factory, [>]–[>]

  efforts to make Willow Run plant more efficient, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and EF’s request to bring sons into business, [>], [>]

  fainting spells, [>]

  on famous visitors to the Willow Run plant, [>]

  on FDR’s visit to Willow Run, [>]–[>]

  first visit to Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, [>]–[>]

  and Ford production of aircraft engines, [>], [>]

  at formal unveiling of Waco CF-4A gliders, [>]–[>]

  impact of conflict between HF and EF on, [>], [>], [>]

  impact of the firing of Wibel on, [>]

  and production levels at Willow Run, [>]

  and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine contract, [>]–[>]

  initial design for Willow Run assembly line, [>]–[>]

  Lindbergh’s description, [>]–[>]

  offers job to Lindbergh, [>]–[>]

  power struggle following departure of, [>]

  relationship with Bennett, [>], [>], [>]

  relationship with Clara Ford, [>]

  relationship with EF, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  relationship with HF, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  relationship with HF2, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  resignation and departure from Ford, [>

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