The Forest Unseen: A Year's Watch in Nature

by DavidGeorge Haskell

  Swanson, D. L., and E. T. Liknes. 2006. “A comparative analysis of thermogenic capacity and cold tolerance in small birds.” Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 466–74.

  Whittow, G. C., ed. 2000. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press.

  January 30th—Winter Plants

  Fenner, M., and K. Thompson. 2005. The Ecology of Seeds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Lambers, H., F. S. Chapin, and T. L. Pons. 1998. Plant Physiological Ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  Sakai, A., and W. Larcher. 1987. Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

  February 2nd—Footprints

  Allen, J. A. 1877. History of the American Bison. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.

  Barlow, C. 2001. “Anachronistic fruits and the ghosts who haunt them.” Arnoldia 61: 14–21.

  Clarke, R. T. J., and T. Bauchop, eds. 1977. Microbial Ecology of the Gut. New York: Academic Press.

  Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 2000. “Eastern deciduous forests.” In North American Terrestrial Vegetation, 2nd ed., edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, 357–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Gill, J. L., J. W. Williams, S. T. Jackson, K. B. Lininger, and G. S. Robinson. 2009. “Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America.” Science 326: 1100–1103.

  Graham, R. W. 2003. “Pleistocene tapir from Hill Top Cave, Trigg County, Kentucky, and a review of Plio-Pleistocene tapirs of North America and their paleoecology.” In Ice Age Cave Faunas of North America, edited by B. W. Schubert, J. I. Mead, and R. W. Graham, 87–118. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

  Harriot, T. 1588. A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia. Reprint, 1972. New York: Dover Publications.

  Hicks, D. J., and B. F. Chabot. 1985. “Deciduous forest.” In Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities, edited by B. F. Chabot and H. A. Mooney, 257–77. New York: Chapman and Hall.

  Hobson, P. N., ed. 1988. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Barking, UK: Elsevier Science Publishers.

  Lange, I. M. 2002. Ice Age Mammals of North America: A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.

  Martin, P. S., and R. G. Klein. 1984. Quaternary Extinctions. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

  McDonald, H. G. 2003. “Sloth remains from North American caves and associated karst features.” In Ice Age Cave Faunas of North America, edited by B. W. Schubert, J. I. Mead, and R. W. Graham, 1–16. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

  Salley, A. S., ed. 1911. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650–1708. New York: Scribner’s Sons.

  February 16th—Moss

  Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kendrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck, and W. E. Stein. 1998. “Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263–92.

  Conrad, H. S. 1956. How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.

  Goffinet, B., and A. J. Shaw, eds. 2009. Bryophyte Biology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Qiu, Y.-L., L. Li, B. Wang, Z. Chen, V. Knoop, M. Groth-Malonek, O. Dombrovska, J. Lee, L. Kent, J. Rest, G. F. Estabrook, T. A. Hendry, D. W. Taylor, C. M. Testa, M. Ambros, B. Crandall-Stotler, R. J. Duff, M. Stech, W. Frey, D. Quandt, and C. C. Davis. 2006. “The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 15511–16.

  Qiu Y.-L., L. B. Li, B. Wang, Z. D. Chen, O. Dombrovska, J. J. Lee, L. Kent, R. Q. Li, R. W. Jobson, T. A. Hendry, D. W. Taylor, C. M. Testa, and M. Ambros. 2007. “A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes.” International Journal of Plant Sciences 168: 691–708.

  Richardson, D. H. S. 1981. The Biology of Mosses. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

  February 28th—Salamander

  Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1994. Biology of Amphibians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

  Milanovich, J. R., W. E. Peterman, N. P. Nibbelink, and J. C. Maerz. 2010. “Projected loss of a salamander diversity hotspot as a consequence of projected global climate change.” PLoS ONE 5: e12189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012189.

  Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

  Petranka, J. W., M. E. Eldridge, and K. E. Haley. 1993. “Effects of timber harvesting on Southern Appalachian salamanders.” Conservation Biology 7: 363–70.

  Ruben, J. A., and A. J. Boucot. 1989. “The origin of the lungless salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).” American Naturalist 134: 161–69.

  Stebbins, R. C., and N. W. Cohen. 1995. A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Vieites, D. R., M.-S. Min, and D. B. Wake. 2007. “Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104: 19903–7.

  March 13th—Hepatica

  Bennett, B. C. 2007. “Doctrine of Signatures: an explanation of medicinal plant discovery or dissemination of knowledge?” Economic Botany 61: 246–55.

  Hartman, F. 1929. The Life and Doctrine of Jacob Boehme. New York: Macoy.

  McGrew, R. E. 1985. Encyclopedia of Medical History. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  March 13th—Snails

  Chase, R. 2002. Behavior and Its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  March 25th—Spring Ephemerals

  Choe, J. C., and B. J. Crespi. 1997. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Curran, C. H. 1965. The Families and Genera of North American Diptera. Woodhaven, NY: Henry Tripp.

  Motten, A. F. 1986. “Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest.” Ecological Monographs 56: 21–42.

  Sun, G., Q. Ji, D. L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, K. C. Nixon, and X. Wang. 2002. “Archaefructaceae, a new basal Angiosperm family.” Science 296: 899–904.

  Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

  April 2nd—Chainsaw

  Duffy, D. C., and A. J. Meier. 1992. “Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clear-cutting?” Conservation Biology 6: 196–201.

  Haskell, D. G., J. P. Evans, and N. W. Pelkey. 2006. “Depauperate avifauna in plantations compared to forests and exurban areas.” PLoS ONE 1: e63. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000063.

  Meier, A. J., S. P. Bratton, and D. C. Duffy. 1995. “Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests.” Ecological Applications 5: 935–46.

  Perez-Garcia, J., B. Lippke, J. Comnick, and C. Manriquez. 2005. “An assessment of carbon pools, storage, and wood products market substitution using life-cycle analysis results.” Wood and Fiber Science 37: 140–48.

  Prestemon, J. P., and R. C. Abt. 2002. “Timber products supply and demand.” Chap. 13 in Southern Forest Resource Assessment, edited by D. N. Wear and J. G. Greis. General Technical Report SRS-53, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Asheville, NC: Forest Service, Southern Research Station.

  Scharai-Rad, M., and J. Welling. 2002. “Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org/docrep/004/y3609e/y3609e00.HTM.

  Yarnell, S. 1998. The Southern Appalachians: A History of the Landscape. General Technical Report SRS-18, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Asheville, NC: Forest Service, Southern Research Station.

  April 2nd—Flowers

  Fen
ster, C. B., W. S. Armbruster, P. Wilson, M. R. Dudash, and J. D. Thomson. 2004. “Pollination syndromes and floral specialization.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 375–403.

  Fosket, D. E. 1994. Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach. San Diego: Academic Press.

  Snow, A. A., and T. P. Spira. 1991. “Pollen vigor and the potential for sexual selection in plants.” Nature 352: 796–97.

  Walsh, N. E., and D. Charlesworth. 1992. “Evolutionary interpretations of differences in pollen-tube growth-rates.” Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 19–37.

  April 8th—Xylem

  Ennos, R. 2001. Trees. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

  Hacke, U. G., and J. S. Sperry. 2001. “Functional and ecological xylem anatomy.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 4: 97–115.

  Sperry, J. S., J. R. Donnelly, and M. T. Tyree. 1988. “Seasonal occurrence of xylem embolism in sugar maple (Acer saccharum).” American Journal of Botany 75: 1212–18.

  Tyree, M. T., and M. H. Zimmermann. 2002. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  April 14th—Moth

  Smedley, S. R., and T. Eisner. 1996. “Sodium: a male moth’s gift to its offspring.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93: 809–13.

  Young, M. 1997. The Natural History of Moths. London: T. and A. D. Poyser.

  April 16th—Sunrise Birds

  Pedrotti, F. L., L. S. Pedrotti, and L. M. Pedrotti. 2007. Introduction to Optics. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

  Wiley, R. H., and D. G. Richards. 1978. “Physical constraints on acoustic communication in the atmosphere: implications for the evolution of animal vocalizations.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3: 69–94.

  April 22nd—Walking Seeds

  Beattie, A., and D. C. Culver. 1981. “The guild of myrmecochores in a herbaceous flora of West Virginia forests.” Ecology 62: 107–15.

  Cain, M. L., H. Damman, and A. Muir. 1998. “Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs.” Ecological Monographs 68: 325–47.

  Clark, J. S. 1998. “Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal biology and the paleorecord.” American Naturalist 152: 204–24.

  Ness, J. H. 2004. “Forest edges and fire ants alter the seed shadow of an ant-dispersed plant.” Oecologia 138: 448–54.

  Smith, B. H., P. D. Forman, and A. E. Boyd. 1989. “Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and predation of two myrmecochorous forest herbs.” Ecology 70: 1649–56.

  Vellend, M., Myers, J. A., Gardescu, S., and P. L. Marks. 2003. “Dispersal of Trillium seeds by deer: implications for long-distance migration of forest herbs.” Ecology 84: 1067–72.

  April 29th—Earthquake

  U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program. “Magnitude 4.6 Alabama.” http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2003/eq_030429/.

  May 7th—Wind

  Ennos, A. R. 1997. “Wind as an ecological factor.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 108–11.

  Vogel, S. 1989. “Drag and reconfiguration of broad leaves in high winds.” Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 941–48.

  May 18th—Herbivory

  Ananthakrishnan, T. N., and A. Raman. 1993. Chemical Ecology of Phytophagous Insects. New York: International Science Publisher.

  Chown, S. L., and S. W. Nicolson. 2004. Insect Physiological Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Hartley, S. E., and C. G. Jones. 2009. “Plant chemistry and herbivory, or why the world is green.” In Plant Ecology, edited by M. J. Crawley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

  Nation, J. L. 2008. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

  Waldbauer, G. 1993. What Good Are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  May 25th—Ripples

  Clements, A. N. 1992. The Biology of Mosquitoes: Development, Nutrition, and Reproduction. London: Chapman and Hall.

  Hames, R. S., K. V. Rosenberg, J. D. Lowe, S. E. Barker, and A. A. Dhondt. 2002. “Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution of Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 11235–40.

  Spielman, A., and M. D’Antonio. 2001. Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe. New York: Hyperion.

  Whittow, G. C., ed. 2000. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press.

  June 2nd—Quest

  Klompen, H., and D. Grimaldi. 2001. “First Mesozoic record of a parasitiform mite: a larval Argasid tick in Cretaceous amber (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae).” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 10–15.

  Sonenshine, D. E. 1991. Biology of Ticks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  June 10th—Ferns

  Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallon, and R. Lupia. 2004. “Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms.” Nature 428: 553–57.

  Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider, and P. G. Wolf. 2006. “A classification for extant ferns.” Taxon 55:705–31.

  June 20th—A Tangle

  Haase, M., and A. Karlsson. 2004. “Mate choice in a hermaphrodite: you won’t score with a spermatophore.” Animal Behaviour 67: 287–91.

  Locher, R., and B. Baur. 2000. “Mating frequency and resource allocation to male and female function in the simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail Arianta arbustorum.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 607–14.

  Rogers, D. W., and R. Chase. 2002. “Determinants of paternity in the garden snail Helix aspersa.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52: 289–95.

  Webster, J. P., J. I. Hoffman, and M. A. Berdoy. 2003. “Parasite infection, host resistance and mate choice: battle of the genders in a simultaneous hermaphrodite.” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences 270: 1481–85.

  July 2nd—Fungi

  Hurst, L. D. 1996. “Why are there only two sexes?” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences 263: 415–22.

  Webster, J., and R. W. S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Whitfield, J. 2004. “Everything you always wanted to know about sexes.” PLoS Biol 2(6): e183. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183.

  Xu, J. 2005. “The inheritance of organelle genes and genomes: patterns and mechanisms.” Genome 48: 951–58.

  Yan, Z., and J. Xu. 2003. “Mitochondria are inherited from the MATa parent in crosses of the Basidiomycete fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.” Genetics 163: 1315–25.

  July 13th—Fireflies

  Eisner, T., M. A. Goetz, D. E. Hill, S. R. Smedley, and J. Meinwald. 1997. “Firefly ‘femmes fatales’ acquire defensive steroids (lucibufagins) from their firefly prey.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 9723–28.

  July 27th—Sunfleck

  Heinrich, B. 1996. The Thermal Warriors: Strategies of Insect Survival. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Hull, J. C. 2002. “Photosynthetic induction dynamics to sunflecks of four deciduous forest understory herbs with different phenologies.” International Journal of Plant Sciences 163: 913–24.

  Williams, W. E., H. L. Gorton, and S. M. Witiak. 2003. “Chloroplast movements in the field.” Plant Cell and Environment: 2005–14.

  August 1st—Eft and Coyote

  Brodie, E. D. 1968. “Investigations on the skin toxin of the Red-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens.” American Midland Naturalist 80:276–80.

  Hampton, B. 1997. The Great American Wolf. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

  Parker, G. 1995. Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing.

  August 8th—Earthstar

  Hibbett, D. S., E. M. Pine, E. Langer, G. Langer, and M. J. Donoghue. 1997. “Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.” Proceedings of the Natio
nal Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 12002–6.

  August 26th—Katydid

  Capinera, J. L., R. D. Scott, and T. J. Walker. 2004. Field Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets of the United States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

  Gerhardt, H. C., and F. Huber. 2002. Acoustic Communication in Insects and Anurans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Gwynne, D. T. 2001. Katydids and Bush-Crickets: Reproductive Behavior and Evolution of the Tettigoniidae. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

  Rannels, S., W. Hershberger, and J. Dillon. 1998. Songs of Crickets and Katydids of the Mid-Atlantic States. CD audio recording. Maugansville, MD: Wil Hershberger.

  September 21st—Medicine

  Culpeper, N. 1653. Culpeper’s Complete Herbal. Reprint, 1985. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books.

  Horn, D., T. Cathcart, T. E. Hemmerly, and D. Duhl, eds. 2005. Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians. Auburn, WA: Lone Pine Publishing.

  Lewis, W. H., and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man’s Health. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

  Mann, R. D. 1985. William Withering and the Foxglove. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press.

  Moerman, D. E. 1998. Native American Ethnobotany. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. General Advice for the Export of Wild and Wild-Simulated American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Harvested in 2009 and 2010 from States with Approved CITES Export Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.

  Vanisree, M., C.-Y. Lee, S.-F. Lo, S. M. Nalawade, C. Y. Lin, and H.-S. Tsay. 2004. “Studies on the production of some important secondary metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures.” Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 45: 1–22.

  September 23rd—Caterpillar

  Heinrich, B. 2009. Summer World: A Season of Bounty. New York: Ecco.

  Heinrich, B., and S. L. Collins. 1983. “Caterpillar leaf damage, and the game of hide-and-seek with birds.” Ecology 64: 592–602.

  Real, P. G., R. Iannazzi, A. C. Kamil, and B. Heinrich. 1984. “Discrimination and generalization of leaf damage by blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata).” Animal Learning and Behavior 12: 202–8.