A Problem From Hell
Page 82
Cassin, René, 76
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
analysis of Balkan atrocities, 310, 396–397, 408, 409, 412, 419
Cambodia, 99, 107–109
Rwanda, 338
Chamberlain, Neville, 260, 278, 306, 433
Chea, Nuon, 488–489
chemical weapons
Hussein’s use of, 186–195, 200–201
Iran-Iraqi war, 178–179
Iraq, avoiding criticism of, 207–212, 220–224
Iraq, proving use of, 208–209, 212–216
survivors of, 189–190, 208–209, 213, 241–242
U.S. fearing proliferation of, 205–206
U.S. skepticism about reports of, 190–195
use of mustard gas in World War I, 205
Cheney, Richard, 261, 282, 284
Cherne, Leo, 129
Chernomyrdin, Prime Min. Viktor, 459
Chhang, Youk, 488–489
China
Khmer Rouge and, 126–127
U.S. policy toward, 147
Chirac, Pres. Jacques, 407, 433, 436
Chomsky, Noam, 113
Christianson, Gerald, 219, 222, 228, 231
Christopher, Warren
“a problem from hell,” 306, 311, 440
Bosnia, lift and strike policy, 302
Bosnia, Muslim atrocities and, 308
Bosnia, national interests and, 310–311
Bosnia, policy on, 295–296, 298, 305–306
Bosnia, statements on genocide question, 298, 300, 318–319, 321–324
Iraq, genocide finding, 245
Khmer Rouge, human rights violations, 132
Rwanda, demand for UN withdrawal, 367
Rwanda, evacuation, 352
Rwanda, views on using the term genocide, 362
Srebrenica, nonintervention in, 412–413
Churchill, Prime Min. Winston, 16, 29, 39–40, 205
Claes, Willie, 367
Clark, Gen. Wesley
arresting war criminals, 444
attempt to accelerate NATO operation, 454–455
Kosovo invasion plan, 458–459
Milosevic, defeat of, 472–473
Milosevic, miscalculation of, 453–454, 456
Rwanda and, 330, 373
target selection and, 456–458
Clarke, Richard, 342, 364, 368, 378
Cleveland, Peter, 487
Clinton, Pres. Bill
Bosnia. see Bosnia, Clinton administration
Bosnia, statements on, xi–xii, 301, 303, 324, 326, 327, 400, 422, 435–437
campaign pledges, xxi, 274–275
genocide prevention and, xxi
Kosovo. see Kosovo, U.S. response
relationship to military of, 316–317
Rwanda, apology for, 386
Rwanda, concern for Mujawamariya, 365–366
Rwanda, statements on, 353, 374–375, 381, 386, 505–506
Srebrenica. see Srebrenica, U.S. policy
war crimes tribunal support, 491, 495
Cody, Ed, xiii–xiv
Cohen, William, 235–236, 455
Committee on Armenian Atrocities, 11–12
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), 173, 177, 204, 236
concentration camps, Bosnian Serb, 269, 277
Bush’s pledge to document, 279–281
Holocaust analogy, 274–279
overview of, 269–274
Red Cross monitoring in, 409
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 376
Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. see genocide
Cook, Robin, 447
Coward, Gary, 394–395
Croats
ethnic cleansing of, 249–251
held prisoner in Serb concentration camps, 269–274
leadership of, 309–310
massacre vs., 254–255
Serb intentions toward, 255–258
war in Croatia, 247, 254–255
war with Bosnian Muslims, 309
Cvrk, Senada, 412
Daigne, Mbaye, 368
Dallaire, Maj. Gen. Romeo
background of, 335–336
diagnosis of crimes vs. humanity, 348–350
diagnosis of genocide, 358
evacuation and, 352–353
faith in UN, 515
lack of support for, 340–343, 350
media use by, 355–357
PDD–25 and, 378–379
proposal for arms raid, 344–345
proposal for reinforcements, 378
radio jamming and, 371–372
Rwanda massacres and, xx, 329–330
UN withdrawal and, 366–370
UNAMIR ineffectiveness and, 382
warning of massacres, 343–344
D’Amato, Sen. Alphonse, 235–236
Dayton accords, 440–441, 443–444, 453
de Borchgrave, Arnaud, 453
Dean, John Gunther, 89
DeConcini, Sen. Dennis, 298
Dellums, Rep. Ron, 299–300
Dennis, Patricia Diaz, 292–293
Des Forges, Alison, 330–331, 337–338, 365, 509
Diary of Anne Frank (film), 72–73
Dicker, Richard, 244–245
Djordjevic, Zivadin, 471
Documentation Center of Cambodia, 488–489
Dodge, Cleveland, 11–12
Dole, Sen. Bob
Bosnia, xx, 303–304, 423–430, 441
Cambodian genocide and, 130
genocide convention, support for, 165
Rwanda, favors evacuation from, 352
Saddam Hussein and, 235
Srebrenica and, 421–429, 441
trip to Kosovo, 253–254
U.S. peacekeeping and, 341–342
war injury, 253, 425
The Drowned and the Saved (Levi), 465
Duch (Kang Keck Ieu), 143, 490
Dudman, Richard, 137–140
Dulles, John Foster, 59, 70
Dusaidi, Claude, 357
Dutch peacekeepers
massacre of Bosnian Muslim men and, 402–403, 417
NATO air strike promises and, 397, 399
Serb capture of, 397
Srebrenica and, 391, 393–394
Dyrac, Jean, 89–90
Eagleburger, Lawrence
Bosnian policy of, 262, 281–283, 287
“naming names” of war criminals, 291–292, 482
receiving warnings of Yugoslavia’s collapse, 252–253
East Timor, 146–147
Eastman, George, 41–42
Ecole Technique Officielle (ETO), 353
Edwards, Ralph, 72
Eichmann, Adolf, 496
Eisenhower, Pres. Dwight D., 70, 71
Elsner, Alan, 363
Etcheson, Craig, 487
ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia, 247–251, 255–257, 288–289, 483
Europe
Clinton’s passivity in Srebrenica and, 435–437
international tribunal proposal of, 482
response to Bosnia, 258–260, 483
suppression of genocide and, 503
Evatt, Herbert V., 59
evidence of genocide
debriefing refugee survivors, 120, 265, 270, 418
documents, 143, 242–243, 487–489
eyewitness reports, 32, 121, 280, 354
forensic investigations, 243, 441, 470
intercepted messages, 34, 108, 209
photo and video, 5, 121, 186, 238, 276
satellite and aerial photos, 186, 264–266, 269–270, 407–409, 419, 501,
Fascell, Rep. Dante, 228, 236
Fein, Helen, 191
Feiner, Leon, 33
Feinstein, Sen. Dianne, 429
Ferencz, Benjamin, 50
Fitzwater, Marlin, 193, 224–225
Ford, Pres. Gerald, 102–103, 107–109
Ford, Sen. Wendell, 204
Fox, John, 266–267, 278–279
France, 34, 48, 50
Bosnia and, 304, 407, 433–436, 483
Huguenots, 54
Iraq, arms trade with, 222
Rwanda, patron of, 341, 380
Frank, Anne, 72–73, 157–158
Frankfurter, Justice Felix, 33–34, 121
Fraser, Rep. Donald, 130
Frenzel, Rep. Bill, 220
“g-word,” avoiding the. see genocide, U.S. response
Gaillard, Phillipe, 358
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 221
Galbraith, Peter
background of, 179–185
evidence of Iraqi war crimes, 212–216, 242
experience with Cambodian refugees, 215
faith in U.S. government, 515
Kurdish uprising, 237–241
Moynihan’s praise of, 240
reputation of, 179–180, 228
sanctions vs. Hussein, xix, 203–206, 219–221, 226–229
Srebrenica, 412–413, 417–418
use of Holocaust analogy, 216–219
Gatabazi, Felicien, 345
Gati, Charles, 433
Gati, Toby, 320, 362, 408, 420
genocide. see also genocide, U.S. response
acceptance of new term, 29, 40–45, 48–50, 54
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 62–63
defined by UN, 54, 57–58
intent and, 290, 320
Srebrenica, conviction of, 479
genocide convention
Cambodian government and, 153–154
Frank McCloskey and, 300
Lemkin’s campaign to ratify, 61–73
opposition to, 65, 70, 74–78
Peter Galbraith and, 202–203
Proxmire’s campaign to ratify, 79–85, 155–161, 165–169
rape of women in Rwanda and, 485–486
terms of, 52–63
U.S. ratification of, 161–169
Genocide Convention Implementation Act (1988), 167–168
genocide, U.S. response, 503–516
accountability for inaction, 510–511
American use of the word re. Kosovo, 466, 468–472
avoidance of the word: Bosnia, xii, 257–258, 288–293, 298, 300, 318–319, 321–324; Cambodia, 123–124, 153–154; Iraq, 224–226; Rwanda, 358–364
capacity for influence, 506–507
Holocaust awareness and, 503–504
international stability and, 512–513
knowledge of atrocities, 504–506
lack of will, 508–510
link to terrorism, 511–512
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 481
Germany, 4, 22, 34, 40
Gingrich, Rep. Newt, 433
Glaspie, April, 207, 212, 234
Goebbels, Joseph, 34
Goldberg, Arthur J., 34–35, 36
Gorbachev, Pres. Mikhail, 154
Gore, Sen. Al, 204, 280, 327, 378–379, 413
Gosden, Christine, 241–242
Gramm, Sen. Phil, 236
Greenway, David, 120
Gregorian, Vartan, 157
Grey, Sir Edward, 5
Gutman, Roy, 271–272
Gypsies (Roma), 55, 277
Habyarimana, Pres. Juvénal, 329, 345–346
Haiti, 317
Halabja massacre
chemical weapons use in, 188–193
legacy of, 241–242
press coverage of attack, 190–195
Hamdoon, Amb. Nizar, 181, 207, 211
Hamid, Abdul, 8–9
Harmon, Mark, 477–478
Harris, Marshall
Bosnian policy and, 265, 295, 296, 300, 301, 307–308, 321, 428
resignation from State Department, 286, 313–314
Hastings, Rep. Alcee, 376
Hatch, Sen. Orrin, 163
Hauser, Rita, 159
Hawk, David, 487
Haxiu, Baton, 454
Hecimovic, Selma, 271
Helms, Sen. Jesse, 163, 166, 204–205, 493
Helsinki Watch. see Human Rights Watch (HRW)
Herzog, Chaim, 125
Hildebrand, George, 112–113
Hiltermann, Joost, 244
Hirschman, Albert, xviii, 125; his categories of reaction: Perversity, Futility and Jeopardy, 121, 125, 222, 282, 306, 429, 451, 461–466, 506
Hitchens, Christopher, 471
Hitler, Adolf
annihilation as aim of war, 23
anti-Semitism and, 35
comparing Hussein to, 203
comparing Milosevic to, 449
comparing Pol Pot to, 129
Lemkin’s crusade vs., 26–30, 38–40
Lemkin’s flight from, 23–26
weak response to, 22–23, 27–28, 34–36, 158
Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen), 39
Hoagland, Jim, 193, 218–219
Holbrooke, Amb. Richard
deaths of U.S. officials in Bosnia, 439
Kosovo diplomacy, 446
Milosevic and, 446
on Serbian attacks on Muslims, 280, 294–295, 410
Srebrenica, fall of, 405, 433, 436
Srebrenica, forecasting fall of, 393
statement on Khmer Rouge by, 130
Holocaust, warning 22, recognition 31, response 35, aftermath 47. see also analogy to the Holocaust
awareness of, 73, 128
genocide convention and, 157–158
postwar reticence about, 72–73
U.S. genocide prevention and, xx–xxi
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, xxi, 229, 277, 297, 314
U.S. indifference during, 128–129
“Holocaust standard,” 503
Bosnia, 273, 300
Iraq, 244
Kosovo, 468
Lemkin’s concept of genocide and, 43
“Rwanda standard,” 470
Hooper, Jim
early warnings of violence, 252–253
lifting arms embargo and, 428
policy options for Bosnia, 268, 287, 292, 296–298, 327
Hoyt, Michael, 83
Hughes, John, 160
human rights movement
Balkan war criminals, arrest of, 493
Bosnia and, 257, 434
Cambodia and, 130–131
Iraq and, 193–194, 233–234, 242–244
Khmer Rouge brutality and, 113, 125–126
Kosovo Albanians and, 253, 462
Raphael Lemkin’s disagreement with, 74–78
Vietnam invasion of Cambodia and, 141–142
Human Rights Watch (HRW)
Bosnia, call for military force in, 258, 434–435
Bosnia, investigation in, 257–258, 288
growth of, 72, 193–194, 229
Iraq, role in, 196–197, 242–245
NATO in Kosovo and, 462
Rwanda and, 337–338, 357, 377
war crimes tribunal and, 482, 493
humanitarian aid, xvii–xviii, 240, 281, 283, 316–317, 411
Hun Sen, 147, 489–490
Husarska, Anna, 307
Hussein, Saddam. see also al-Majid, Ali Hassan; chemical weapons
Anfal campaign of, 171–173, 187–190, 195–198, 231–232, 242–245
background to, 173–176
chemical weapons, proving Iraqi use of, 207–212, 212–216
criminal prosecution of, 480–481, 490–491
defeat of, 226–231
Holocaust analogy to, 216–219
Kurds, mass executions, 195–198
Kuwait invasion, 236
resettlement campaign of, 182–186
U.S. initial response to, 185–187
U.S. policy during Iran-Iraq war, 176–177
U.S. reluctance to criticize, 207–212, 219–224
U.S. sanctions bill on genocide, 203–206
Hutus. see also Rwanda
claiming self-defense, 340
crimes vs. humanity by, 348–350
deterred by UN peacekeepers, 368
genocide brought to halt, 380�
��381
massacre of Belgian peacekeepers, 332
massacre of political figures, 330–332
plans to kill Tutsi, 340
statistics on massacres, 334
Tutsi rebellion against, 333
UN deployment and, 336–339
Hyseyni, Drita, 459–460
imagination, failure of, xvii, 34, 39, 95, 102, 346, 386, 404, 410, 453, 505
implicated victims, 191
INDICT coalition, 490–491
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Nazi atrocities and, 34
Rwandan genocide and, 356–357
Serb concentration camps and, 271, 273, 409–410
Srebrenica, Muslim males and, 411
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Cambodian genocide and, 124
Iraqi genocide and, 244
U.S. ratification of the genocide convention and, 68, 163–164
International Criminal Court (ICC), 166, 491
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
arrests for, 443–444, 472–473, 494
establishment of, 326, 483–484
international support for, 491–496
Kosovo and, 462, 470, 472
Milosevic indictment and, 458
procedures in, 496–499
public interest in, 481–484, 496–499
trials before, 475–479, 481–484
truth-telling in, 499–502
U.S. role in, 290–291, 326, 482–484
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
establishment of, 484–486
results of, 495–496
trials before, 385–386, 485–486
international war crimes trials
background, 479–480
Cambodia, 486–490
former Yugoslavia, 481–484
Iraq, 480–481, 490–491
Ottoman war criminals, possible prosecution of, 14
Rwanda, 385–386, 484–486, 495
Intervention, barriers to. see “ancient hatreds,” perception of; bystander attitudes; genocide, U.S. response, avoidance of the word; “Holocaust standard”; imagination, failure of; perpetrator behavior; sovereignty; United States, domestic politics; Vietnam, “syndrome”
intervention, continuum of, xviii, 504
intervention, options for
Bosnia, 263, 268, 275, 287, 296–298, 327
Cambodia, 121–127, 130–136
Germany, 28–29, 33–36, 38
Iraq, 204
Ottoman Empire, 5–8, 10–14
Rwanda, 371, 383
Srebrenica, 406, 408
Iran-Iraq war
armistice, 200
background to, 175–176
chemical weapons use, 191–195
press coverage of, 181–185
U.S. policy toward, 176–179
Iraq, warning 170, recognition 187, response 203, aftermath 231
accountability for war crimes, 241–245, 480–481, 490–491
chemical warfare, proving use of, 207–212
defeat of U.S. sanction bill, 226–231
genocide, skepticism regarding, 190–195, 212–216, 224–226