A Problem From Hell
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Halabja massacre, 187–190
Holocaust analogy, 216–219
Israel and, 235–236
Kurdish uprising, 237–241
mass executions, 195–198
overview of, 170–173
U.S. economic sanctions, xix–xx, 203–206
Iraq Liberation Act (1998), 491
Ith Sarin, 98
Izetbegovic, Pres. Alija, 263
Jackson, Justice Robert, 488
Janvier, Bernard, 393, 397–398
Jeffords, Sen. James, 376
Jennings, Peter, 432
Jews. see also Holocaust
anti-Semitism and, 35, 155
criticizing U.S. Bosnian policy, 277–278
Nazi atrocities in Poland, 31–33, 38
John Birch Society, 155–156
Johnson, Hershel, 35
Johnson, Ralph, 298
Johnson, Richard, 287, 290, 292, 296
Judgment at Nuremberg (film), 73
Kagame, Paul, 380, 485
Kamm, Henry, 120
Kang Keck Ieu (Duch), 143, 490
Karadzic, Radovan, 275, 284, 476, 493, 500
Karremans, Col. Tom, 399, 400–401, 417
Karski, Jan, 32–34, 121
Kassebaum, Sen. Nancy, 236, 286
Kelikian, Dr. Hampar, 253
Kelly, John, 235
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 15–16
Kenney, George, 286
Keraterm concentration camp, 275–276, 288
Khmer Rouge. see KR (Khmer Rouge)
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 176, 177, 184–185, 200
Kiernan, Ben, 114, 486–488
The Killing Fields (film), 489
Kinkel, Klaus, 482
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 158
Kissinger, Henry, 91, 107–108, 175, 252, 259, 354, 456
Klarin, Mirko, 481, 498
Koestler, Arthur, 515
Koh, Harold, 162–163
Kohl, Helmut, 161
Kohner, Hanna Bloch, 72
Koki, Ishiyama, 98–99
Koppel, Ted, 374–375
Korey, William, 156, 157
Korn, David, 195, 220
Kosovo, 442–473. see also Albanians, Kosovo; Milosevic, Slobodan; Serbs, Kosovo
atrocities in, 446, 449–451, 467
overview of, 443–448
persecution of Albanians in, 253–254
persecution of Serbs in, 463–466
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 445
Kosovo, U.S. response, 448–473
constraint of no casualties, 449–451, 454–458, 461–462
criticisms of NATO’s intervention, 460–467
futility of involvement, 463–466
genocide controversy, 466–472
miscalculating Milosevic, 451–454
overview of, 460–461
post-bombing legacy, 460–473
U.S. attempts to estimate casualties, 466–472
Kostunica, Pres. Vojislav, 472
Kovanda, Karel, 361
KR (Khmer Rouge)
atrocity warnings in U.S., 102–104
background of, 90–100
credentials in UN of, 149–154
forced evacuation of Phnom Penh, 87–90, 104–107
ideology of, 119–120
mass murder by, xix, 142–145
McGovern for U.S. military overthrow of, 132–136
policy after Vietnamese victory, 146–149
refugee reports, 115–121
secretiveness of, 99, 109–110
takeover of Phnom Penh, 87–90
torture by, 143–145, 488–489
U.S. begins condemnations of, 127–132
U.S. impressions of, 95–100
U.S. skepticism of atrocities, 101–102, 111–115
Vietnamese overthrow of, 140–142
visitors into Cambodia and, 136–140
war crime trials of, 486–490
Krstic, Radislav
prosecution of, 476–479, 500–502
role in Srebrenica, 392
Kurds
absence of lobby in U.S., 229–230
Anfal campaign vs., 171–173, 187–190, 195–198, 231–232, 242–245
background of, 173–176
destruction of villages, 181–185
genocide against, 198–203
Holocaust analogy to, 216–219
Iran-Iraq war and, 177–178
Iraqi use of chemical weapons vs., 186–195, 207–216
mass executions of, 195–198
safe haven for, 241, 507
sanctions bill on genocide, 203–206, 212, 219–220, 222–224, 226–231
uprising of, 237–241
Kuwait, 236
Lake, Anthony
background of, 294
Bosnian war, endgame strategy, 410, 437–438
response to dissent over U.S. Bosnia policy, 315–316, 405
Rwandan genocide, actions during, 364, 370, 371, 377, 378
Land, Tony, 280
Lansing, Robert, 12–14
Lantos, Rep. Tom, 221, 235, 273
Leader, Joyce, 331–332, 354, 364–365
Lehrer, Jim, 314, 351
Lemkin, Raphael, 17–30, 37–45, 47–73
assassination of Talaat, 17, 19
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe and, 38–40
background of, 20–21
coinage of word “genocide,” 29, 40–45
correspondence of, 61, 63
enemies/disappointments of, 77–78
flight from Hitler of, 23–26
human rights and, xix, 60, 74–78
influence on Aryeh Neier, 257
influence on Peter Galbraith, 202–203
international crime and, 48
legacy, 361, 514
“Lemkinian” voices, 251, 326, 425
Nuremberg court and, 48–50
political instincts of, 54–55, 63–64
tribute to work of, 168–169
universal jurisdiction and, 19–23
Levi, Primo, 73, 206, 465
Lewis, Anthony, 433
Lie, Trygve, 54
Lieberman, Sen. Joseph, 425, 429, 437
Lloyd George, Prime Min. David, 16
Lodge, Sen. Henry Cabot, 68
Loeu, Angkar, 115–116
Lon Nol, 89, 92–95, 98, 100, 101
London declaration on Bosnia (1995), 416, 427
Lugar, Sen. Richard, 163, 164
Macedonia, 448, 450
Major, Prime Min. John, 240, 483
Manjaca concentration camp, 271, 291, 294
Marchal, Luc, 368
Markovic, Mirjana, 475
Marley, Tony, 345, 359, 371
Marshall, Penny, 275–276
Masaryk, Jan, 53
mass graves, aerial photos of, 419
Matak, Prince Sirik, 89–90, 95
May, Judge Richard, 475
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 290–291, 417, 482
McCain, Sen. John, 441, 456
McCarthy, Sen. Joseph, 69, 76
McCloskey, Rep. Frank
election defeat of, 325
encounter with Clinton, 325–326
genocide convention and, 300
politics and voting record of, 324
role in exposing Bosnian genocide, 298–300, 318–323, 325
witnessing atrocities, 254–255, 298–299
McCurry, Michael, 351–352, 421, 431–432
McFadden, Tim, 500
McGovern, Sen. George, 104, 132–136, 142, 146, 180
McMahon, Sen. Brien, 66, 69
media
Armenian atrocities coverage, 9
Bosnia coverage, 276–277, 412, 430–434
Cambodia coverage, 110–111, 130–131
Iraq coverage, 186–187, 190–193, 201–202, 211, 216–219, 225, 230
Rwandan coverage, 355–357, 374–375
Srebrenica coverage, 430–435
war crime tribunal coverage, 496–499
&nb
sp; Melady, Amb. Thomas Patrick, 83
Menzies, John, 405
Middle East Watch. see Human Rights Watch
Milosevic, Slobodan
arrest of, 472
corrupt rule of, 444–445
Croatian massacres, denial of, 254–255
Dayton accords, signing, 443–444, 453
destroying evidence of war crimes, 472
duplicity of, 254–255, 260, 264, 452, 453
NATO war against, 454–459
prosecution of, 475–476
Racak massacre (Kosovo), 447
Serbs, declaring separate state, 248–249
UN–EU negotiation process, 259–260
UN War Crimes Tribunal and, 475–479
Mitchell, Sen. George, 154, 193, 200, 239
Mitterand, Pres. François, 483
Mladic, Ratko
attack on Srebrenica by, xiii–xiv, 392, 401–405, 500
failure to arrest, 476, 493
threats of, 398, 400–402
Mok, Ta, 490
Montgomery, Bill, 287
Moose, George, 345
Morgenthau, Amb. Henry
constraints against, 6–8
New York Times coverage and, 9
U.S. policy toward Turkey and, xix, 5–6, 10, 12
Morris, Dick, 306–307, 437, 476
Moynihan, Sen. Daniel Patrick, 165–166, 239
Mugesera, Leon, 339–340
Mujawamariya, Monique, 331, 337, 365–366
Muratovic, Hasan, 405
Murphy, Richard, 209–210, 216, 224–226
Muskie, Sen. Edmund, 153
Muslims, Bosnian
concentration camps for, 269–274
genocide, ethnic cleansing, 249–251
genocide, evidence of, 320–321
Islamic support to, 395
resistance efforts of, 255–258, 308–309, 400
safe areas and, 393–396
Srebrenica, 391–441
hopes for international rescue, 400
massacre of males, 392, 401–404, 411–416
provocations from, 398
suffering of, 248–249, 275–276, 294–295
war with Croats, 309
Muslims, Cham, Cambodia, 101, 117, 119, 154
Muslims, Shiite, uprising in Iraq, 237
mustard gas, 205. see also chemical weapons
Muth, Meas, 489
My Lai massacre (Vietnam), 91
National Council on Negro Women, support for genocide convention, 67–68
NATO and Bosnia
arrest policy of, 443–444, 492, 494
bombings end war, 438–440
“Operation 40-104” (extraction of peacekeepers), 424
protection of Sarajevo by, xi–xii
Srebrenica bombing, 392–393, 399–400
NATO and Kosovo
American credibility, 448
ground troops, reluctance to use, 454–458, 461–462
intensification of military action, 456
miscalculating Milosevic, 451–454
Operation Horseshoe, 449–450
Serb tactics against, 450–451
Naumann, Klaus, 454–455
Nazis, 249. see also Hitler, Adolf
Neier, Aryeh, 257–258, 290, 428
Neou, Kassie, 140–141, 148–149
neutrality. see bystander attitudes
“never again,” xxi, 357, 433, 503–504, 515
New York Times
on Cambodia, 110–111
on death of Raphael Lemkin, 78
on fall of Srebrenica, 430
on genocide resolution in UN, 54
on Iraqi chemical weapons use, 192–193
on Ottoman massacres, 9, 505
on Rwandan massacres, 356–357, 505
on suicide of Szmul Zygielbojm, 37
suppression of truth about Hitler in, 35
Niles, Tom, 272–273
Nixon, Pres. Richard, 89, 91–92, 92–93
Nobel Peace Prize, 77
Ntalaja, George Nzongola, 355–356
Ntaryamira, Pres. Cyprien, 329
Nuremberg tribunal, 48–51
courtroom legacy of, 481–484
genocide convention and, 51, 58
Oakley, Phyllis, 208, 418
Oakley, Robert, 134
Ochs, Adolph, 9
Omarska concentration camp, 272, 273, 275–276
Operation Allied Force (1999), 448
Operation Deliberate Force (1995), 440
Operation Horseshoe (1999), 449–450
Operation Menu (1969–1970), 92
Operation Provide Comfort (1991), 241, 261
Operation Turquoise (1994), 380
Ottoman Turkey, genocide of Armenians, warning 2, recognition 4, response 6, aftermath 14. see also Armenians
Owen, Lord David, 259, 327
Owen, Wilfred, 205
Oxman, Stephen, 319–320
Ozal, Turgut, 179–180
Pakistan
genocide, 82
Khan, Sir Zafrullah, 59
Paris Peace Accords, Cambodia, 154
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 14
Patton, Larry, 83, 167
PDD-25 (Presidential Decision Directive)
factors for peacekeeping decisions, 342
UN peacekeepers in Rwanda and, 345–346, 377–380
peacekeepers. see UN peacekeeping
Pehle, John, 35
Pell, Sen. Clairborne
condemnation of Khmer Rouge, 127–128
genocide convention and, 80–81, 165
Iraq sanctions, 204–206, 216–217, 230–231
Pell, Herbert C., 80–81
Percy, Sen. Charles, 160
Perle, Richard, 302
perpetrator behavior
counter accusations, 34
dehumanizing victims, 506
denial and deception, 15, 112, 126, 147, 193, 211, 401, 403
deny, block or “postpone” access, 99, 207, 268, 411
destruction of evidence, 472, 506
documents by, 2, 145, 250, 338–339
euphemistic language, 110, 118–119, 129, 249, 501, 506–507
hate propaganda, 107, 338–340, 380
testing for response (trial balloons), 260, 345, 398, 506–507
war, cover of, 90–91, 193, 505
perpetrators, bystander aid to
agricultural credits for, 173, 204
arms embargo, maintained, 371, 423–430, 437–438
diplomatic and UN recognition for, 149–154
procuring aid from other governments, 147
public relations for, 211
withdrawal of peacekeepers, 369
perpetrators, major. see al-Majid, Bagosora, Hitler, Hussein, Karadzic, Milosevic, Mladic, Pol Pot, Talaat
Perry, William, 305, 317, 371, 373
Peshmerga (Iraqi Kurds), 174, 189
Phnom Penh
foreigners evacuate, 104–107
Khmer Rouge takeover, 87–90
Vietnamese seizure, 142
Pike, Douglas, 134
Pinter, Harold, 462
Pitter, Laura, 270–271
Pol Pot (Saloth Sar)
background and identity of, 93, 109–110
denial of atrocities, 112
documentation of crimes, 489
extermination of enemies by, 118–119
meeting with Western journalists, 139–140
secretiveness of, 99
torture instruments of, 143–145
UN Credentials Committee and, 151–152
U.S. role in the rise of, 90–95
Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and, 141–142
Poland
Nazi atrocities in, 31–33
personnel in Rwanda, 349–350
Polish National Council (London), 31
Pomfret, John, 413
Ponchaud, François, 100–101, 120
Poos, Jacques, 258–259
Pope, Larry, 185–186, 19
9, 222, 228
Porter, Gareth, 112–113, 128
Powell, Gen. Colin
bombing of Baghdad and, 237
opposition to military engagement in Balkans, 261, 262, 285, 304
respect for, 179, 285
Prevention of Genocide Act (1988)
contents of bill, 173, 205–206, 212
defeat of, 227, 230
Senate sentiment changes toward, 222–224
Prosper, Pierre, 385, 485–486
Proxmire, Sen. William, xix, 79–85, 155–169
background of, 79
crediting work of, 165–166
genocide convention, critics of, 155–156
genocide convention, nonratification as undermining U.S. interests, 158–159
genocide convention, ratification of, 167–168
genocide in Iraq and, 217–218
Khmer Rouge genocide and, 124–125
lobbying Reagan administration, 160
speech-a-day approach of, 80, 83–85, 165–166
tribute to work of Lemkin, 168–169
use of news stories by, 81–83
Quakers, 346, 435
Quinn, Kenneth, 95–97, 122, 130
Quo Vadis (Sienkiewicz), 20
Rabin, Yitzhak, 278
Racak massacre (Kosovo), 446
Radio Mille Collines (Rwanda), 371–372, 380
Rambouillet conference (1999), 447, 453
Randal, Jonathan, 174, 186, 225
Rankin, Haywood, 174, 181–185, 200–201, 230–231
Rashid, Latif, 198, 230
Rawson, Amb. David
Arusha peace process and, 347, 381–382
focus on fate of U.S. citizens, 351–352
response to Rwandan massacres, 347–348
Raznjatovic, Zeljko “Arkan,” 291, 453
Reagan, Pres. Ronald
Bitburg Cemetery and, 161–163
chemical warfare, commitment to banning, 224–225
genocide treaty, support for, 159–160
Hussein, faith in diplomacy with, 220–224
Iran-Iraq war and, 176
Iraq, opposition to sanctions against, 203–206, 226–231
Redman, Charles, 208, 210, 220
Regrets of the Soul (Sarin), 98
Render, Arlene, 345
resignations
dissent on Bosnia, 287, 301, 311–318
Harris, Marshall, 313–314
Kenney, George, 286
Lake, Tony, 294
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (UN), 417
U.S. State Dept., deterrents to, 312
Walker, Steven, 314–315
Western, Jon, 314
Resool, Shorsh, 194, 244
Rice, Susan, 359
Riza, Iqbal, 344
Robertson, George, 463
Robinson, Randall, 375–376
Rodriques, Judge Almiro, 479
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 74, 76
Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D., 28, 81
Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, xix, 11–12
Rosenstock, Robert, 150, 152
Rosenthal, A. M., 51–52, 168
Rostenkowski, Rep. Dan, 227
Roth, Kenneth, 194, 435
Rubin, James, 469