The Edward Snowden Affair

by Michael Gurnow

  4 Blake, Aaron. “Senators demand repercussions for Russia.” The Washington Post. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/08/01/senators-demand-repercussions-for-russia/.

  5 Herszenhorn, David and Michael Gordon. “U.S. Cancels Part of Missile Defense That Russia Opposed.” The New York Times. Mar. 16, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/world/europe/with-eye-on-north-korea-us-cancels-missile-defense-russia-opposed.html.

  6 Cf. 7.2

  7 Cf. 7.4

  8 CNN. “Security worries trigger embassy closings.” CNN. Aug. 1, 2013. http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/01/security-worries-trigger-embassy-closings/.

  9 Starr, Barbara, et al. “Intercepted al Qaeda message led to shuttering embassies, consulates.” CNN. Aug. 4, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/04/politics/us-embassies-close/index.html?hpt=hp_t1.

  10 Cf. 7.9

  11 Bergen, Peter and Bailey Cahall. “What’s behind timing of terror threat.” CNN. Aug. 13, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/02/opinion/bergen-terror-embassy/index.html?hpt=hp_t1.

  12 Sturcke, James. “Nine killed as US consulate in Jeddah attacked.” The Guardian. Dec. 6, 2004. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/06/saudiarabia.usa.

  13 Quinnipiac University. “Release Detail: August 1, 2013 - Snowden Is Whistle-Blower, Not Traitor, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll.” Quinnipiac University. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/institutes-and-centers/polling-institute/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=1930.

  14 Swanson, Emily. “NSA Leaks Poll Finds Americans Divided Over Edward Snowden’s Actions.” The Huffington Post. June 13, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/nsa-leaks-poll_n_3430506.html.

  15 Calderone, Michael. “McClatchy Editor Defends Publishing Al Qaeda Detail CNN, NY Times Held Back.” The Huffington Post. Aug. 6, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-calderone/mcclatchy-editor-defends-al-qaeda-intercept_b_3713226.html.

  16 Watkins, Ali, et al. “U.S. extends embassy closings; warnings renew debate over NSA data collection.” McClatchyDC. Aug. 4, 2013. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/04/198521/embassy-closings-travel-warning.html.

  17 Starr, Barbara. “Source: al Qaeda leader urged affiliate to ‘do something.’” CNN. Aug. 5, 2013. http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/05/source-al-qaeda-leader-urged-affiliate-to-do-something/?hpt=hp_t1.

  18 Cf. 7.9

  19 Labott, Eliseand Mohammed Tawfeeq. “Drone strikes kill militants in Yemen; Americans urged to leave.” CNN. Aug. 7, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/05/world/yemen-us-drone-strike/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.

  20 Leno, Jay. “President Barack Obama ~ The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.” NBC. Aug. 8, 2013. http://www.blinkx.com/watch-video/president-barack-obama-the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/beChxKywGEWLC6lVDH8mqg.

  21 Yellin, Jessica, et al. “Obama cancels talks with Putin ahead of G-20 summit.” CNN. Aug. 8, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/politics/obama-putin/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.

  22 Cf. 7.21

  23 Cohen, Tom. “Response to terror threat scrutinized: Did U.S. go too far?” CNN. Aug. 8, 2013. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/08/politics/terror-threat/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2.

  24 Cf. 7.23

  25 Reuters. “Obama to hold news conference on Friday.” Reuters. Aug. 8, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/08/us-usa-obama-pressconference-idUSBRE97713E20130808.

  26 The White House. “Remarks by the President in a Press Conference.” The White House of the United States. Aug. 9, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/09/remarks-president-press-conference.

  27 The Office of the Director of National Intelligence. “DNI Clapper Announces Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies.” The Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Aug. 12, 2013. http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/191-press-releases-2013/909-dni-clapper-announces-review-group-on-intelligence-and-communications-technologies.

  28 United States Government. “The White Paper/The National Security Agency: Missions, Authorities, Oversight and Partnerships.” Cryptome. Aug. 12, 2013. http://cryptome.org/2013/08/doj-13-0809.pdf.

  29 Holt, Rush. “H.R.2818.” The Library of Congress. July 24, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:h.r.02818:.

  30 Leahy, Patrick. “S.607.” The Library of Congress. Mar. 19, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:s.00607:.

  31 Leahy, Patrick. “S.1215.” The Library of Congress. Apr. 25, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:s.01215:.

  32 Merkley, Jeff. “S.1130.” The Library of Congress. June 11, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:s.1130:.

  33 Conyers, John. “H.R.2399.” The Library of Congress. June 17, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:h.r.02399:.

  34 Young, C. W. “H.R.2397.” The Library of Congress. June 17, 2013. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c113:H.R.2397:.

  35 Cassata, Donna. “House debate gives new airing to NSA surveillance.” Yahoo. July 24, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/house-debate-gives-airing-nsa-surveillance-205624680.html.

  36 Sirota, David. “GOP insurrection heats up over surveillance.” Salon. July 22, 2013. http://www.salon.com/2013/07/22/gop_civil_war_leaders_target_rising_star/.

  37 Gentilviso, Chris. “Justin Amash’s NSA Surveillance Amendment Ruled In Order.” The Huffington Post. July 22, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/justin-amash-nsa-surveillance_n_3637462.html?utm_hp_ref=politics.

  38 The White House. “Statement by the Press Secretary on the Amash Amendment.” The White House of the United States. July 23, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/23/statement-press-secretary-amash-amendment.

  39 RT. “White House denounces Amash amendment as dismantling of NSA.” RT. July 24, 2013. http://rt.com/usa/white-house-amash-nsa-531/.

  40 Grim, Ryan and Matt Sledge. “NSA’s Keith Alexander Calls Emergency Private Briefing To Lobby Against Justin Amash Amendment Curtailing Its Power.” The Huffington Post. July 23, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/23/keith-alexander-justin-amash_n_3639329.html.

  41 Cf. 7.36

  42 The Guardian. “Amash amendment: the full roll call.” The Guardian. July 24, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/25/amash-amendment-full-roll-call.

  43 Govtrack. “H.Amdt. 413 (Amash) to H.R. 2397.” GovTrack.us. July 24, 2013. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/113-2013/h412.

  44 Weisman, Jonathan. “House Defeats Effort to Rein In N.S.A. Data Gathering.” The New York Times. July 24, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/us/politics/house-defeats-effort-to-rein-in-nsa-data-gathering.html?pagewanted=all.

  45 Maplight. “H. Amdt. 413.” MapLight. July 24, 2013. http://maplight.org/us-congress/bill/113-hr-2397/1742215/contributions-by-vote?sort=asc&order=%24%20From%20Interest%20Groups%3Cbr%20%2F%3EThat%20Opposed&party[D]=D&party[R]=R&party[I]=I&vote[AYE]=AYE&vote[NOE]=NOE&vote[NV]=NV&voted_with[with]=with&voted_with[not-with]=not-with&state=&custom_from=01%2F01%2F2011&custom_to=12%2F31%2F2012&all_pols=1&uid=44999&interests-support=&interests-oppose=D2000-D3000-D5000-D9000-D4000-D0000-D6000&from=01-01-2011&to=12-31-2012&source=pacs-nonpacs&campaign=congressional.

  46 The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. “H.R. 2397–TheFiscal Year 2014 Defense Appropriations Act.” The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. July 24, 2013. http://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/07.24.13_fy14_defense_bill_-_floor_adopted_amendments.pdf.

  47 The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. “House Approves Fiscal Year 2014 Defense Appropriations Bill.” The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations. July 24, 2013. http://appropriations.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=343918.

  48 Howerton, Jason. “A Different Amendment Restricting NSA Spying Was Passed Overwhelmingly by the House – But ‘No One Is Talking About It.’” Yahoo. July 25, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/different-amendment-restricting-nsa-spying-passed-overwhelmin
gly-house-170036854.html.

  49 Freire, J.P. “Pompeo Offers Amendment To Clarify NSA Programs.” Official website of U.S. Representative Mike Pompeo. July 24, 2013. http://pompeo.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=343908.

  50 Congress.gov. “H.Amdt.412 to H.R.2397.” Congress. gov. July 24, 2013. http://beta.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/house-amendment/412.

  CHAPTER 8

  1 Snowden, Edward. “An Open Letter to the People of Brazil.” Folha de S. Paulo. December 16, 2013. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2013/12/1386296-an-open-letter-to-the-peopleof-brazil.shtml.

  2 Hopkins, Nick and Julian Borger. “NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ.” The Guardian. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/uknews/2013/aug/01/nsa-paid-gchq-spying-edward-snowden.

  3 Baker, Al and William Rashbaum. “Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square.” The New York Times. May 1, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html.

  4 Hopkins, Nick, et al. “GCHQ: inside the top secret world of Britain’s biggest spy agency.” The Guardian. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/gchq-spy-agency-nsasnowden.

  5 Andrews, Wilson and Todd Lindeman. “$52.6 billion: The Black Budget.” The Washington Post. Aug. 29, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/black-budget/.

  6 Goetz, John and Jan Lukas Strozyk. “Geheimdienste nutzen Firmendienste.” Tagesschau.de. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/geheimdienste114.html.

  7 Goetz, John and Frederik Obermaier. “Snowden enthüllt Namen der spähenden Telekomfirmen.” Sueddeutsche. Aug. 2, 2013. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/internet-ueberwachung-snowdenenthuellt-namen-der-spaehenden-telekomfirmen-1.1736791.

  8 Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “A carta em que o embaixador americano no Brasil agradece o apoio da NSA.” Epoca. Aug. 2, 2013. http://epoca.globo.com/tempo/noticia/2013/08/carta-em-que-o-atualbembaixadorb-americano-no-brasil-bagradece-o-apoio-da-nsab.html.

  9 Gude, Hubert, et al. “Mass Data: Transfers from Germany Aid US Surveillance.” Der Spiegel. Aug. 5, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-intelligence-sends-massive-amounts-ofdata-to-the-nsa-a-914821.html.

  10 Duhigg, Charles. “How Companies Learn Your Secrets.” The New York Times. Feb. 16, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&hp&.

  11 Ball, James. “NSA’s Prism surveillance program: how it works and what it can do.” The Guardian. June 8, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-prism-server-collection-facebook-google.

  12 Timberg, Tim. “The NSA slide you haven’t seen.” The Washington Post. July 10, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-nsa-slide-you-havent-seen/2013/07/10/32801426-e8e6-11e2-aa9fc03a72e2d342_story.html.

  13 Cf. 8.12

  14 Fantastico. “NSA Documents Show United States Spied Brazilian Oil Giant.” OGlobo. Sept. 9, 2013. http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/nsa-documents-show-united-states-spied-brazilian-oilgiant.html.

  15 Greenwald, Glenn. “XKeyscore: NSA tool collects ‘nearly everything a user does on the internet.’” The Guardian. July 31, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-programonline-data.

  16 Jardin, Xeni. “Lavabit, email service Snowden reportedly used, abruptly shuts down.” BoingBoing. Aug. 8, 2013. http://boingboing.net/2013/08/08/lavabit-email-service-snowden.html.

  17 Lavabit. Official Lavabit homepage. Lavabit. Oct. 10, 2013. https://lavabit.com/.

  18 Mullin, Joe. “Lavabit’s appeal: We’re actually not required to wiretap our own users.” Ars Technica. Oct. 11, 2013. http://arstechnica.com/techpolicy/2013/10/lavabits-appeal-were-actually-not-required-to-wiretapour-own-users/.

  19 Poulsen, Kevin. “Edward Snowden’s Email Provider Shuts Down Amid Secret Court Battle.” Wired. Aug. 8, 2013. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/08/lavabit-snowden/.

  20 GlobalPost. “Edward Snowden has applied for asylum in Russia: Russian media (LIVE BLOG).” Global Post. July 12, 2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/130712/edward-snowden-meeting-moscow-airport.

  21 Rushe, Dominic. “Lavabit reopens temporarily to allow customers to retrieve information.” The Guardian. Oct. 15, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/15/lavabit-reopenstemporarily-customers-information.

  22 Rushe, Dominic. “Lavabit founder: ‘My own tax dollars are being used to spy on me.’” The Guardian. Aug. 22, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/22/lavabit-founder-ussurveillance-snowden.

  23 Levison, Ladar. “The Story Continues.” Rally.org. https://rally.org/lavabit.

  24 Ball, James and Spencer Ackerman. “NSA loophole allows warrantless search for US citizens’ emails and phone calls.” The Guardian. Aug. 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/nsa-loopholewarrantless-searches-email-calls#.

  25 Feinstein, Dianne. “FAA Sunsets Extension Act of 2012.” Federation of American Scientists. June 7, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_rpt/faa-extend.html.

  26 Wyden, Ron and Mark Udall. Letter from Senators Ron Wyden and Mark Udall to General Keith Alexander. Scribd. June 24, 2013. http://www.scribd.com/doc/149791921/Wyden-and-Udall-Letter-to-GeneralAlexander-on-NSA-s-Section-702-Fact-Sheet-Inaccuracy.

  27 National Security Agency. National Security Agency Section 702 of FISA and Section 215 of PATRIOT Act Fact Sheets. Scribd. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.scribd.com/doc/149791922/National-Security-Agency-Section702-of-FISA-and-Section-215-of-PATRIOT-Act-Fact-Sheets.

  28 Lazare, Sarah. “NSA ‘Disappears’ Its Own Fact Sheet on Spying Program.” Common Dreams. June 26, 2013. https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/06/26-3.

  29 Nakashima, Ellen. “Obama administration had restrictions on NSA reversed in 2011.” The Washington Post. Sept. 7, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-07/world/41852332_1_obamaadministration-americans-search-authority.

  30 Ackerman, Spencer. “NSA surveillance: the long fight to close backdoor into US communications.” The Guardian. Aug. 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/senator-ron-wyden-markudall-nsa.

  31 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Ally and Target: US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely.” Der Spiegel. Aug. 12, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/germany-is-a-both-a-partner-to-and-a-target-ofnsa-surveillance-a-916029.html.

  32 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Codename ‘Apalachee’: How America Spies on Europe and the UN.” Der Spiegel. Aug. 26, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-nsa-documents-show-howthe-us-spies-on-europe-and-the-un-a-918625.html.

  33 Pilkington, Ed. “FBI directed my attacks on foreign government sites.” The Guardian. Nov. 15, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/15/jeremy-hammond-fbi-directed-attacks-foreigngovernment.

  34 The Washington Post Editorial Board. “Plugging the leaks in the Edward Snowden case.” The Washington Post. July 1, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-keep-edward-snowdenfrom-leaking-more-nsa-secrets/2013/07/01/4e8bbe28-e278-11e2-a11ec2ea876a8f30_story.html.

  35 Greenwald, Glenn. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. July 2, 2013. https://twitter.com/ggreenwald/status/352108900495011840.

  36 Sirota, David. “Meet the ‘Journalists Against Journalism’ club!” Salon. July 2, 2013. http://www.salon.com/2013/07/02/meet_the_journalists_against_journalism_club/.

  37 Gellman, Barton. “NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds.’” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-broke-privacyrules-thousands-of-times-per-year-audit-finds/2013/08/15/3310e55405ca-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html.

  38 Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “What to say, and not to say, to ‘our overseers.’” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/what-to-say-and-not-tosay-to-our-overseers/390/#document/p1/a115520.

  39 Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “NSA report on privacy violations in the
first quarter of 2012.” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/nsa-report-on-privacyviolations-in-the-first-quarter-of-2012/395/.

  40 Der Spiegel. “’Follow the Money’: NSA Spies on International Payments.” Der Spiegel. Sept. 15, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-exclusive-nsa-spies-on-international-banktransactions-a-922276.html.

  41 Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “First direct evidence of illegal surveillance found by the FISA court.” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/first-directevidence-of-illegal-surveillance-found-by-the-fisa-court/393/.

  42 Nakashima, Ellen. “NSA gathered thousands of Americans’ e-mails before court ordered it to revise its tactics.” The Washington Post. Aug. 21, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-gathered-thousands-of-americans-e-mails-before-court-struck-downprogram/2013/08/21/146ba4b6-0a90-11e3-b87c476db8ac34cd_story.html.

  43 Gellman, Barton and Matt DeLong. “NSA What’s a ‘violation’?” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/whats-a-violation/391/.

  44 Auletta, Ken. “Freedom of Information.” The New Yorker. Oct. 7, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/10/07/131007fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all.

  45 The Guardian. “Glenn Greenwald’s partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours.” The Guardian. Aug. 18, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwaldguardian-partner-detained-heathrow.

  46 Rozenberg, Joshua. “David Miranda detention: schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act explained.” The Guardian. Aug. 19, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/aug/19/david-miranda-detentionschedule-7-terrorism-act.

  47 Cf. 8.46

  48 Gov.uk. “Review of the Operation of Schedule 7: A Public Consultation.” Gov.uk. Sept. 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/157896/consultationdocument.pdf.

  49 Booth, Robert. “UK government given Tuesday deadline over David Miranda data.” The Guardian. Aug. 23, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/23/government-davidmiranda-data.