The Crusader States

by Malcolm Barber

  Secondary Works

  Adair, P.A., ‘Flemish Comital Family and the Crusades’, in The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives, ed. K.I. Semaan, Binghampton, New York, 2003, pp. 101–12.

  Aerts, W.J., ‘A Byzantine Traveller to One of the Crusader States’, in East and West in the Crusader States: Context – Contacts – Confrontations, III. Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000, ed. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule, Louvain, 2003, pp. 165–221.

  Aird, W.M., Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (c.1050–1134), Woodbridge, 2008.

  Albon, G.A.M. d’, ‘La mort d'Odon de Saint-Amand, grand maître du Temple’, ROL, 12 (1909–11), 279–82.

  Amouroux-Mourad, M., Le Comté d'Édesse, 1098–1150, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie du Proche-Orient, 128, Paris, 1988.

  Angold, M., The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204: A Political History, London, 1984.

  Appleby, J., England without Richard, 1189–1199, Ithaca, NY, 1965.

  Asbridge, T., ‘The Principality of Antioch and the Jabal as-Summq’, in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. Phillips, Manchester, 1997, pp. 142–52.

  —, ‘The significance and causes of the battle of the Field of Blood’, Journal of Medieval History, 23 (1997), 301–16.

  —, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130, Woodbridge, 2000.

  —, ‘Alice of Antioch: A case study of female power in the twelfth century’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 29–47.

  —, The First Crusade: A New History, London, 2004.

  Atiya, A.S., A History of Eastern Christianity, London, 1968.

  Backhouse, J., ‘The Case of Queen Melisende's Psalter: An Historical Investigation’, in Tributes to Jonathan J.G. Alexander: The Making and Meaning of Illuminated Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, Art and Architecture, ed. S. L'Engle and G. Guest, London, 2006, pp. 457–70.

  Balard, M., ‘Communes italiennes, pouvoir et habitants des états francs de Syrie-Palestine au XIIe siècle’, in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller, Leiden, 1993, pp. 43–64.

  Baldwin, J.W., The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages, Berkeley, 1986.

  Baldwin, M.W., Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1140–1187), New York, 1936.

  Barasch, M., Crusader Figural Sculpture in the Holy Land, New Brunswick, NJ, 1971.

  Barber, M., The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge, 1994.

  —, ‘The Order of St Lazarus and the Crusades’, Catholic Historical Review, 80 (1994), 439–56.

  —, ‘Frontier Warfare in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Campaign of Jacob's Ford, 1178–9’, in The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, ed. J. France and W.G. Zajac, Aldershot, 1998, pp. 9–22.

  —, ‘The Albigensian Crusades: Wars Like Any Other?’, in Dei gesta per Francos: Etudes sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, ed. M. Balard, B.Z. Kedar and J. Riley-Smith, Aldershot, 2001, pp. 44–55.

  —, ‘The career of Philip of Nablus in the kingdom of Jerusalem’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 60–75.

  —, ‘The Reputation of Gerard of Ridefort’, in The Military Orders, vol. 4, On Land and by Sea, ed. J. Upton-Ward, Aldershot, 2008, pp. 111–19.

  Barratt, N., ‘The English Revenue of Richard I’, English Historical Review, 116 (2001), 635–56.

  Beaumont, A.A., ‘Albert of Aachen and the County of Edessa’, in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro, ed. L.J. Paetow, New York, 1928, pp. 105–7.

  Beech, G., ‘A Norman-Italian Adventurer in the East: Richard of Salerno, 1097–1112’, in Anglo-Norman Studies, 15, Proceedings of the XV Battle Conference and of the XI Colloquio Medievale of the Officina di Studi Medievali, ed. M. Chibnall, Woodbridge, 1992, pp. 25–40.

  —, ‘The Crusader Lordship of Marash in Armenian Cilicia, 1104–1149’, Viator, 27 (1996), 35–52.

  —, ‘A Little-Known Armenian Historian of the Crusading Period: Gregory the Priest (1136–62)’, in Truth as Gift: Studies in Medieval Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt, ed. M.L. Dutton, D.M. La Corte and P. Lockey, Cistercian Studies Series, 204, Kalmazoo, 2004, pp. 119–43.

  Bertrand de Broussillon, A., La Maison de Craon, 1050–1480: Étude historique accompagné du Cartulaire de Craon, vol. 1, Paris, 1893.

  Blake, E.O., and C. Morris, ‘A Hermit Goes to War: Peter and the Origins of the First Crusade’, in Studies in Church History, 22 (1985), pp. 79–108.

  Boas, A.J., Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East, London, 1999.

  —, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule, London, 2001.

  —, Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlement and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291), London, 2006.

  —, and A.M. Maeir, ‘The Frankish Castle of Blanche Garde and the Medieval and Modern Village of Tell es-Safi in the Light of Recent Discoveries’, Crusades, 8 (2009), 1–22.

  Borg, A., ‘Observations on the Historiated Lintel of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 32 (1969), 25–40.

  Boussard, J., Le Comté d'Anjou sous Henri Plantagenêt et ses fils, 1151–1204, Paris, 1938.

  Bradbury, J., Philip Augustus. King of France 1180–1223, Harlow, 1998.

  Brundage, J.A., ‘Adhemar of Le Puy: The Bishop and his Critics’, Speculum, 34 (1959), 201–12.

  —, ‘An Errant Crusader: Stephen of Blois’, Traditio, 16 (1960), 380–95.

  —, ‘Richard the Lion-Heart and Byzantium’, in Studies in Medieval Culture, 6–7, Kalamazoo, 1976, pp. 63–70.

  Buchthal, H., Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Oxford, 1957.

  Bull, M., ‘The Roots of Lay Enthusiasm for the First Crusade’, History, 78 (1993), 353–72.

  —, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c.970–c.1130, Oxford, 1993.

  —, ‘The Capetian Monarchy and the Early Crusade Movement: Hugh of Vermandois and Louis VII’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 40 (1996), 25–46.

  Bulst-Thiele, M.-L., Sacrae Domus Templi Hierosolymitani Magistri, Göttingen, 1974.

  Burgtorf, J.,’The Military Orders in the Crusader Principality of Antioch’, in East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean, vol. 1, Antioch from the Byzantine Reconquest until the End of the Crusader Principality, ed. K. Ciggaar and D.M. Metcalf, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 147, Louvain, 2006, pp. 217–46.

  —, ‘Die Herrschaft der Johanniter in Margat im Heiligen Land’, in Die Ritterorden als Träger der Herrschaft: Territorien, Grundbesitz und Kirche, ed. R. Czaja and J. Sarnowsky, Ordines militares, Colloquia Torunensia Historica 14, Toru, 2007, pp. 27–57.

  Byrne, E.H., ‘The Genoese Colonies in Syria’, in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro, ed. L.J. Paetow, New York, 1928, pp. 139–82.

  Cahen, C., La Syrie du Nord à l'époque des croisades, Paris, 1940.

  Cardini, F., ‘Profilo di un crociato Guglielmo Embriaco’, Archivio Storico Italiano, 136 (1978), 405–36.

  Cate, J.L., ‘The Crusade of 1101’, in A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M.W. Baldwin, pp. 343–67.

  Cazel, F.A., ‘The Tax of 1185 in Aid of the Holy Land’, Speculum, 30 (1955), 385–92.

  Chevedden, P.E., ‘"A Crusade from the First”: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091’, Al-Masq, 22 (2010), 191–225.

  Ciggaar, K., ‘Manuscripts as Intermediaries: The Crusader States and Literary Cross-Fertilization’, in East and West in the Crusader States: Context – Contacts – Confronta
tions. Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1993, ed. K. Ciggaar, A. Davids and H. Teule, Louvain, 1996, pp. 131–51.

  —, ‘The Abbey of Prémontré – Royal Contacts, Royal News: The Context of the So-Called Continuatio Praemonstratensis’, in East and West in the Crusader States: Context – Contacts – Confrontations, III. Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000, ed. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule, Louvain, 2003, pp. 21–33.

  Claverie, P.V., ‘Les débuts de l'Ordre du Temple en Orient’, Le Moyen Age, 111 (2005), 545–94.

  Clédat, J.,’Le raid du roi Baudouin Ier en Egypt’, Bulletin de l'Insitut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 26 (1925), 71–81.

  Cochrane, L., Adelard of Bath: The First English Scientist, London, 1994.

  Constable, G., ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79.

  —, Monastic Tithes from their Origins to the Twelfth Century, Cambridge, 1964.

  —, ‘The Financing of the Crusades in the Twelfth Century’, in Outremer: Studies in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, H.E. Mayer and R.C. Smail, Jerusalem, 1982, pp. 64–88.

  Crawford, R.W., ‘William of Tyre and the Maronites’, Speculum, 30 (1955), 222–8.

  Crouch, D., William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire, London, 1990.

  David, C.W., Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, Cambridge, MA, 1920.

  Deschamps, P., Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte, vol. 2, La Défense du Royaume de Jérusalem, Paris, 1939.

  Douglas, D.C., William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact on England, London, 1964.

  Downey, G., A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton, NJ, 1961.

  Drory, J., ‘Hanbals of the Nablus Region in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’, in The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor (1914–1984), ed. B.Z. Kedar and A.L. Udovitch, Haifa, 1988, pp. 93–112.

  Duby, G., La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région maconnaise, Paris, 1971.

  Dunbabin, J., ‘William of Tyre and Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders’, Mededelingen var de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren, 48 (1986), 110–17.

  Dussaud, R., Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, Haut-Commissariat de la République Française en Syrie et Liban, Service des Antiquités et des Beaux-Arts, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, 4, Paris, 1927.

  Edbury, P.W., ‘The Baronial Coinage of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, in Coinage in the Latin East, ed. P.W. Edbury and D.M. Metcalf, Oxford, 1980, pp. 59–72.

  —, ‘Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Background to Hattin’, in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller, Leiden, 1993, pp. 173–89.

  —, ‘The Templars in Cyprus’, in The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick, ed. M. Barber, Aldershot, 1994, pp. 189–95.

  —, ‘Law and Custom in the Latin East: Les Letres dou Sepulcre’, in Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean, ed. B. Arbel, London, 1996, pp. 71–9.

  —, ‘The Lyon Eracles and the Old French Continuations of William of Tyre’, in Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, J. Riley-Smith and R. Hiestand, Aldershot, 1997, pp. 139–53.

  —, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Woodbridge, 1997.

  —, ‘Gerard of Ridefort and the Battle of Le Cresson (1 May 1187): The Developing Narrative Tradition’, in On the Margins of Crusading: The Military Orders, the Papacy and the Christian World, ed. H. Nicholson, Crusades Subsidia 4, Farnham, 2011, pp. 45–60.

  —, and J.G. Rowe, ‘William of Tyre and the Patriarchal Election of 1180’, English Historical Review, 93 (1978), 1–25.

  —, and J.G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East, Cambridge, 1988.

  Edwards, R.W., ‘Baras and Armenian Cilicia: A Reassessment’, Revue des études arméniennes, 17 (1983), 415–35.

  —, The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia, Washington, DC, 1987.

  Elisséeff, N., Nr ad-Dn: Un grand prince musulman de Syrie au temps des croisades (511–569 H./1118–1174), 3 vols, Damascus, 1967.

  —, ‘The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller, Leiden, 1993, pp. 162–72.

  Ellenblum, R., Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge, 1998.

  —, ‘Frankish and Muslim Siege Warfare and the Construction of Frankish Concentric Castles’, in Dei gesta per Francos: Etudes sur les Croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, ed. M. Balard, B.Z. Kedar and J. Riley-Smith, Aldershot, 2001, pp. 187–98.

  —, ‘Frontier Activities: The Transformation of a Muslim Sacred Site into the Frankish Castle of Vadum Jacob’, Crusades, 2 (2003), 83–97.

  —, Crusader Castles and Modern Histories, Cambridge, 2007.

  —, ‘Frankish Castles, Muslim Castles and the Medieval Citadel of Jerusalem’, in In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar, ed. I. Shagrir, R. Ellenblum and J. Riley-Smith, Aldershot, 2007, pp. 93–109.

  Elm, K., ‘Kanoniker und Ritter vom Heiligen Grab. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung und Frühgeschichte der palästinensischen Ritterorden’, in Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas, ed. J. Fleckenstein and M. Hellmann, Sigmaringen, 1980, pp. 141–69.

  —, ‘La liturgie de l'Église latine de Jérusalem au temps des croisades’, in Les Croisades: L'Orient et l'Occident d'Urbain II à Saint Louis, 1096–1270, ed. M. Rey-Delqué, Milan, 1997, pp. 243–5.

  —, ‘Nec minori celebritate a catholicis cultoribus observatur et colitur. Zwei Berichte über die 1119/20 erfolgte Auffindung und Erhebung der Gebeine der Patriarchen Abraham, Isaak und Jakob’, Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 49 (1997), 318–44.

  Epp, V., Fulcher von Chartres: Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung des ersten Kreuzzuges, Düsseldorf, 1990.

  Epstein, S., Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528, Chapel Hill, NC, 1996.

  Erdmann, C., The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, tr. M.W. Baldwin and W. Goffart, Princeton, NJ, 1977 (originally 1935).

  Face, R., ‘Secular History in Twelfth-Century Italy: Caffaro of Genoa’, Journal of Medieval History, 6 (1980), 169–84.

  Favreau-Lilie, M.-L., ‘Landesausbau und Burg während der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Safad in Obergalilaea’, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins, 96 (1980), 67–87.

  Fedalto, G., La Chiesa Latina in Oriente, 2 vols, Verona, 1973, 1976.

  Fink, H.S., ‘The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118’, in A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M.W. Baldwin, Madison, 1969, pp. 368–409.

  Fletcher, R.A., Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela (Oxford, 1984).

  Folda, J., The Nazareth Capitals and the Crusader Shrine of the Annunciation, Philadelphia, PA, 1986.

  —, The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187, Cambridge, 1995.

  Forey, A.J., ‘The Militarisation of the Hospital of St John’, Studia Monastica, 26 (1984), 75–89.

  France, J., Victory in the East: A military history of the First Crusade, Cambridge, 1994.

  —, ‘Byzantium in Western Chronicles before the First Crusade’, in Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar Presented to Malcolm Barber, ed. N. Housley, Aldershot, 2007, pp. 3–16.

  Friedman, Y., Encounter between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Leiden, 2002.

  Gerish, D., ‘Ancestors and Predecessors: Royal Continuity and Identity in the First Kingdom of Jerusalem’, in Anglo-Norman Studies, 20, Proceedings of the Battle Conference in Dublin, 1997, Woodbridge, 1998, pp. 127–50.

  Gibb, H.A.R., ‘The Rise of Saladin, 1169–1
189’, in A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M.W. Baldwin, Madison, 1969, pp. 563–89.

  —, The Life of Saladin from the Works of ‘Imad al-Din and Baha’ al-Din, Oxford, 1973.

  Gillingham, J., ‘Roger of Howden on Crusade’, in Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century, London and Rio Grande, 1994, pp. 141–53.

  —, Richard I, New Haven and London, 1999.

  —, The Angevin Empire, 2nd edn, London, 2001.

  Grabois, A., ‘La cité de Baniyas et le Château de Subeibeh pendant les Croisades’, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, 13 (1970), 43–62.

  —, ‘Le Pèlerin Occidental en Terre Sainte à l'Époque des Croisades et ses Réalités: La relation de Pèlerinage de Jean de Wurtzbourg’, in Études de civilisation médiévale (IXe–XIIe siècles): Mélanges offerts à Edmond-René Labande, Poitiers, 1974, pp. 367–76.

  —, ‘The First Crusade and the Jews’, in The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives, ed. K.I. Semaan, Binghampton, NY, 2003, pp. 13–26.

  Hagenmeyer, H., Chronologie de la Première Croisade, 1094–1100, Paris, 1898–1901.

  —, ‘Chronologie de l'histoire du royaume de Jérusalem: Règne de Baudouin I (1101–1118)’, ROL, 9 (1902), 384–465; ROL, 10 (1903–4), 372–405; ROL, 11 (1905–8), 145–80, 453–85; ROL, 12 (1909–11), 68–103, 283–326.

  Hallam, E., ‘Royal Burial and the Cult of Kingship in France and England, 1060–1330’, Journal of Medieval History, 8 (1982), 359–80.

  —, Chronicles of the Crusades, New York, 1989.

  Hamilton, B., ‘The Cistercians in the Crusader States’, in One Yet Two: Monastic Tradition East and West, ed. M.B. Pennington, Kalamazoo, 1976, pp. 405–22.

  —, ‘Rebuilding Zion: The Holy Places of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century’, in Studies in Church History, 14 (1977), pp. 105–16.

  —, ‘The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon’, in Studies in Church History, 15 (1978), pp. 97–108.

  —, ‘Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem (1100–1190)’, in Medieval Women: Dedicated and Presented to Professor Rosalind M.T. Hill on the Occasion of her Seventieth Birthday, ed. D. Baker, Studies in Church History, Subsidia, 1, Oxford, 1978, pp. 143–74.