The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

  43. “Pets in the White House,” Zion’s Herald (February 24, 1909), p. 240.

  17: CRATER LAKE AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARKS

  1. Quotation from the Organic Act, 16 U.S.C. §1. See also Duane Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971).

  2. Jay J. Wagoner, Arizona Territory 1863–1912: A Political History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970), pp. 362–364.

  3. Tucson Daily Citizen (January 23, 1902).

  4. Reports of the Department of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1917), p. 806.

  5. Edison Pettit, “On the Color of Crater Lake Water,” Physics: E. Pettit, Vol. 22 (1936), pp. 139–146.

  6. Winthrop Associates Cultural Research (comp.), “Crater Lake: The Klamath Indians of Southern Oregon Cascades” (1993). (Housed in the archive at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.)

  7. Pettit, “On the Color of Crater Lake Water.” Also J. S. Piller, The Geology of Crater Lake National Park, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 3 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902) pp. 47–48.

  8. Stephen R. Mark, “William Gladstone—Mazamas Founder (Chronology),” Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (Archive). Mark’s historical writings greatly informed this entire chapter.

  9 W. G. Steel, The Mountains of Oregon (Portland, Ore.: David Steel, Successor to Himes the Printer, 1890), pp. 17–18.

  10. Ibid., p. 32. Also Administrative History Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USDI—National Park Service (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1988), pp. 27–28. Also see William Gladstone Steel, “Crater Lake and How to See It,” West Shore, Vol. 12, No. 3 (March 1886), pp. 104–106; and Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), p. 67.

  11. “Crater Lake Explored,” New York Times (August 30, 1886), p. 1.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Steel, The Mountains of Oregon, pp. 20–32.

  14. John Muir to William Gladstone Steel (October 2, 1892), Steel Letters, Box 1, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.

  15. Stephen R. Mark, “Crater Lake: Seventeen Years to Success: John Muir, William Gladstone Steel, and the Creation of Yosemite and Crater Lake National Parks,” Mazama, Vol. 72, No. 13 (1990), p. 5.

  16. Ibid., p. 6.

  17. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1947), p. 101.

  18. Timothy Egan, “Respecting Mount Rainier,” New York Times (August 22, 1999), p. 17.

  19. Gifford Pinchot to William Steel (February 18, 1902), in Stephen R. Mark, “Seventeen Years to Success: John Muir, William Gladstone Steel, and the Creation of Yosemite and Crater Lake National Parks,” U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Crater Lake Archives (May 2001).

  20. “D. B. Henderson Dies; Was Ill Nine Months,” New York Times (February 26, 1906), p. 9.

  21. John Lacey, quoted in Chicago Tribune (June 18, 1905).

  22. Gifford Pinchot to William Steel, May 15, 1902 in Stephen R. Mark, “Crater Lake: Seventeen Years to Success.”

  23. U.S. Congress, House, Congressional Record, 57th Cong. 1st Sess. (April 19, 1902), pp. 4450–4453. Also Steve Marks, “A National Park in the State of Oregon,” Southern Oregon Today (January 2001), Vol. 1, No. 1.

  24. “President Roosevelt on Citizens’ Duties,” New York Times (May 22, 1902).

  25. “Crater Lake National Park,” New York Times (November 16, 1902), p. 28.

  26. Runte, National Parks, p. 71. Also Conversation with Stephen R. Mark.

  27. “The Buffalo Woman,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave, S. Dak.

  28. “Birth of a National Park—The Winds of Wind Cave,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave, South Dakota. This online history was invaluable in writing the Wind Cave sections of this book.

  29. “Wind Cave Exploration,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave South Dakota.

  30. Freeman Tilden, The National Parks (New York: Knopf, 1979), p. 250.

  31. Alvin McDonald Diary (1891–1893), Wind Cave National Park Archive, Wind Cave, S. Dak. (Unpublished.)

  32. Gamble was a staunch supporter of T.R. See “Want Roosevelt Again,” New York Times (March 24, 1907), p. 1.

  33. “South Dakota Cave: Senator Gamble Wants to Preserve the Wonder in a Park” New York Times, (June 22, 1902), p. 23.

  34. Owen Wister, The Virginian (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 340.

  35. John G. Cawelti, “Introduction,” in Owen Wister, The Virginian (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2005), p. xxvii.

  36. Jack DeMattos, Garrett and Roosevelt (College Station, Texas: Creative Publishing Company, 1988).

  37. Owen Wister, “Rededication and Preface,” in The Virginian, (New York: Macmillan, 1911), pp. 285, 50, vii.

  38. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904,” Lecture for Kansas State University’s People, Prairies, and Plains, N.E.H. Summer Teachers’ Institute on Environmental History (July–August 1996).

  39. Carlos G. Bates and Roy G. Pierce, “Forestation of the Sand Hills of Nebraska and Kansas,” USDA Forest Service Bulletin Vol. 121 (1913), pp. 8–11; and Raymond J. Poole, “Fifty Years of the Nebraska National Forest,” Nebraska History, Vol. 34 (September 1953), p. 145.

  40. John Clark Hunt, “The Forest That Men Made” American Forests 71 (December 1965), p. 32.

  41. “Wildlife Management in the Forest Service,” in Celebrating a Century of Service: A Glance at the Agency’s History, Bi-Weekly Postings, Issue 22, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Forest Service, International Programs Archives.

  42. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904.”

  43. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (April 9, 1906), Library of Congress, Pinchot Papers (microfiche), Series 2, Vol. 62, Reel 341, p. 444.

  44. Quoted in Outlook, Vol. 109 (January 20, 1915).

  45. Polly Miller and Leon Miller, Lost Heritage of Alaska: The Adventure and Art of the Alaskan Coastal Indians (New York: Bonanza, 1967), pp. 243–252.

  46. David E. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve: Roosevelt, Emmons, and the Tongass National Forest,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 46, No. 1 (February 1977), pp. 65–83.

  47. George T. Emmons, “The Woodlands of Alaska,” Tongass National Forest Archive, Ketchikan, Alas.

  48. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve.”

  49. William N. Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft (New York: St. Martin’s, 1977), pp. ix—xi.

  50. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve,” Pacific Historical Review, pp. 65–82.

  51. Frederick Converse Beach and George Edwin Rines (eds.), The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. F—H (New York: Scientific American Compiling Department, Frederick Converse Beach, 1904–1905), table listed under “Game Preserves.”

  52. “Message of the President,” New

  York Times (December 3, 1902), p. 2.

  18: PAUL KROEGEL AND THE FEATHER WARS OF FLORIDA

  1. George Keyes, “Pelican Island,” More Tales of Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992). (Originally published in Vero Beach Press Journal, August 15, 1990). For number of species, see Frank J. Thomas, Melbourne Beach and Indialantic (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 1999), p. 21. By the year 2000, owing to the negative ecological effects from the opening of the ocean inlets in the late 1940s, the Indian River Lagoon had become very brackish, causing a host of new environmental problems. The increased salinity of the lagoon, for example, killed off the oyster beds. Another problem has been pollution and pesticides being flushed into the Indian River from man-made canals.

  2. Arthur C. Bent, Life Histories of North American Petrels and Pelicans and Their Allies (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1922, No. 121).

  3. Ibid.

  4. Jame
s Alexander Henshall, Camping and Cruising in Florida (Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke & Co., 1884), p. 57 and Robert R. Cointepoix, “Early Ornithologists,” Tales of Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1990), p. 127.

  5. “The Stork Facts,” Kingdom (December 17, 2002).

  6. White Stork File (Washington, D.C.: National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution). See also J. A. Hancock, J. A. Kushlan, and M. P. Kahl, Storks, Ibises, and Spoonbills of the World (London: Academic, 1992).

  7. Benjamin Thorpe, Northern Mythology, English Edition, Vol. II (London: Edward Cumley, 1941), pp. 271–274.

  8. Jackie Wullschlager, Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller (New York: Knopf, 2001), p. 194.

  9. “The Kroegel Family Stories,” in The Original Tales from Sebastian (Sebastian, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992), pp. 45–48.

  10. Arline Westfahl and George Keyes, One Person Can Make a Difference: A Story of Paul Kroegel and Pelican Island (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 2003).

  11. Wallace Stegner, The American West as Living Space (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987), p. v.

  12. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Archives, Vero Beach, Fla. More than thirty bird species used Pelican Island as a rookery, feeding ground, or loafing area. Among the most common besides brown pelicans were the wood stork, great egret, snowy egret, reddish egret, great blue heron, little blue heron, double-crested cormorant, anhinga, white ibis, American oystercatcher, and common moorhen.

  13. Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection (New York: Appleton-Century, 1937), p. 41.

  14. Ramona Vickers, “The Kroegel Family Story,” in The Original Tales from Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992), p. 45.

  15. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, The Correspondence of John Bartram 1734–1777 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 685.

  16. Author interview with Douglas Kroegel.

  17. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky (June 20, 2007), Sebastian, Fla.

  18. “Paul Kroegel (1864–1948),” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Conservation Files, Pelican Island, Fla.

  19. Westfahl and Keyes, One Person Can Make a Difference, p. 6.

  20. Ted Williams, “The Second Century,” Audubon (June 2003), p. 73.

  21. George Laycock, Wild Refuges (Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1969), pp. 12–20.

  22. Frank M. Chapman, “Introduction,” in Adventures in Bird Protection (New York: Appleton-Century, 1937), p. xiv.

  23. John Muir, A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 101.

  24. Frank Chapman, Autobiography of a Bird-Lover (New York: Appleton-Century, 1933), pp. 45–46.

  25. Frank Chapman, Bird Studies with a Camera (New York: Appleton, 1900), p. 1.

  26. Ibid., p. 3.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Ibid., pp. 196–199.

  29. Ibid., p. 207.

  30. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (content source), J. Emmett Duffy (topic ed.), “History of Pelican Island National Wild-life Refuge,” in Cutler J. Cleveland (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). (First published October 16, 2006; last revised January 31, 2007; retrieved September 13, 2007.)

  31. Robert E. Kohler, All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity 1850–1950 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 170.

  32. Chapman, Autobiography of a Bird-Lover, pp. 88–90.

  33. Elizabeth S. Austin (ed.), Frank M. Chapman in Florida: His Journals and Letters (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967).

  34. Chapman quoted in Frank Graham, Jr., “Where Wildlife Rules,” Audubon (June 2003), p. 47.

  35. “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge,” Encyclopedia of Earth (September 2007). Also special thanks to William Reffalt.

  36. William Reffalt, “A Prologue to Pelican Island” (February 2003). (Unpublished. Reffalt, the original author, is a retiree of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a former chief of the Division of Refuges, and a current volunteer.)

  37. “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge,” Encyclopedia of Earth (September 2007).

  38. T. S. Palmer, “In Memoriam: William Dutcher,” The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Vol. 38 (October 1921).

  39. Ibid.

  40. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), p. 569.

  41. William Dutcher to Paul Kroegel (March 24, 1903), Personal Papers of Janice Kroegel Timinsky, Vero Beach, Fla.

  42. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky, May 15, 2007.

  43. Weona Cleveland, “Pelican Island Was First Wildlife Refuge,” Evening Times (June 7, 1978).

  44. William Dutcher to Paul Kroegel (April 28, 1902), Personal Papers of Janice Kroegel Timinsky, Vero Beach, Fla.

  45. Clara Barrus, The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 320.

  46. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky, May 15, 2007.

  47. William Reffalt, “Pelican Island, Florida—Chronology of Early Events and Pelican Nesting Data” (May 2006). (Unpublished.)

  48. McIver, Death in the Everglades, 147–169.

  49. Ibid.

  50. Charles W. Tebeau, Man in the Everglades (Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1968).

  51. Stuart B. McIver, Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley, America’s First Martyr to Environmentalism (Gainesville: University of Florida, 2003), p. 136.

  52. Frank M. Chapman, Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist (New York: Appleton, 1908), p. 136.

  53. Jack E. Davis, An Everglades Providence (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2009), p. 189.

  54. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 286. 55. McIver, Death in the Everglades, p. 153.

  56. Michael Grunwald, The Swamp (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 1–80 and Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), pp. 50–68.

  57. Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Knopf, 1990), pp. 58–59.

  58. Dutcher quoted in “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge.”

  59. Robert R. Cointepoix, “Early Ornithologists,” p. 128.

  60. Paul Tritaik to Douglas Brinkley, Marc 25, 2009. Spoke to Tritaik around a dozen times.

  19: PASSPORTS TO THE PARKS

  1. T.R. to John Pitcher (February 18, 1903).

  2. T.R. to John Pitcher (March 2, 1900).

  3. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Stories, Vol. 2 (Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1977), p. 81.

  4. T.R. to Frederick Weyerhaeuser (March 5, 1903).

  5. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 7, 1903).

  6. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs, (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), pp. 227–228.

  7. John Burroughs, “Real and Sham Natural History,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 91, (March 1903).

  8. T.R. to Ernest Thompson Seton, quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 131.

  9. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 232–233.

  10. Ernest Thompson Seton, Life Histories of Northern Animals: An Account of the Mammals of Manitoba (New York: Scribner, 1909). Ernest Thompson Seton, Lives of Game Animals (New York: Doubleday, 1929).

  11. John Burroughs to Julian Burroughs (March 31, 1903), Vassar Library Collection, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.

  12. Burroughs, “Real and Sham Natural History,” Atlantic Monthly, 91 (March 1903).

  13. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 7, 1903).

  14. Paul Schullery, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Scandal of the H
unter as Nature Lover,” in Natalie A. Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, and John Allen Gable (eds.), Theodore Roosevelt: Many Sided American (Interlaken, N.Y.: Heart of the Lakes, 1992), p. 229.

  15. T.R. quoted in Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1977), p. 81.

  16. Donald Worster, Nature’s Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 260. Also Eric Busch of University of Texas at Austin (a PhD student in history) helped me formulate this idea. He is a cutting-edge new environmental historian whose expertise pertains to the Rocky Mountains.

  17. “President’s Train Ready,” New York Times (April 1, 1903), p. 8.

  18. John Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), p. viii.

  19. “Snow in Yellowstone Park,” New York Times (March 24, 1903), p. 5.

  20. “Invites John Burroughs,” New York Times (March 16, 1903), p. 1.

  21. New York Times (April 29, 1903). (Obituary.)

  22. “Wyoming for Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 18, 1903), p. 3.

  23. “Rival Towns Upset by the President’s Trip,” New York Times (March 24, 1903), p. 5.

  24. “A Bear for the President,” New York Times (March 25, 1903), p. 1.

  25. “Cowboys to Greet President,” New York Times (April 2, 1903), p. 1.

  26. “Dynamite Salute Planned,” New York Times (April 6, 1903), p. 1.

  27. “The President’s Progress,” New York Times (April 2, 1903), p. 8.

  28. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 14, 1903).

  29. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, pp. 5–6.

  30. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (March 31, 1903).

  31. Howells quoted in William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among Humorists (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), p. 21.

  32. John Burroughs, “Camping with President Roosevelt,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1906 (Vol. 97, No. 5).

  33. “President Discusses the Monroe Doctrine,” New York Times (April 3, 1903), p. 1.

  34. H. Paul Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer: Teddy Roosevelt’s Amazing Adventures as a Naturalist, Conservationist, and Explorer (New York: Taylor Trade, 2003).

  35. “Dooleyized’ the President: University of Chicago Students Adopt a Popular Song in Welcoming Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times (April 3, 1903), p. 1.