The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

  36. Paul Schullery, “Buffalo Jones and the Bison Herd in Yellowstone,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (July 1986), pp. 40–51.

  37. T.R. to Clinton Hart Merriam, April 16, 1903.

  38. T.R. to Lieutenant General S. B. M. Young (January 22, 1908), Yellowstone Reference Library, Yellowstone National Park.

  39. Brodie Farquehar, “Centennial Anniversary of Visit This Month,” Caspar Star Tribune (April 1, 2003), p. C1.

  40. T.R. to C. Hart Merriam (April 22, 1903).

  41. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, p. 8.

  42. Ibid., pp. 26, 29.

  43. Ibid., pp. 111, 60.

  44. “President Kills Lion in Yellowstone Park,” New York Times (April 12, 1903), p. 1.

  45. “President on the Move,” New York Times (April 15, 1903), p. 1.

  46. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, p. 66.

  47. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (April 22, 1903).

  48. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2, pp. 229–237.

  49. “Roosevelt Delights in Yellowstone,” Caspar Star Tribune (April 11, 2003), p. C1.

  50. “The President in the Park,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 60, No. 18 (May 2, 1903).

  51. Erin H. Turner, It Happened in Yellowstone (Guilford, Conn.: Morris, 2001), p. 47.

  52. “The President in the Park.”

  53. “Resumes His Tour,” Washington Post (April 25, 1903), p. 1.

  54. Liz Nelson, “The Hermit of Ravenswood,” Special Places, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Fall 2006), pp. 8–10.

  55. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (April 24, 1903).

  56. Morison (ed.), T.R. in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 3.

  57. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, pp. 59–60.

  58. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (April 9, 1906), Series 2, Vol. 62, Reel 241, p. 444.

  59. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904,” Lecture for Kansas State University’s People, Prairies, and Plains, N.E.H. Summer Teachers’ Institute on Environmental History (July-August 1996).

  60. “The President in Iowa,” New York Times (April 29, 1903), p. 1.

  61. Address by John F. Lacey before Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs, Waterloo (May 12, 1905). (Transcript.)

  62. David Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal (Chicago, Ill.: Swallow, 1974), pp. 233–236.

  63. “President Roosevelt Reaches St. Louis,” New York Times (April 30, 1903), p. 3.

  64. “Secretary Hitchcock Now Faces Charges,” New York Times (August 20, 1903), p. 1.

  65. Henry S. Brown, “Punishing the Landlooters,” Outlook (February 23, 1907).

  66. “President’s Train Ready,” New York Times (April 1, 1903), p. 8.

  67. Barbara Kerley, “Josiah, the White House Badger,” Highlights (April 2006), pp. 32–35.

  68. “The President’s Sunday at Sharon Springs, Kansas,” New York Times (May 4, 1903), p. 2. Also Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Archive (pet file).

  69. T.R. to children (May 10, 1903), Sagamore Hill Archives, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (Group letter from Del Monte, California.)

  70. “President in Colorado,” New York Times (May 5, 1903), p. 9.

  71. “Denver in Readiness,” Washington Post (May 4, 1903), p. 1.

  72. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping With Roosevelt, p. 53.

  73. “Mr. Roosevelt Tells New Mexico to Grow,” New York Times (May 6, 1903), p. 3.

  74. C. G. Turner II, Petroglyphs of the Glen Canyon Region (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, No. 38). Also see David S. Whitney, Handbook of Rock Art Research (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Alta Mira, 2001), pp. 385–386.

  75. Max Frost and Paul A. F. Walter, The Land of Sunshine: A Handbook of the Resources, Products, Industries, and Climate of New Mexico (Santa Fe: New Mexican Printing, 1904).

  76. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 1.

  77. “Mr. Roosevelt Sees the Grand Canyon,” New York Times (May 7, 1903), p. 2.

  78. Stephen R. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle, Wash.: Mountains, 1996), p. 1.

  79. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays, p. 8.

  80. “Mr. Roosevelt Sees the Grand Canyon,” New York Times (May 7, 1903), p. 2.

  81. John Burroughs, Locusts and Wild Honey (Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 200.

  82. T.R. quoted in Stephen J. Pyne, How The Canyon Became Grand: A Short History (New York: Viking, 1998), p. 38.

  83. David S. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle, Wash.: Mountaineers, 1996), pp. 13–19.

  84. Rose Houk, An Introduction to Grand Canyon Ecology (Grand Canyon, AZ: Grand Canyon Association, 1996), pp. 4–45.

  85. Richard G. Beidleman, California’s Frontier Naturalists (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), p. 369.

  86. “President Roosevelt in California,” New York Times (May 8, 1903), p. 1.

  87. “The Pope to Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times (May 10, 1903), p. 5.

  88. “President Talks of California’s Big Trees,” New York Times (May 12, 1903), p. 2.

  89. “Degree Conferred upon President Roosevelt,” New York Times (May 15, 1903), p. 1.

  90. “President Talks of California’s Big Trees.”

  91. Ibid.

  92. Burroughs quoted in Worster, Nature’s Economy, p. 17.

  93. “America’s Destiny on the Pacific,” New York Times (May 14, 1903), p. 1.

  94. Lynn Readicker-Henderson and Ed Readicker-Henderson, Adventure Guide: Inside Passage and Coastal Alaska, 4th ed. (Edison, N.J.: Hunter, 2002), pp. 55–57.

  95. A. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite,” Pacific Discovery Vol. 16 (January–February 1963), pp. 18–22.

  96. Shirley Sargent, Yosemite’s Famous Guests (Yosemite, Calif.: Flying Spur, 1970), pp. 18–21.

  97. “How Big Are Big Trees?” California State Parks (2008). (Pamphlet produced by the state of California.)

  98. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 78.

  99. Osborn quoted in Edwin Way Teale (ed.), The Wilderness World of John Muir (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1954), p. 181.

  100. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 78.

  101. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite.”

  102. Charlie Leidig, “Report of President Roosevelt’s Visit in May, 1903,” Yosemite National Park Archive, Yosemite, Calif.

  103. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation,” Outlook, Vol. 109 (January 6, 1915), pp. 27–28.

  104. Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir.”

  105. Teale (ed.), The Wilderness World of John Muir, p. xvii.

  106. T.R., An Autobiography (New York Macmillan, 1913), p. 332–333.

  107. Donald Worster, A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 346.

  108. Ibid.

  109. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite.”

  110. Worster, A Passion for Nature, pp. 208–211.

  111. Clara Barrus, “In the Yosemite with John Muir,” The Craftsman, Vol. 23, No. 3 (December 1912), pp. 324–335.

  112. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 509.

  113. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation.”

  114. Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (New York: Knopf, 1945), pp. 288–289.

  115. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 366.

  116. Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness, p. 290.

  117. Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1923), p. 388.

  118. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 369.

  119. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), p. 87.

  120. T.R. quoted in Sargent, Yosemite’s Famous Guests, p. 19.

  121. John Muir, letter to Robert Underwood Johnson (1889), cited in Frank Bergon, The Wilderness Reader (Lincoln: Universit
y of Nevada Press, 1994), p. 251.

  122. John Muir, Linnie Marsh Wolfe (ed.), John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1938), p. 277.

  123. John Muir to Louis Muir (May 19, 1903), John Muir Papers, University of the Pacific.

  124. John Muir to Dr. and Mrs. C. Hart Merriam and the Baileys (January 1, 1904), Muir Papers, University of the Pacific.

  125. Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness, p. 87.

  126. Leidig, “Report of President Roosevelt’s Visit in May, 1903.”

  127. Photograph included in Our National Parks (Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader’s Digest Association, 1985), p. 15.

  128. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation.”

  129. Ibid.

  130. T.R. to Ethan Allen Hitchcock (May 19, 1903).

  131. T.R. to John Muir (May 19, 1903).

  132. Rod Miller, John Muir’s Magnificent Tramp (New York: A Tom Doherty Associates Book, 2005), p. 146.

  133. T.R., California Addresses (San Francisco: The California Promotion Committee, 1903), printed by the Tomoyé Press, San Francisco, p. 140.

  134. George Wharton James, “Harry Cassie Best: Painter of the Yosemite Valley and the California Mountains,” Out West, New Series, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January 1914), p. 11.

  135. “President Quits California,” New York Times (May 21, 1903), p. 8.

  136. T.R. to Harry Cassie Best (November 12, 1908). The actual title of the painting was Evening at Mt. Shasta. According to Out West, T.R. told Best, “That afterglow on Mt. Shasta is the grandest sight in Nature I have ever witnessed, and I never expected to see such a good reproduction of it on canvas.”

  137. James, “Harry Cassie Best: Painter of the Yosemite Valley and the California Mountains.”

  138. “President’s Oregon Tour,” New York Times (May 22, 1903), p. 7.

  139. Kohler, All Creatures, p. 84. Burroughs thought using Linnaean binomials made “readers feel ignorant and mystified.”

  140. William L. Finley, “Birds about an Oregon Pond, Sunset Magazine (December 1907).

  141. Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography (Corvallis: Oregon State University, 1986), p. 38.

  142. Russell D. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 531–532.

  143. Ibid.

  144. Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography, pp. 17–18.

  145. Tom McAllister, Audubon-Warbler (April 1959).

  146. Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography, pp. 6–7.

  147. U.S. Senate History, Expulsion and Censure, Senate Historical Archive, Washington, D.C.

  148. T.R. to Alice Lee Roosevelt (May 27, 1903).

  149. Ethan Trex, “White House Pets: Hippo, Gator, and ‘Satan’” (transcript), CNN Archives (November 7, 2008).

  150. T.R., letter from the White House (June 6, 1903), Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, Oyster Bay, N.Y.

  20: BEAUTY UNMARRED

  1. T.R. and Henry Cabot Lodge, Hero Tales from American History (New York: The Century Company, 1895), p. 169.

  2. John Milton Cooper, “Theodore Roosevelt: On Clio’s Active Service,” The Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter 1986), pp. 21–37.

  3. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 25, 1904).

  4. George Bird Grinnell, “Preface” in George Bird Grinnell (ed.), American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904), pp. 19–20.

  5. George Bird Grinnell, “Theodore Roosevelt,” ibid., pp. 19–21.

  6. T.R., “Wilderness Reserves,” ibid., pp. 20–51. (T.R. included this essay a year later in his Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, giving it a more widespread readership.)

  7. Ibid., p. 51.

  8. T.R. to James Wilson (March 12, 1904).

  9. T.R. to Lawrence Fraser Abbot (March 14, 1904).

  10. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), pp. 101–104.

  11. Barbara Kerley, “Josiah, the White House Badger,” Highlights (April 2006), pp. 32–33.

  12. Jacob Riis, Theodore Roosevelt: The Citizen (New York: Macmillan, 1904), pp. 318–319.

  13. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 357.

  14. Ibid., pp. 355–357.

  15. “Pets at White House,” Washington Post (January 22, 1907), p. 18.

  16. “Pet Lamb for Theodore Roosevelt Jr.,” New York Times (October 9, 1902), p. 9.

  17. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 8, 1903).

  18. Ibid.

  19. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 18, 1904).

  20. Washington Evening Star (January 22, 1908). White House Historical Assocation archives (2009 updated).

  21. Irwin Hood Hoover, Forty-Two Years in the White House (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), p. 28.

  22. “Archie Roosevelt Is Ill,” New York Times (April 14, 1903), p. 1.

  23. “Pony in the White House,” New York Times (April 27, 1903), p. 1. Also Sagamore Hill Pet Archive, Oyster Bay, N.Y.

  24. “Pets at White House,” Washington Post (January 22, 1907), p. 18.

  25. Ibid.

  26. “Menelik to Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 5, 1904), p. 2.

  27. Steve Kemper, “Who’s Laughing Now?,” Smithsonian (May 2008).

  28. “Roosevelt Dog Is Found,” New York Times (October 1, 1909), p. 20.

  29. “Cultural Landscape Report by Sagamore Hill National Historic Site” (prepared by Regina M. Bellavia and George W. Curry), Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Archive, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (2003 reprint.)

  30. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (New York: Arno, 1974), pp. 110–111.

  31. Minutes of Executive Committee of Boone and Crockett Club (October 27, 1913). (Transcript.)

  32. T.R. to John F. Lacey (April 21, 1904).

  33. Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey, pp. 113–116.

  34. “Ranger Boats,” Tongass National Forest Facts, Tongass National Forest (history file).

  35. T.R. to Kentaro Kaneko (April 23, 1904).

  36. T.R. quoted in The Russo-Japanese War Research Society (February 1904–September 1905) time line. Online study group.

  37. Timothy Foote, “Where the Gooney Birds Are,” Smithsonian Magazine (September 2001), p. 95.

  38. Donald J. Pisani, Water, Land, Law in the West: The Limits of Public Policy, 1850–1920 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 116.

  39. “President Opens Fair with Golden Button,” New York Times (May 1, 1904), p. 1.

  40. Enos A. Mills, Your National Parks (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), pp. 244–245.

  41. North Dakota: A Guide for the Northern Prairie State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 256. (This is a revised edition of the first printing in 1938.)

  42. George Bird Grinnell, “Forest Reserves of North Dakota,” in American Big Game in Its Haunts, pp. 458–466.

  43. Joseph Maxwell, “Sullys Hill National Game Preserve,” North Dakota Outdoors (March 2003), p. 22. The USDA used Sully’s during the T.R. years but today its Sullys. The apostrophe has been deleted. 44. T.R. to Edward Howe Forbush (July 21, 1904).

  45. “Early State Forestry Efforts” (Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Brochure No. 9, 2008). Part of the Mini-histories of the Forest Service Series.

  46. T.R. to James Rudolph Garfield (July 13, 1904).

  47 Buffalo Jones to T.R. (July 27, 1903). Yellowstone National Park, Jackson Hole, Wyo.

  48. T.R. to John Burroughs (August 12, 1904).

  49. “Breton Island,” National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Shepherdstown, W. Va.

  50. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, pp. 285–289.

  51. Ibid., pp. 286–287.

  52. Official Report of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Republican National Convention (New York: LaFayette B. Gleason, 1916), p. 264. Also see Lewis
Gould, ed., “Charles Warren Fairbanks and the Republican National Convention of 1900: A Memoir,” Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 77 (December 1981), p. 370.

  53. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (October 15, 1904).

  54. T.R. to George Bruce Cortelyou (October 26, 1904).

  55. T.R. to Owen Wister (November 19, 1904).

  56. “Menelik’s Gifts Here,” New York Times (November 8, 1904), p. 1.

  57. “Gifts to the President,” New York Times (November 23, 1905), p. 1.

  58. Carnegie Institution Yearbook, 1906, quoted in “A Year’s Work of the Carnegie Institution,” Nature, Vol. 75, No. 1956 (April 25, 1907).

  59. T.R. to Andrew Carnegie (November 10, 1904).

  60. Mike Thompson, The Travels and Tribulations of Theodore Roosevelt’s Cabin (San Angelo, Tex.: Laughing Horse Enterprises, 2004), pp. 30–34.

  61. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 29, 1904) and T.R. to Oliver Wendell Holmes (December 5, 1904).

  62. T.R. to Robert Underwood Johnson (January 17, 1905).

  63. T.R. to Grant LaFarge (January 27, 1905).

  64. Tyler Dennett, John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1933), pp. 184–186; and T.R., State Papers, National Edition, Vol. 15, pp. 318–401.

  65. T.R. to Orville Hitchcock Platt (February 23, 1905).

  66. “Forest Transfer Act of 1905,” Issue 15, Celebrating a Century of Service, A Glance at the Agency’s History U.S. Forestry Service, Bi-Weekly Postings, U.S. Forest Service, International Programs Archives, Washington, D.C.

  67. Dennis M. Roth, A History of Wild-life Management in the Forest Service (Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service History Unit, 1989). This is an unpublished manuscript. See also Jack Ward Thomas, Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests, Agricultural Handbook 553 (Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service, 1979).

  68. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 85.

  69. Thomas Mallon, “Set in Stone,” New Yorker (October 13, 2008).

  70. “Washington Snow-Clad on Inauguration’s Eve,” New York Times (March 2, 1905), p. 1.

  71. “Washington, Aflutter Donning Gala Attire,” New York Times (March 3, 1905), p. 1.

  72. “Indians At the Inaugural,” New York Times (February 3, 1905), p. 8.

  73. David Dary, True Tales of the Prairies and Plains (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), p. 119.