American Pharaoh

by Adam Cohen

  11. CT, 2/25/67; CT, 3/1/67.

  12. CT, 3/4/67; CT, 3/15/67; CT, 3/17/67.

  13. CT, 3/24/67.; CT, 4/4/67; CT, 3/27/67.

  14. Peterson, School Politics, pp. 33, 36; O’Connor, Clout, p. 176; CT, 4/5/67.

  15. CT, 5/10/67; CT, 4/9/67; CT, 4/5/67; CT, 4/6/67; CT, 4/21/67.

  16. CT, 5/19/67.

  17. CT, 5/13/67; NYT, 5/19/67.

  18. NYT, 12/23/67; CT, 12/23/67.

  19. CT, 8/16/66; NYT, 7/21/66; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1076; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 184; New York Post, 7/5/67; CSM, 9/5/67; CT, 12/23/67; CT, 8/1/68.

  20. CT, 6/6/67; CT, 4/29/67; CT, 7/13/67; CT, 7/14/67.

  21. Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, p. 120; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, pp. 1080–1082.

  22. CT, 7/28/67; CT, 7/29/67; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 140.

  23. CT, 7/29/67; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 141.

  24. NYT, 11/7/67; Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding, p. 150.

  25. NYT, 8/21/67.

  26. NYT, 8/16/67; CT, 8/14/67; Wall Street Journal, 8/15/67; Wall Street Journal, 8/15/67; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 217.

  27. O’Neill, Coming Apart, p. 288; Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 245.

  28. William Daley, interview with the authors; Davidson, Vietnam at War, pp. 452–453; CT, 10/8/67; O’Connor, Clout, p. 194.

  29. William Daley, interview with the author; Larry O’Brien, Oral History No. 23, LBJ Library; Goodwin, Remembering America, p. 389; WHCF, Name File (Daley), LBJ Library; David Stahl, interview with the authors.

  30. Edward Burke, interview with the authors; William Daley, interview with the authors.

  31. CT, 10/10/67.

  32. CDN, 10/9/67.

  33. CT, 10/9/67; CDN, 10/9/67.

  34. Time, 8/30/68; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 391.

  35. CT, 10/10/67.

  36. NYT, 12/27/67; CT, 12/28/67; NYT, 10/11/67.

  37. Chester, American Melodrama, p. 503; Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 300.

  38. CT, 4/18/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 120.

  39. Chester, American Melodrama, p. 120.

  40. Ciccone, Daley, p. 235.

  41. Ciccone, Daley, p. 237.

  42. O’Neill, Coming Apart, p. 180; Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, pp. xvii, 478.

  43. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 144; CT, 4/5/67.

  44. CT, 4/6/68; O’Neill, Coming Apart, p. 181; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1128; Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, p. 153.

  45. CT, 4/6/68; NYT, 4/7/68; CT, 4/7/68.

  46. CT, 4/8/68.

  47. CT, 4/16/68.

  48. CT, 4/17/68.

  49. CDN, 4/17/68.

  50. CT, 4/16/68; CT, 4/17/68; Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, pp. 153–154; CT, 4/18/67; CT, 4/18/68.

  51. CT, 4/19/68; Ciccone, Daley, p. 245; Earl Bush, interview with the authors.

  52. Chicago Urban League, Racial Aspects of Urban Planning, n.p.; Rossi and Dentler, Politics of Urban Renewal, p. 262, n. 9.

  53. Sander, “Study in Law and Order,” p. 657; Biles, Richard J. Daley, pp. 149–150; CT, 8/2/68.

  54. Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 321; CT, 8/2/68.

  55. Farber, Chicago ’68, p. 163; CST, 8/3/68; CT, 8/3/68.

  Chapter 13. Preserving Disorder

  1. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1134; O’Neill, Coming Apart, p. 290; Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 307; CT, 6/6/68.

  2. Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 322; CT, 6/30/68; O’Neill, Coming Apart, pp. 382, 383; Hoffman, Freedom and License, p. 59.

  3. Sautter and Burke, Inside the Wigwam, p. 247.

  4. CT, 8/17/68; CT, 8/9/68.

  5. CT, 8/1/68; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 153.

  6. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1142; CT, 8/21/68.

  7. NYT, 8/28/68; Farber, Chicago ’68, p. 159; CDN, 8/21/68; White, The Making of the President 1968; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 150; Hayden, Tom, “The Battle for Survival,” in Conspiracy, p. 164.

  8. WP, 8/18/78.

  9. NYT, 12/2/80; Deposition of Richard J. Daley, Alliance to End Repression v. Rochford, No. 74 C 3268, U.S. District Court for the N. Dist. of Illinois, p. 27.

  10. Farber, Chicago ’68, p. 160; CT, 8/21/68; CT, 8/25/68.

  11. David Stahl, interview with the authors.

  12. CT, 6/12/68; CT, 5/18/68; CT, 8/7/68.

  13. CT, 6/28/68; CT, 8/17/68; CT, 6/20/68.

  14. CT, 8/9/68.

  15. Earl Bush, interview with the authors; WP, 9/9/68; NYT, 8/16/68.

  16. White, The Making of the President 1968, p. 288; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 152; CT, 8/29/68.

  17. Hoffman, “Freedom and License,” in Conspiracy, p. 55; CT, 8/20/68; CT, 8/21/68; Hubert Will, interview with the authors.

  18. CDN, 8/23/68; CDN, 8/22/68; CT, 8/22/68; CT, 8/24/68.

  19. CT, 8/17/68; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 154; CDN, 8/24/68; CT, 8/25/68.

  20. CT, 8/23/68; CT, 8/21/68; NYT, 8/21/68; CDN, 8/22/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 596; CDN, 8/22/68.

  21. WP, 8/27/68; Chester, American Melodrama, pp. 539, 569; CT, 8/25/68.

  22. Ciccone, Daley, p. 257; CT, 8/26/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 570.

  23. Hoffman, “Freedom and License,” in Conspiracy, pp. 58–59.

  24. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 155–156; CT, 8/26/68.

  25. NYT, 8/27/68; Chester, American Melodrama, pp. 570–571.

  26. NYT, 8/27/68; Chester, American Melodrama, pp. 505, 507.

  27. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 156; NYT, 8/28/68; CT, 8/28/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 513.

  28. CT, 8/28/68.

  29. CT, 8/28/68; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 157.

  30. NYT, 8/29/68; CT, 8/30/68.

  31. Rights in Conflict, p. 239. witness,” in Law and Disorder, n.p.

  32. Biles, Richard J. Daley, pp. 158 159; Rights in Conflict, p. 255; “Shana – Alexander: Eye-witness,” in Law and Disorder, n.p.

  33. Hayden, While the World Was Watching, p. 71; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 159; New York Post, 8/29/68; NYT, 8/30/68.

  34. CDN, 8/29/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 585.

  35. CT, 8/29/68.

  36. CT, 8/29/68.

  37. New York Post, 8/29/68; NYT, 8/30/68.

  38. NYT, 8/30/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 589.

  39. NYT, 8/30/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 590; Law and Disorder, n.p.

  40. CDN, 8/30/68, interview with M. W. Newman; “Dermot A. Ryan, Eyewitness,” in Law and Disorder, n.p.; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 591.

  41. WP, 8/31/68; New York Post, 8/31/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 592; CT, 8/31/68; CDN, 8/31/68; Law and Disorder, n.p.

  42. WP, 9/10/68; NYT, 9/10/68; WP, 9/10/68; Time, 9/20/68.

  43. “Strategy of Confrontation.”

  44. NYT, 9/5/68; CT, 9/16/68.

  45. WP, 10/9/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 594; CT, 9/17/68.

  46. CT, 10/8/68; CT, 11/8/68; WP, 11/14/68; CT, 11/14/68; CT, 11/14/68.

  47. CT, 12/2/68; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 221; CT, 12/2/68; Rights in Conflict, p. 11; CT, 12/2/68; Chester, American Melodrama, p. 603.

  Chapter 14. We Wore Suits and Ties

  1. CT, 1/9/69.

  2. Biles, Richard J. Daley, pp. 166 167.

  3. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 189.

  4. Hubert Will, interview with the authors; O’Connor, Clout, p. 147.

  5. Initial Brief of Plaintiffs in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Gautreaux, pp. 13–14; Alexander Polikoff, interview with the authors; Henderson, “Scattered Successes,” The Chicago Reader, 10/14/94; Affidavit of Harold M. Baron, Gautreaux v. CHA; Initial Brief of Plaintiffs in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Gautreaux, “Controversy Over Chicago’s Public Housing,” CT, 3/14/71.

  6. CT, 3/14/71; Initial Brief; Gautreaux, p. 22; CDN, 12/20/66
.

  7. CT, 2/12/69.

  8. CT, 2/12/69; CT, 3/14/71; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 134.

  9. CT, 3/14/71.

  10. CT, 3/14/71; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 173.

  11. Lemann, Promised Land, pp. 198–199; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 170.

  12. CT, 2/22/72; Lemann, Promised Land, pp. 198–199; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 170.

  13. CT, 2/22/72; CT, 2/21/72.

  14. Lemann, Promised Land, p. 251.

  15. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 253; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 123; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 168.

  16. CT, 3/10/69; Newsweek, 4/21/69.

  17. CT, 3/21/68; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 174.

  18. CT, 4/24/69.

  19. CT, 4/4/69; CT, 4/6/69.

  20. CT, 9/7/69, William Singer, interview with the authors; CT, 2/27/69; CT, 3/13/69.

  21. CT, 9/8/69, William Singer, interview with the authors.

  22. CT, 9/13/69; CT, 9/14/69.

  23. O’Neill, Coming Apart, pp. 296–297; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 175; Schultz, The Chicago Conspiracy Trial, pp. 90–92.

  24. CT, 1/25/70; Schultz, The Chicago Conspiracy Trial, pp. 118–128.

  25. CT, 1/7/70; CT, 1/6/70; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1205; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 176; Schultz, The Chicago Conspiracy Trial , pp. 13, 214; CT, 1/7/70; CT, 1/6/70.

  26. Gleason, Daley , p. 363.

  27. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 416.

  28. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 426, 432; Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther, p. 208.

  29. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 433.

  30. Chicago Magazine, 11/94; Biles, Richard J. Daley, pp. 177–178.

  31. CT, 3/15/70.

  32. CT, 3/21/70; CT, 4/5/70.

  33. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 178, NYT, 12/27/73; Arlen, An American Verdict.

  34. CT, 5/29/70; CT, 5/19/70.

  35. Miller, Here’s the Deal, pp. 24, 29; McBrien, The Loop, p. 30.

  36. CST, 4/19/70; O’Connor, Clout, pp. 135–137.

  37. CT, 7/28/70; Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, p. 255.

  38. NYT, 11/5/70.

  39. NYT, 11/5/70; CT, 11/17/70.

  40. CT, 12/19/70; NYT, 12/21/73.

  41. CT, 12/18/70.

  42. CT, 1/3/71; CT, 11/18/70; CT, 11/6/70.

  43. NYT, 3/9/71; CT, 3/14/69.

  44. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 173; CT, 3/14/71; CT, 3/9/71; CT, 3/14/71.

  45. CT, 3/9/71; CT, 3/14/69; New Republic, 4/3/71.

  46. CT, 3/14/71; Chicago Today, 3/11/71; CT, 3/11/71.

  47. CT, 12/24/70.

  48. CST, 3/4/71; Life, 3/19/71; CT, 1/4/71.

  49. CT, 4/5/71; CA, 3/25/71.

  50. Richard Friedman, interview with the authors; NYT, 4/8/71.

  51. NYT, 4/8/71.

  52. CT, 11/29/70; CT, 4/7/71.

  53. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 449; NYT, 8/26/71; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 179; Time, 9/6/71; CT, 8/27/71.

  54. Chicago Magazine, 11/94; CT, 9/8/71.

  55. CT, 7/7/71.

  56. CT, 1/3/71; NYT, 7/20/71.

  57. CT, 7/22/71; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 187; William Singer, interview with the authors; CT, 7/24/71.

  58. CT, 10/7/71; CT, 9/18/71.

  59. NYT, 5/10/76.

  60. NYT, 12/16/71; CT, 12/16/71; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 196.

  61. CT, 7/8/71; NYT, 9/25/79.

  62. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 285.

  63. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 287; CT, 11/28/76.

  64. CST, 9/29/72.

  65. CST, 9/29/72; William Singer, interview with the authors.

  66. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 189; CT, 11/19/70.

  67. Despres papers, Chicago Historical Society; CT, 7/8/72.

  68. CT, 7/9/72.

  69. CT, 6/1/72; CT, 7/2/72; CT, 7/7/72.

  70. Mailer, St. George and the Godfather, pp. 45–46; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 194; CT, 8/17/72.

  71. CT, 10/28/72; CT files, Election Fraud, 6/15/74.

  72. Harris Wofford, interview with the authors; Ciccone, Daley, p. 298; NYT, 10/26/72; NYT, 9/13/72.

  Chapter 15. If a Man Can’t Put His Arms Around His Sons

  1. CT, 1/11/73; Daley speech, University of Chicago, 2/21/73 (on file with the authors).

  2. David Stahl, interview with the authors; CT, 2/9/73.

  3. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 254; CT, 2/15/73.

  4. CT, 3/6/73; CT, 3/23/73; CT, 2/28/73; David Stahl, interview with the authors; CT, 3/15/73; CT, 11/23/73.

  5. Time, 4/2/73; CT, 9/21/73; CT, 9/22/73.

  6. CT, 5/4/73; CT, 1/31/73.

  7. William Hartmann memo, Central Area Committee files; William Hartmann, interview with the authors; Time, 6/2/73; Wille, At Home in the Loop, p. 4.

  8. CT, 5/23/74.

  9. CT, 11/10/72.

  10. Marciniak, Reclaiming the Inner City, p. 35; Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; CT, 5/11/62; Arthur Rubloff Collection, Chicago Historical Society, Box 4, Folder 5; CDN, 11/12/60; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 167.

  11. CT, 6/15/73, Central Area Committee files; Wille, At Home in the Loop, p. 10; CT, 4/5/74; CT, 11/10/72; CT, 7/21/77.

  12. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 145; CT, 3/30/74; Wille, At Home in the Loop, p. 68.

  13. William Daley, interview with the authors; CT, 11/4/73; CT, 3/18/73.

  14. CT, 10/13/79; CT, 3/30/73; Wall Street Journal, 8/8/73.

  15. CT, 11/13/74; NYT, 5/3/74; CT, 12/19/73; CST, 12/19/73.

  16. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 203; Edward Burke, interview with the authors; CT, 3/3/74.

  17. Arthur Rubloff Collection, Chicago Historical Society, Box 4, Folder 5; CDN, 11/12/60; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 167.

  18. CT, 3/10/74; CT, 1/12/74; CT, 1/13/74; CDN, 5/2/74; CDN, 7/16/74; CT, 6/23/74; CT, 3/16/74; CDN, 3/12/74.

  19. Chicago Today, 1/7/74; CT, 1/1/74.

  20. Wall Street Journal, 1/24/74; Time, 2/25/74; NYT, 2/12/74; Kleppner, Chicago Divided, p. 85.

  21. NYT, 5/13/74; CT, 4/2/74; CT, 5/7/74; NYT, 5/19/74.

  22. NYT, 5/24/74; CT, 7/22/74; NYT, 5/24/74; CT, 4/21/74; NYT, 5/19/74.

  23. CST, 7/11/74; NYT, 7/12/74; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 200; David Stahl, interview with the authors; CSM, 7/15/74.

  24. NYT, 9/3/74, Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 201.

  25. NYT, 10/9/74; CT, 10/13/74; NYT, 10/7/74.

  26. WP, 8/31/73; Lens, The Progressive; William Singer, interview with the authors.

  27. CT, 12/22/74.

  28. CT, 2/26/75.

  29. CT, 2/15/75; NYT, 2/21/75.

  30. William Singer, interview with the authors; NYT, 2/21/75.

  31. NYT, 2/21/75; CT, 2/15/75; CT, 2/26/75; NYT, 2/21/75.

  32. William Singer, interview with the authors.

  33. NYT, 3/15/75.

  34. NYT, 4/10/75; Edward Burke, interview with the authors.

  35. William Singer, interview with the authors; Against the Crosstown, Position Paper, North River Commission, July 1972, in Leon Despres Papers, Box 69, Folder 4, Chicago Historical Society; Memo from Jim Weill, Community Legal Counsel, 4/10/70, Leon Despres Papers, Box 69, Folder 4, Chicago Historical Society.

  36. Memorandum of Director William R. Mooney, Intelligence Division, B.I.S., to Deputy Superintendent Michael A. Spiotto, B.I.S., Re: Benefit Dinner Sponsored by the Afro-American Patrolmen’s League, 6/8/72, copy on file with the authors; NYT, 6/2/75; NYT, 3/20/75. Documents in Chicago Historical Society.

  37. CST, 9/10/75; CT, 8/16/75.

  38. NYT, 4/19/75.

  39. NYT, 1/6/76.

  40. NYT, 1/6/76, NYT, 1/11/76; CT, 1/4/76; Kleppner, Chicago Divided, p. 86.

  41. CT, 3/28/76.

  42. William Daley, interview with the authors; Tom Donovan, interview with the authors.

  43. CT, 11/12/75; CST, 2/4/76.

  44. NYT, 4/22/76; NYT, 4/26
/76; Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, pp. 161, 231.

  45. CST, 7/28/75.

  46. NYT, 5/4/76; NYT, 7/4/76; Ciccone, Daley, p. 309.

  47. CT, 3/17/76, Ciccone, Daley, p. 309.

  48. NYT, 3/15/76.

  49. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 310–311.

  50. Time, 7/21/76.

  51. NYT, 7/15/76; Time, 7/26/76.

  52. CT, 8/21/77; CT, 8/19/76.

  53. Ciccone, Daley, p. 313; Time, 11/22/76.

  54. CT, 11/28/76; NYT, 11/5/76.

  55. Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 4–5; Gilbert Graham, interview with the authors; CST, 9/2/77.

  56. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 8.

  57. WP, 12/21/76, CT, 12/21/76.

  58. Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 11, 14.

  59. NYT, 12/22/76; CT, 12/21/76.

  60. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 24; NYT, 12/22/76.

  61. CT, 12/23/76; NYT, 12/23/76.

  62. NYT, 12/23/76; CT, 12/23/76.

  SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Archives

  We made use of the following archives: Chicago Historical Society, in particular the papers of Cyrus Hall Adams, Better Government Association, Leon Despres, James C. Murray, Len O’Connor, Holman Pettibone, and Arthur Rubloff and the Red Squad. Federal court records included case files Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County in Federal District Court Archives, Chicago, Illinois. The Federal Bureau of Investigation made Richard J. Daley’s files available. We reviewed public documents at City Hall, and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library provided rich material on Richard J. Daley.

  We also consulted the Chicago Public Library, in particular its Chicago collection, and the library at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Businessmen and Professionals for the Public Interest generously made their Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority case files available.

  Libraries at the De La Salle Institute, University of Chicago, and DePaul University held important resources. The Mount Holyoke College library and computer center provided assistance. At Fisk University, we examined the William Dawson Papers. We utilized the Oral History Project at Columbia University. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers were available at the Martin Luther King Center. The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago and the Museum of Television & Radio in New York provided excellent coverage of Daley, and the 1968 convention in particular.

  Articles, Pamphlets, Unpublished Documents, and Other Materials

  All Things Considered. National Public Radio, May 18, 1998.

  “Anatomy of a Confrontation” (City of Chicago document).