Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
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Ellis, Joseph J. “Philadelphia Story.” American Heritage 60, no. 2 (Summer 2010).
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———. “On Agency.” Journal of Social History 37, no. 1 (2003).
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Morris, Christopher. “The Articulation of Two Worlds: The Master-Slave Relationship Reconsidered.” Journal of American History 85, no. 3 (Dec. 1998).
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———. “Sub-floor Pits, Slave-Quarter Architecture, and the Social Dynamics of Chesapeake Slavery.” Lecture, Central Virginia Social History Group, March 25, 1997.
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———. “Monticello to Main Street: The Hemings Family and Charlottesville.” Magazine of Albemarle County History 55 (1997).
———. “The Other End of the Telescope.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 57, no. 1 (Jan. 2000).
———. “‘A Well-Ordered Household’: Domestic Servants in Jefferson’s White House.” White House History 17 (2006).
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Newspaper Articles
Coulter, Ann. “Jefferson Met Hemings in Vietnam.” Jewish World Review, June 21, 2001. http://jeffersondnastudy.com/.
Davis, David Brion. “The Enduring Legacy of the South’s Civil War Victory.” New York Times, Aug. 26, 2001.
“Dillwyn Park Would Hold Memories of Struggle.” Media General News Service, Charlottesville Daily Progress, Nov. 28, 2007.
“Drafted Man, Classed as Colored, Commits Suicide in an Ohio Camp.” Washington Post, Sept. 29, 1917, p. 4, 1917.
Irvine, Reed. “Mainstream Media Allows Smear of Washington, but Not Bill Clinton.” Insight on the News, Aug. 9, 1999. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_29_15/ai_55426745/.
Mapp, Alf. “If Alive, He Still Would Be Ahead of Our Time.” www.tjheritage.org/editorials.html.
“Peter Fossett, the Venerable Ex-slave, Well Known Among the Best Families of Cincinnati, Talks of Olden Times.” Unidentified Cincinnati newspaper, n.d. [July 1900?].
Safire, William. “Sallygate.” New York Times, Nov. 2, 1998.
Shipp, E. R. “Reporting on Jefferson.” Washington Post, May 30, 1999.
Thomas, Alice. “Report That Jefferson Fathered Slave’s Children Disputed.” Columbus Dispatch, Aug. 27, 2000.
Trescott, Jacqueline. “The Hemings Affair.” Washington Post, June 15, 1979.
Turner, Robert F. “Did Jefferson Sleep with Sally Hemings?,” History News Network, Aug. 8, 2005. http://hnn.us/articles/825.html.
———. “The Truth About Jefferson.” Wall Street Journal, July 4, 2001.
Virginia Gazette. http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGbyYear.cfm.
Music
Acknowledgments
Anyone writing about Jefferson and slavery is profoundly indebted to the pathbreaking research and writings of Cinder Stanton, Shannon Senior Historian at the Thomas Jefferson Foundation. She broke the seals on many hidden histories. I have known Cinder for some twenty years, and my debt to her is enormous. Our interpretations may diverge, but I remain deeply grateful for her generous, unstinting assistance.
I was able to launch the research for this book as a resident fellow at the Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies, down the road from Monticello. I am grateful to Daniel P. Jordan, former president of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation. A staunch believer in the Jeffersonian principle of free inquiry, Dan urged me to apply for a fellowship even when I said that I did not know what I would find and that my conclusions might not be to everyone’s liking. At ICJS I owe special thanks to Dr. Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy, Saunders Director; Mary Scott-Fleming, Director of Enrichment Programs; Jack Robertson, Foundation Librarian; Anna Berkes, Research Librarian; Leah Stearns, Digital Library Project Coordinator; Endrina Tay, Associate Foundation Librarian for Technical Services; and Eric Johnson, Library Services Coordinator.
For their many courtesies and help I thank Leslie Greene Bowman, President of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; Susan R. Stein, Richard Gilder Senior Curator and Vice President for Museum Programs; Justin Sarafin, Dependencies Project Coordinator; Elizabeth V. Chew, Associate Curator of Collections; Gaye Wilson, Research Historian; and Derek Wheeler, Research Archaeologist. I send special thanks to Leni Sorenson, Monticello’s African-American Research Historian, for sharing her illuminating, vital new research, and to Fraser D. Neiman, Director of Archaeology, and Sara Bon-Harper, Archaeological Research Manager, both of whom led me on treks around the mountain and continue to unlock Monticello’s stories.
I benefited greatly from my conversations with the staff at the Jefferson Papers, who shared their insights and research. I thank J. Jefferson Looney, Editor-in-Chief, Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series; Catherine Coiner Crittenden, Senior Digital Technician; Lisa A. Francavilla, Managing Editor; Robert F. Haggard, Senior Associate Editor; Ellen C. Hickman, Assistant Editor; and Christine Sternberg Patrick, Assistant Editor.
Much of the heaviest work for this book took place in the old Custom House by the river in Chestertown, Maryland, where I was extremely fortunate to hold the first Patrick Henry Writing Fellowship at the C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience, at Washington College. The fellowship was generously endowed by the late Margaret Henry Penick Nuttle. I thank the marvelous people at the Starr Center—Adam Goodheart, Hodson Trust–Griswold Director; Jill Ogline Titus, Associate Director; Jenifer Endicott Emley, Center Coordinator; and Michael Buckley, Program Manager. My thanks also to Baird Tipton, former president of Washington College, and Kenneth Schweitzer, Director of American Studies. My stay in Chestertown was immeasurably enriched by meeting Kathleen Jones, Joan and Richard Ben Cramer, Jeremy Rothwell, Alexa and Stu Cawley, and Margaret Nuttle Melcher. I thank Ted Widmer, Director of the John Carter Brown Library, who took me around the Starr Center when he was ensconced there.
My fellowship at the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities has provided crucial resources and equally crucial interactions with an ever-changing community of scholars. I thank Robert C. Vaughan, President, for his constant support and encouragement. At just the right time for me, the foundation attracted the distinguished William Freehling to its door. His wise counsel has been of inestimable value.
I owe thanks to other scholars and friends, including Billy Wayson, Dianne Swann-Wright, Cassandra Pybus, Sue Perdue, Jon Kukla, Bruce Carveth, David Stone, Tony McCall, Sam Towler, Daniel Blue-stone, Chris Tilghman, Prinny Anderson, Susan Hutchison, Tatiana van Riemsdijk, John Winthrop Aldrich, and James A. Bear, Jr. For his help on the history of ballooning, I thank Tom D. Crouch, Senior Curator, Division of Aeronautics, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. I have warm memories of the late Gene Foster, the DNA trailblazer, who gave advice and encouragement. I thank Jane Foster for her translations and advice.
My heaven-sent editor, Elisabeth Sifton, patiently nurtured a book that seemed to go on endlessly, and then Jesse Coleman skillfully brought it to the light of day. My agent and comrade, Howard Morhaim, watched, waited, and encouraged. At the start, he warned me that this would be a very hard book to write, and he was correct. An old friend, Judy Vale, emerged from the past at a critical moment.
To my son, Henry, I send thanks for reading the manuscript and for his assurances that I had not run off the rails. As he sets off on his own historical journeys, I would offer encouragement if I thought he needed it, but his light already burns brightly. To my wife, Donna, who read every page of every draft during the long, winding, arduous trek, I send my love always.
Charlottesville
March 2012
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
“‘Abominable’ New Trade” (Deyle)
Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner)
Adams, Abigail
Adams, John
Adams, John Quincy
African Americans, see enslaved people; free blacks; slavery/slaves
African Meeting House
Aggy (slave)
Alamo, Battle of the
Albemarle County, Va.
Albemarle County Historical Society
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia
Allegheny Mountains
“Amazing Grace”
“American Committee”
American Constellation
American Geography (Morse)
“Americanists”
“American Paradox, The” (Boulton)
American Revolution; slavery during
American Slavery, American Freedom (Morgan)
American Sphinx (Ellis)
Anastasia, Grand Duchess of Russia
Andersonville prison
Annapolis, Md.
Appleby, Joyce
Aristotle
Armstrong, John, Jr.
Armstrong, Kosciuszko
Arnold, Benedict
Arthur (slave)
Bacon, Edmund
Baldwin, James
ballooning
Baltimore, Md.
Bancroft, Edward
Bankhead, Charles
Banneker, Benjamin
Banning, Lance
Barger, Herbert
Barnaby (slave)
Barnett, Judath
Bear, James
Bedford County, Va.
Bell, Mary Hemings
Bell, Robert (slave)
Bell, Sally (slave)
Bell, Thomas
Bennett, Winifred
Berlin, Ira
Betts, Edwin
Billy (slave)
bin Laden, Osama
Black Sal (slave)
Blue Ridge Mountains
Bon-Harper, Sara
Boston, Mass.
Boswell, James
Boulton, Alexander O.
Bowles, Critta Hemings, see Hemings, Critta
Bowles, Zachariah
Breckinridge, John
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre
Brodie, Fawn
Brooks, David
Buckingham County, Va.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de
Burton, Cynthia H.
Burwell, William
Caesar (slave)
Callender, James Thomson
Campbell, Charles
Campeche (“siesta”) chairs
“Captain Shields”
Caractacus (Jefferson’s horse)
Carr, Dabney
Ca
rr, Peter
Carr, Samuel
Carter, Landon
Cary (slave)
Cary, Archibald
ceramics
charcoal
Charlottesville, Va.
Chase-Riboud, Barbara
Chastellux, François-Jean de Beauvoir, Marquis de
Chicago Tribune
Chillicothe, Ohio
Chinatown
Civil War, U.S.
Claiborne, William
Clark, George Rogers
Clarkson, Manoah
Clemens, Samuel
Cleveland American
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Catherine
Cocke, John Hartwell
Colbert, Brown (slave)
Colbert, Burwell (slave)
Colbert, Melinda (slave)
Coles, Edward
Coles, Isaac
color line
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
Congress, U.S.
Constitution, U.S.
Constitutional Convention (1787)
Continental Congress
Conway, Moncure
Coolidge, Ellen Randolph
Coolidge, Harold Jefferson
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord
cotton
cotton gin
Coulter, Ann
Crawford, Randolph
Croswell, Harry
Davis, David Brion
Dayton, Jonathan
Declaration of Independence
De la littérature des Nègres (Grégoire)
Delaware
Démeunier, Jean Nicolas
Deyle, Steven
Dinsmore, James
DNA testing
Dos Passos, John
Dougherty, Joseph
Dougherty, Mary
Douglass, Frederick
Drayton, John
D’Souza, Dinesh
Duke, R.T.W., Jr.
Dunmore, Lord
Durey, Michael
Dylan, Bob
Edgehill plantation
Edy (slave)
Elk Hill plantation
Ellis, Joseph
Enlightenment
Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual and Moral Faculties and Literature of Negroes, An (Grégoire)