The Language Wars

by Henry Hitchings

  James Greenwood, An Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar (London: R. Tookey, 1711)

  Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (London: S. Hooper, 1785)

  Thomas Gustafson, Representative Words: Politics, Literature, and the American Language, 1776–1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

  Helen Hackett, Shakespeare and Elizabeth: The Meeting of Two Myths (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009)

  Claude Hagège, On the Death and Life of Languages, trans. Jody Gladding (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009)

  Mark Halpern, Language and Human Nature (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2009)

  James Harris, Hermes: or, a Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Language and Universal Grammar (London: H. Woodfall, 1751)

  John Hart, An Orthographie (London: W. Serres, 1569)

  Ralph A. Hartmann, Philosophies of Language and Linguistics (Edinburgh: Haralex, 2007)

  Einar Haugen, The Ecology of Language (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1972)

  Terence Hawkes, Metaphor (London: Methuen, 1972)

  William Hazlitt, A New and Improved Grammar of the English Tongue: for the Use of Schools (London: M. J. Godwin, 1810)

  Richard Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

  Jon Henley, ‘The end of the line?’, Guardian, 4 April 2008

  Brian Hepworth, Robert Lowth (Boston, MA: Twayne, 1978)

  A. P. Herbert, What a Word!, 11th edn (London: Methuen, 1952)

  Harold Herd, The March of Journalism: The Story of the British Press from 1622 to the Present Day (London: Allen & Unwin, 1952)

  Christopher Highley, Catholics Writing the Nation in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)

  Jack Hitt, ‘Say No More’, New York Times, 29 February 2004

  Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

  William B. Hodgson, Errors in the Use of English (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1881)

  Jane Hodson, Language and Revolution in Burke, Wollstonecraft, Paine and Godwin (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)

  Richard Hogg (gen. ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, 6 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992–2001)

  Richard Hogg and David Denison (eds), A History of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)

  John Honey, Does Accent Matter? (London: Faber, 1989)

  —— Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies (London: Faber, 1997)

  Philip Howard, ‘A useful mark we should all get possessive about’, The Times, 30 January 2009

  A. P. R. Howatt and H. G. Widdowson, A History of English Language Teachings, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)

  Geoffrey Hughes, Swearing (London: Penguin, 1998)

  —— An Encyclopedia of Swearing (London: M. E. Sharpe, 2006)

  —— Political Correctness (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)

  Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint (London: Harvill, 1994)

  John Humphrys, ‘We will soon be lost for words’, Daily Telegraph, 24 October 2006

  Makoto Ikeda, Competing Grammars: Noah Webster’s Vain Efforts to Defeat Lindley Murray (Tokyo: Shinozaki Shorin, 1999)

  Ian Jack, ‘Tense? Relax, it’ll be clear presently’, Guardian, 27 March 2004

  Ray Jackendoff, Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)

  Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London: Little, Brown, 2006)

  Adel Jendli, Salah Troudi and Christine Coombe (eds), The Power of Language: Perspectives from Arabia (Dubai: TESOL Arabia, 2007)

  Otto Jespersen, Mankind, Nation and Individual from a Linguistic Point of View (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1925)

  —— Essentials of English Grammar (London: Allen & Unwin, 1933)

  —— The Philosophy of Grammar, with an introduction by James D. McCawley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

  Charles Johnson, The Complete Art of Writing Letters (London: T. Lowndes, 1770)

  Richard Johnson, Grammatical Commentaries: Being an Apparatus to a New National Grammar (London: S. Keble et al., 1706)

  Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols (London: Knapton, Longman et al., 1755)

  —— Johnson on the English Language, ed. Gwin J. Kolb and Robert DeMaria (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005)

  Richard Foster Jones, The Triumph of the English Language (London: Oxford University Press, 1953)

  Ben Jonson, The English Grammar (London: Richard Meighen, 1640)

  —— Timber, or Discoveries, ed. Ralph S. Walker (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1953)

  Brian D. Joseph, Johanna DeStefano, Neil G. Jacobs and Ilse Lehiste (eds), When Languages Collide (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003)

  Braj B. Kachru, The Alchemy of English (Oxford: Pergamon, 1986)

  Anne Karpf, The Human Voice: The Story of a Remarkable Talent (London: Bloomsbury, 2007)

  Christian Kay, Simon Horobin and Jeremy Smith (eds), New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics: Syntax and Morphology (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004)

  Christian Kay, Carole Hough and Irené Wotherspoon (eds), New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics: Lexis and Transmission (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004)

  Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels and Irené Wotherspoon (eds), Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)

  Ann Cline Kelly, Swift and the English Language (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988)

  John Mitchell Kemble, The Saxons in England, rev. Walter de Gray Birch, 2 vols (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1876)

  Christine Kenneally, The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language (London: Penguin, 2008)

  Derrick de Kerckhove, The Skin of Culture: Investigating the New Electronic Reality (London: Kogan Page, 1997)

  Frank Kermode, Shakespeare’s Language (London: Penguin, 2001)

  Alvin Kernan, Samuel Johnson and the Impact of Print (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989)

  Michael G. Ketcham, Transparent Designs: Reading, Performance, and Form in the Spectator Papers (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1985)

  T. L. Kington Oliphant, The Sources of Standard English (London: Macmillan, 1873)

  John Knowles, The Principles of English Grammar, 4th edn (London: Vernor & Hood, 1796)

  Zoltán Kövecses, American English: An Introduction (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2000)

  Michael P. Kramer, Imagining Language in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992)

  George Philip Krapp, Modern English: Its Growth and Present Use (New York: Scribner 1909)

  William Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972)

  George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980)

  Robin Tolmach Lakoff, The Language War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)

  Stephen K. Land, The Philosophy of Language in Britain: Major Theories from Hobbes to Thomas Reid (New York: AMS Press, 1986)

  A. Lane, A Key to the Art of Letters (London: A. & J. Churchil, 1700)

  Erik Larson, The Devil in the White City (London: Doubleday, 2003)

  Harold J. Laski, The Danger of Being a Gentleman and Other Essays (London: Allen & Unwin, 1939)

  Alfred Leach, The Letter H: Past, Present, and Future (London: Griffith & Farran, 1880)

  Percival Leigh, The Comic English Grammar (London: Richard Bentley, 1840)

  Dick Leith, A Social History of English, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1997)

  Sterling A. Leonard, The Doctrine of Correctness in English Usage 1700–1800 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Studies in Language and Literature, 1929)

  Seth
Lerer, Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007)

  Marc Leverette, Brian L. Ott and Cara Louise Buckley (eds), It’s Not TV: Watching HBO in the Post-Television Era (New York: Routledge, 2008)

  Jeff Lewis, Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence (London: Pluto Press, 2005)

  William Lily, A Short Introduction of Grammar (London: John Norton, 1608)

  A. Lloyd James et al., Broadcast English (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1928)

  John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975)

  Francis Lodwick, A Common Writing (privately printed, 1647)

  Shirley Wilson Logan, Liberating Language: Sites of Rhetorical Education in Nineteenth-Century Black America (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008)

  Michael Losonsky (ed.), Humboldt on Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

  Thomas R. Lounsbury, The Standard of Pronunciation in English (New York: Harper, 1904)

  —— The Standard of Usage in English (New York: Harper, 1908)

  Robert Lowth, A Short Introduction to English Grammar (London: Millar, Dodsley & Dodsley, 1762)

  —— A Short Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd edn (London: Millar, Dodsley & Dodsley, 1763)

  John A. Lucy, Language Diversity and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

  Andrea A. Lunsford, Writing Matters: Rhetoric in Public and Private Lives (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2007)

  Sarah Lyall, ‘Boston Journal; Minder of Misplaced Apostrophes Scolds a Town’, New York Times, 16 June 2001

  Jack Lynch, The Lexicographer’s Dilemma: The Evolution of ‘Proper’ English from Shakespeare to South Park (New York: Walker, 2009)

  Jack Lynch and Anne McDermott (eds), Anniversary Essays on Johnson’s Dictionary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

  Tom McArthur, Living Words: Language, Lexicography and the Knowledge Revolution (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1998)

  —— Oxford Guide to World English (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

  —— (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the English Language (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1992)

  Robert McCrum, Globish: How the English Language Became the World’s Language (London: Viking, 2010)

  Robert McCrum, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil, The Story of English, 3rd edn (London: Faber, 2002)

  Diarmait Mac Giolla Chríost, Language, Identity and Conflict (London: Routledge, 2003)

  Charles McGrath, ‘Death-Knell. Or Death Knell’, New York Times, 7 October 2007

  Carey McIntosh, The Evolution of English Prose, 1700–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

  Charles Mackay, Lost Beauties of the English Language (London: Chatto & Windus, 1874)

  Erin McKean (ed.), Verbatim (London: Pimlico, 2003)

  Jenny McMorris, The Warden of English: The Life of H. W. Fowler (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)

  John McWhorter, The Word on the Street: Fact and Fable about American English (New York: Plenum, 1998)

  —— Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care (London: William Heinemann, 2004)

  —— Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English (New York: Gotham Books, 2008)

  —— ‘Reid’s Three Little Words: The Log in Our Own Eye’, New Republic, 9 January 2010

  Peter Mandler, The English National Character: The History of an Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006)

  Susan Manly, Language, Custom and Nation in the 1790s: Locke, Tooke, Wordsworth, Edgeworth (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)

  John Marenbon, English Our English: The New Orthodoxy Examined (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1987)

  Alexander Marjoribanks, Travels in New South Wales (London: Smith, Elder, 1847)

  Joss Marsh, Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998)

  Stefanie Marsh, ‘The rise of the interrogatory statement’, The Times, 28 March 2006

  Jeremy Marshall and Fred McDonald (eds), Questions of English (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)

  William Mather, The Young Man’s Companion, 2nd edn (London: Thomas Howkins, 1685)

  F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941)

  Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris (eds), Languages in a Globalising World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)

  David Maurer, Whiz Mob (New Haven, CT: College & University Press, 1964)

  Louis Menand, ‘Bad Comma: Lynne Truss’s strange grammar’, New Yorker, 28 June 2004

  H. L. Mencken, The American Language, 4th edn (New York: Knopf, 1941)

  Ian Michael, English Grammatical Categories and the Tradition to 1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970)

  —— The Teaching of English: From the Sixteenth Century to 1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)

  Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks (eds), The State of the Language (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980)

  David Micklethwait, Noah Webster and the American Dictionary (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000)

  James Milroy and Lesley Milroy, Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English, 3rd edn (London: Routledge, 1999)

  John Minsheu, Ductor in Linguas, The Guide Unto Tongues (London: John Browne, 1617)

  Linda C. Mitchell, Grammar Wars: Language as Cultural Battlefield in 17th and 18th Century England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001)

  Nancy Mitford (ed.), Noblesse Oblige: An Enquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocrat (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1956)

  W. H. Mittins, Mary Salu, Mary Edminson and Sheila Coyne, Attitudes to English Usage (London: Oxford University Press, 1970)

  Kusujiro Miyoshi, Johnson’s and Webster’s Verbal Examples (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2007)

  Charles Monaghan, The Murrays of Murray Hill (New York: Urban History Press, 1998)

  Leila Monaghan and Jane E. Goodman (eds), A Cultural Approach to Interpersonal Communication (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007)

  Ashley Montagu, The Anatomy of Swearing (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001)

  George Washington Moon, A Defence of the Queen’s English (London: Hatchard, 1863)

  —— The Dean’s English: A Criticism of the Dean of Canterbury’s Essays on the Queen’s English (London: Hatchard, 1864)

  —— The Bad English of Lindley Murray and Other Writers on the English Language, 3rd edn (London: Hatchard, 1869)

  Victoria Moore, ‘Apostrophe catastrophe!’, Daily Mail, 18 November 2008

  William Morris (ed.), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976)

  Herbert C. Morton, The Story of Webster’s Third (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

  Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use (London: Routledge, 1998)

  Lynda Mugglestone, ‘“Grammatical Fair Ones”: Women, Men, and Attitudes to Language in the Novels of George Eliot’, Review of English Studies 46 (1995), 11–25

  —— Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005)

  —— Talking Proper: The Rise and Fall of the English Accent as a Social Symbol, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)

  —— (ed.), Lexicography and the OED (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)

  —— (ed.), The Oxford History of English (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

  Richard Mulcaster, The First Part of the Elementarie (London: Thomas Vautroullier, 1582)

  John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Ei
ghteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

  Chris Mullin, A View from the Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin, ed. Ruth Winstone (London: Profile, 2010)