A History of the Crusades
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Crusade of Nicopolis
(25 Sept.) Battle of Nicopolis
1398
Crusade to defend Constantinople proclaimed (renewed 1399, 1400)
1399–1403
Crusade of John Boucicaut
1402
(Dec.) Smyrna falls to Tamerlane
1410
(15 July) Battle of Tannenberg
1420–31
Hussite Crusades
1420
First Hussite Crusade
1421
Second Hussite Crusade
1422
Third Hussite Crusade
1426
(7 July) Battle of Khirokitia
1427
Fourth Hussite Crusade
1431
Fifth Hussite Crusade
1432
Greek despot of Morea takes over the principality of Achaea
1440–44
Mamluks attack Rhodes
1443
(1 Jan.) Crusade of Varna proclaimed
1444
Crusade of Varna
(19 Nov.) Crusaders defeated at Varna
1453
(29 May) Constantinople falls to Turks
(30 Sept.) Proclamation of a new Crusade to East (renewed 1455)
1454
(17 Feb.) Feast of the Pheasant in Lille
1455
Genoese Crusade to defend Chios
1456
Crusade of St John of Capistrano
(4 June) Athens occupied by Turks
(22 July) Defence of Belgrade by crusaders under John Hunyadi and St John of Capistrano
1457
Papal fleet takes Samothrace, Thasos and Lemnos
1459–60
Crusade congress at Mantua
1459
Foundation of the Order of Bethlehem
1460
(14 Jan.) Proclamation of Crusade of Pope Pius II
1462
Lesbos falls to Turks
1464
(15 Aug.) Pope Pius II dies waiting for crusade to muster at Ancona
1470
Negroponte falls to Turks
1471
(31 Dec.) Crusade proclaimed
1472
Crusade League attacks Antalya and Smyrna
1480
(23 May–late Aug.) Turks besiege Rhodes
(11 Aug.) Turks take Otranto
1481
(8 Apr.) Crusade proclaimed to regain Otranto
(10 Sept.) Otranto recovered from Turks
1482–92
Crusade in Spain
1487
Malaga falls to Spaniards
1489
Baza, Almería and Guadix fall to Spaniards
End of monarchy in Cyprus
1490–2
Siege of Granada
1490
Congress in Rome plans a new crusade
1492
(2 Jan.) Granada falls to Spanish crusaders
1493
Crusade in Hungary
1499–1510
Spanish crusade in North Africa (1497 Melilla; 1505 Mers el-Kebir; 1508 Canary Islands; 1509 Oran; 1510 Rock of Algiers, Bougie and Tripoli)
1499
Turks take Lepanto
1500
Turks take Coron and Modon
(1 June) Crusade proclaimed
1512–17
Fifth Lateran Council discusses crusading
1513
Crusade proclaimed in eastern Europe
1516–17
Ottoman conquest of Egypt
1517
(11 Nov.) Crusade proclaimed
1520
(June) Field of Cloth of Gold: the kings of France and England meet on preparations for a new crusade
1522
(July–18 Dec.) Siege of Rhodes, ending in surrender of Rhodes to Turks
1523
(1 Jan.) Hospitallers leave Rhodes
1525
Albert of Brandenburg, Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order, adopts Lutheranism
1529
(26 Sept.–Oct.) First Ottoman siege of Vienna
1530
(2 Feb.) Crusade proclaimed
(23 Mar.) Hospitallers given Malta and Tripoli in North Africa by the Emperor Charles V (as king of Sicily)
1535
(June–July) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Tunis
1537–8
Crusade League to eastern Mediterranean
1538
(27 Sept.) Fleet of Crusade League defeated off Prevéza
1540
Nauplia and Monemvasia fall to Turks
1541
(Oct.–Nov.) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers
1550
(June–Sept.) Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Mahdia
1551
(14 Aug.) Hospitallers surrender Tripoli to the Turks
1562
Gotthard Kettler, master of Teutonic Order in Livonia, adopts Lutheranism and becomes a duke
Foundation of the Order of Santo Stefano
1565
(19 May–8 Sept.) Great Siege of Malta by Turks
1566
Chios falls to Turks
1570–1
Holy (Crusade) League (renewed 1572)
Fall of Cyprus to Turks
1570
(9 Sept.) Nicosia falls to Turks
1571
(5 Aug.) Famagusta falls to Turks
(7 Oct.) Battle of Lepanto
1572
League fleet in eastern Mediterranean
Union of the Orders of St Lazarus and St Maurice
1573
(11 Oct.) Don John of Austria takes Tunis
1574
(Aug.–Sept.) Tunis recovered by Turks
1578
Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco
(4 Aug.) Battle of Alcazarquivir
1588
The Armada
1614
Malta raided by the Turks
1617
Foundation of the Ordre de la Milice Chrétienne
1645–69
Crete conquered by the Turks. Defended by a Crusade League
1664
Hospitallers attack Algiers
1669
(26 Sept.) Iraklion (Candia) surrenders to Turks
1683
(14 July–12 Sept.) Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna
1684–97
Holy (Crusade) League
1685–7
Venetians occupy the Peloponnese
1686
Christian forces take Buda
1699
Peace of Karlowitz
1707
Hospitallers help defend Oran
1715
Peloponnese reoccupied by Turks
1741–73
Manoel Pinto, grand master of the Hospitallers, adopts full attributes of sovereignty
1792
Hospitaller properties in France seized
1798
(13 June) Malta surrenders to Napoleon
Further Reading
Bibliographies
H. E. Mayer, Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Hanover, 1960).
—— J. McLellan and H. W. Hazard, ‘Select Bibliography of the Crusades’, A History of the Crusades (ed.-in-chief K. M. Setton) 6, ed. H. W. Hazard and N. P. Zacour (Madison, Wis., 1989), 511–664.
General
P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La Chrétienté et l’Idée deCroisade, 2 vols. (Paris, 1954–9, repr. 1995).
H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd edn., tr. J. Gillingham (Oxford, 1988).
D. C. Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050–1350, 2 vols. (White Plains, NY, 1988).
J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988).
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London and New Haven, Conn., 1987).
—— (ed.), The Atlas of
the Crusades (London and New York, 1991).
S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1951–4).
K. M. Setton (ed.-in-chief), A History of the Crusades, 2nd edn., 6 vols. (Madison, Wis., 1969–89).
Crusading Thought and Spirituality
E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 21 (1970), 11–31.
J. A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, Wis., and London, 1969).
M. G. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c.970–c.1130 (Oxford, 1993).
P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991).
E. Delaruelle, L’Idée de croisade au moyen âge (Turin, 1980).
C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, tr. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton, NJ, 1977).
J. Gilchrist, ‘The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law, 1083–1141’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 37–45.
E.-D. Hehl, Kirche und Krieg im 12. Jahrhundert: Studien zu kanonischem Recht und politischer Wirklichkeit (Stuttgart, 1980).
N. J. Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992).
B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approaches toward the Muslims (Princeton, NJ, 1984).
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London and Philadelphia, 1986).
—— What were the Crusades?, 2nd edn. (London, 1992).
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1975).
E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, 1095–1274 (Oxford, 1985).
The Crusading Movement, 1095–1274
R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1987).
C. R. Cheney, Pope Innocent III and England (Stuttgart, 1976).
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (London, 1980).
P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (as above).
G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79.
—— ‘Medieval Charters as a Source for the History of the Crusades’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 73–89.
—— ‘The Financing of the Crusades in the Twelfth Century’, Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer, ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982), 64–88.
H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade’, History, 55 (1970), 177–88.
G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.
V. Epp, Fulcher von Chartres: Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung des ersten Kreuzzuges (Düsseldorf, 1990).
R. A. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c .1050–1150’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. 37 (1987), 31–47.
J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994).
M. Gervers (ed.), The Second Crusade and the Cistercians (New York, 1992).
J. B. Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart, 2nd edn. (London, 1989).
J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la Bula de la cruzada en España (Vitoria, 1958).
N. J. Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers,1254–1343 (Oxford, 1982).
P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and their Aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50 (1987), 32–60.
—— ‘The Crusade against the Mongols (1241)’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 42 (1991), 1–18.
W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (Princeton, NJ, 1979).
S. D. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988).
D. W. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain (London and New York, 1978).
J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986).
D. E. Queller, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople 1201–1204 (Philadelphia, 1977).
J. Richard, Saint Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. D. Lloyd, tr. J. Birrell (Cambridge, 1992).
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (as above).
R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992).
M. Roquebert, L’Épopée Cathare, 3 vols. (Toulouse, 1970–86).
H. Roscher, Papst Innocenz III. und die Kreuzzüge (Göttingen, 1969).
C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago and London, 1988).
The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700
A. S. Atiya, The Crusade of Nicopolis (London, 1934).
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (as above).
J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la Bula de la cruzada en España (as above).
F. G. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 1955).
N. J. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378 (Oxford, 1986).
—— The Italian Crusades (as above).
—— The Later Crusades, 1274–1580 (as above).
M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’, English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. Sherborne (London, 1983), 45–61.
D. W. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain (as above).
W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1939–62).
W. Paravicini, Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels, 3 vols. so far (Sigmaringen, 1989– ).
S. Schein, Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314 (Oxford, 1991).
R. C. Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453–1517) (Nieuwkoop, 1967).
K. M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), 4 vols. (Philadelphia, 1976–84).
—— Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia, 1991).
C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (as above).
Crusade Songs and Literature
E. Asensio, ‘!Ay Iherusalem! Planto narrativo del siglo XIII’, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 14 (1960), 247–70.
J. Bastin and E. Faral (eds.), Onze poèmes de Rutebeuf concernant la croisade (Paris, 1946).
J. Bédier and P. Aubry (eds.), Chansons de croisade (Paris, 1909).
M. Böhmer, Untersuchungen zur Mittelhochdeutschen Kreuzzugslyrik (Rome, 1968).
N. Daniel, Heroes and Saracens: an Interpretation of the Chansons de geste (Edinburgh, 1984).
P. Hölzle, Die Kreuzzüge in der okzitanischen und deutschen Lyrik des 12. Jahrhunderts: das Gattungsproblem‘Kreuzlied’ im historischen Kontext, 2 vols. (Göppingen, 1980).
C. von Kraus, Des Minnesangs Frühling (Leipzig, 1944).
K. Lewent, Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied (Erlangen, 1905: repr. Geneva, 1976).
U. Mölk, Romanische Frauenlieder (Munich, 1989).
M. del C. Pescador del Hoyo, ‘Tres nuevos poemas medievales’, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 14 (1960), 242–7.
M. Richey, Medieval German Lyrics (Edinburgh and London, 1958).
M. de Riquer, Los Trovadores: Historia literaria y Textos, 3 vols. (Barcelona, 1983).
S. N. Rosenberg and H. Tischler, Chanter m’estuet: Songs of the Trouvères (London and Boston, 1981).
O. Sayce, The Medieval German Lyric 1150–70: The Development of Themes and Forms in their European Context (Oxford, 1982).
S. Schöber, Die altfranzösische Kreuzzugslyrik des 12. Jahrhunderts (Vienna, 1976).
I. Short (ed.), La Chanson de Roland (Paris, 1990).