A History of the Crusades

by Jonathan Riley-Smith

  E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading (as above).

  D. A. Trotter, Medieval French Literature and the Crusades(1100–1300) (Geneva, 1988).

  F.-W. Wentzlaff-Eggebert, Kreuzzugsdichtung des Mittelalters: Studien zu ihrer geschichtlichen und dichterischen Wirklichkeit (Berlin, 1960).

  Islam and the Crusades

  C. Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey (London, 1968).

  M. A. Cook (ed.), A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (Cambridge, 1976).

  N. A. Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960).

  —— The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe, 2nd edn. (London, 1979).

  R. Elgood, Islamic Arms and Armour (London, 1979).

  N. Elisséeff, Nur ad-Din: Un grand prince musulman de Syrie au temps des croisades, 3 vols. (Damascus, 1967).

  R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London, 1992).

  F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (London, 1969).

  H. A. R. Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam, ed. S. J. Shaw and W. R. Polk (London, 1962).

  P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London and New York, 1986).

  R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260 (Albany, 1977).

  C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481 (Istanbul, 1990).

  H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 (London, 1973).

  R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382 (London and Sydney, 1986).

  S. K. Jayussi (ed.), The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Leiden, 1992).

  M. A. Köhler, Allianzen und Verträge zwischen fränkischen undislamischen Herrschern im Vorderen Orient: Eine Studieüber das zwischenstaatliche Zusammenleben vom 12. bis 13. Jahrhundert (Berlin and New York, 1991).

  B. Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (London, 1982).

  M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge, 1982).

  J. S. Meisami (ed. and tr.), The Sea of Precious Virtues (Bahr alFava’id) A Medieval Islamic Mirror for Princes (Salt Lake City, 1991).

  T. Nagel, Timur der Eroberer und die islamische Welt des späten Mittelalters (Munich, 1933).

  J. M. Powell (ed.), Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100–1300 (Princeton, NJ, 1991).

  E. Sivan, L’Islam et la Croisade: Idéologie et Propagande dans les Réactions Musulmanes aux Croisades (Paris, 1968).

  P. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century, tr. P. M. Holt (London and New York, 1987).

  Usamah ibn Munqidh, Memoirs of an Arab Syrian Gentleman, tr. P. K. Hitti (New York, 1929).

  The Latin East

  B. Arbel, B. Hamilton, and D. Jacoby (eds.), Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204 (London, 1989).

  E. Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ, 1983).

  M. Balard, La Romanie génoise (XIIe–début du XVe siècle) (Genoa, 1978).

  T. S. R. Boase (ed.), The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia (Edinburgh and London, 1978).

  A. Bon, La Morée franque: recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principautéd’Achaïe (1205– 1430) (Paris, 1969).

  D. S. Chambers, The Imperial Age of Venice (London, 1970).

  N. Cheetham, Mediaeval Greece (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981).

  P. W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 (Cambridge, 1991).

  —— and J. G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin

  East (Cambridge, 1988). M.-L. Favreau-Lilie, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land vom erstenKreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne (1098–1197) (Amsterdam, 1989).

  B. Hamilton, ‘Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem (1100–1190)’, Medieval Women, ed. D. Baker (Oxford, 1978), 143–73.

  —— The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church (London, 1980).

  G. Hill, A History of Cyprus, 4 vols. (Cambridge, 1940–52).

  N. J. Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580 (as above).

  D. and I. Hunt (eds.), Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (London, 1989).

  D. Jacoby, La Féodalité en Grèce médiévale. Les ‘Assises deRomanie’: sources, application et diffusion (Paris, 1971).

  —— Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion(London, 1989).

  B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerard of Nazareth: A Neglected Twelfth-Century Writer in the Latin East’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 37 (1983), 55–77.

  —— (ed.), The Horns of Hattin (Jerusalem, 1992).

  F. C. Lane, Venice: a Maritime Republic (Baltimore and London, 1973).

  R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, tr. J. C. Morris and J. E. Ridings (Oxford, 1994).

  C. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 (Cambridge, 1992).

  H. E. Mayer, ‘Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), 93–182.

  —— Bistümer, Klöster und Stifte im Königreich Jerusalem(Stuttgart, 1977).

  —— Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem (London, 1983).

  —— ‘The Wheel of Fortune: Seignorial Vicissitudes under Kings Fulk and Baldwin III of Jerusalem’, Speculum, 65 (1990), 860–77.

  D. M. Metcalf, Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (London, 1983).

  D. M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge, 1988).

  J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 1972).

  —— Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, 2nd edn., 2 vols.

  (Paris, 1975).

  —— Crusader Institutions (Oxford, 1980).

  —— The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford, 1988).

  J. Richard, Orient et Occident au moyen âge: contacts et relations (XIIe–XVe siècles) (London, 1976).

  —— Les Relations entre l’Orient et l’Occident au moyen âge(London, 1977).

  —— The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, tr. J. Shirley, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, New York, and Oxford, 1979).

  J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277 (London, 1973).

  G. V. Scammell, The World Encompassed: The first European maritime empires, c.800–1650 (London and New York, 1981).

  K. M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (as above).

  —— Venice, Austria, and the Turks (as above).

  R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare (1097–1193), 2nd edn., intr. C. Marshall (Cambridge, 1995).

  F. Thiriet, La Romanie vénitienne au moyen âge (Paris, 1959).

  S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford, 1989).

  Architecture and Art in the Latin East

  B. Bagatti, Gli antichi edifici sacri di Betlemme (Jerusalem, 1952).

  M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land (Jerusalem, 1970).

  T. S. R. Boase, Castles and Churches of the Crusading Kingdom (Oxford, 1967).

  H. Buchthal, Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford, 1957).

  H. Buschhausen, Die süditalienische Bauplastik im Königreich Jerusalem von König Wilhelm II bis Kaiser Friedrich II (Vienna, 1978).

  P. Deschamps, Les Châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte, 3 vols. (1. Le Crac des Chevaliers. 2. La Défense du royaume de Jérusalem. 3. La Défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche) and 3 albums of plates (Paris, 1934–73 (actually 1977)).

  —— Terre Sainte romane (La Pierre-qui-Vire, 1964).

  R. W. Edwards, ‘Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 36 (1982), 155–76, 41 pls.; 37 (1983), 123–46, 91 pls.

  —— The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia (Washington, DC, 1987).

  C. Enlart, Les Monuments des croisés dans le royaume de Jérusalem: architecture religieuse et civile, 2 vols. and 2 a
lbums of plates (Paris, 1925–8).

  —— Gothic Art and the Renaissance in Cyprus, tr. and ed. D. Hunt (London, 1987).

  J. Folda, Crusader Manuscript Illumination at Saint-Jean-d’Acre, 1275–1291 (Princeton, NJ, 1976).

  —— Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1982).

  —— The Nazareth Capitals and the Crusader Shrine of the Annunciation (University Park, Pa., 1986).

  A. Gabriel, La Cité de Rhodes MCCCX-MDXXII, 2 vols. (Paris, 1921–3).

  H. W. Hazard (ed.), The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States, vol. 4 of K. M. Setton (ed.-in-chief), A History of the Crusades (Madison, Wis., 1977).

  Z. Jacoby, ‘The Workshop of the Temple Area in Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century: Its Origin, Evolution and Impact’, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 45 (1982), 325–94.

  N. Kenaan-Kedar, ‘The Cathedral of Sebaste: Its Western Donors and Models’, The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), 99–120.

  G. Kühnel, Wall Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100 to 1291 (Berlin, 1988).

  T. E. Lawrence, Crusader Castles, ed. R. D. Pringle (Oxford, 1988).

  H. E. Mayer, Das Siegelwesen in den Kreuzfahrerstaaten (Munich, 1978)

  D. M. Metcalf, Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (as above).

  W. Müller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders (London, 1976).

  R. D. Pringle, The Red Tower (London, 1986).

  —— The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus, 3 vols. (in progress) (Cambridge, 1992– ).

  K. Weitzmann, ‘Icon Painting in the Latin Kingdom’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 20 (1966), 49–84 (68 pls.).

  The Military Orders to 1798

  U. Arnold (ed.), 800 Jahre Deutscher Orden (Munich, 1990).

  M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge, 1978).

  —— The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1994).

  —— (ed.), The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (London, 1995).

  H. Boockmann, Der Deutsche Orden: zwölf Kapitel aus seinerGeschichte (Munich, 1989).

  M. Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order: AnAristocratic Corporation in Crisis, c.1410–1466 (Cambridge, 1984).

  R. Cavaliero, The Last of the Crusaders: The Knights of St John and Malta in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1960).

  E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (as above).

  A. Demurger, Vie et mort de l’Ordre du Temple, 2nd edn. (Paris, 1989).

  A. J. Forey, The Templars in the Corona de Aragón (London, 1973).

  —— The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1992).

  —— Military Orders and Crusaders (Aldershot, 1994).

  E. Gallego Blanco (tr.), The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St James, 1170–1493 (Leiden, 1971).

  M. Gervers, The Hospitaller Cartulary in the British Library(Cotton MS Nero E VI) (Toronto, 1981).

  G. Guarnieri, I Cavalieri di Santo Stefano nella Storia dellaMarina Italiana, 1562–1859, 3rd edn. (Pisa, 1960).

  R. Hiestand, ‘Kardinalbischof Matthäus von Albano, das Konzil von Troyes und die Entstehung des Templerordens’, Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 99 (1988), 295–325.

  A. Hoppen, The Fortification of Malta by the Order of St John, 1530–1798 (Edinburgh, 1979).

  N. J. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378 (as above).

  —— The Later Crusades, 1274–1580 (as above).

  E. J. King (tr.), The Rule, Statutes and Customs of the Hospitallers, 1099–1310 (London, 1934).

  E. Kollias, The City of Rhodes and the Palace of the Master (Athens, 1988).

  A.-M. Legras, L’Enquête dans le Prieuré de France, intr. A. T. Luttrell (L’Enquête pontificale de 1373 sur l’Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem 1. Paris, 1987).

  D. W. Lomax, La orden de Santiago (1170–1275) (Madrid, 1965).

  A. T. Luttrell, The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece andthe West (1291–1440) (London, 1978).

  —— Latin Greece, the Hospitallers and the Crusades, 1291–1440 (London, 1982).

  —— The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Mediterranean World (London, 1992).

  V. Mallia Milanes (ed.), Hospitaller Malta 1530–1798: Studies in Early Modern Malta and the Order of St John ofJerusalem (Malta, 1993).

  H. Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: Images of the Military Orders, 1128–1291 (Leicester, 1993).

  J. F. O’Callaghan, The Spanish Military Order of Calatrava and its Affiliates (London, 1975).

  Las Ordenes Militares en el Mediterráneo Occidental (s.XII–XVIII) (Madrid, 1989).

  Las Ordenes Militares en la Peninsula durante la Edad Media: Actas del Congreso internacional hispano-portugués (Madrid and Barcelona, 1981).

  Les Ordres militaires, la vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XIIe–XVIIIe siècles) (Flaran 6, Auch, 1984).

  P. Partner, The Murdered Magicians: The Templars and their Myth (Oxford, 1982).

  J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050–1310 (London, 1967).

  D. Seward, The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders (London, 1972).

  A. Spagnoletti, Stato, Aristocrazie e Ordine di Malta nell’ItaliaModerna (Rome, 1988).

  J. M. Upton-Ward (tr.), The Rule of the Templars (Woodbridge, 1992).

  L. Wright, ‘The Military Orders in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Spanish Society’, Past and Present, 43 (1969), 34–70.

  The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

  D. D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (London, 1948).

  M. Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981).

  A. Marrin, The Last Crusade: The Church of England in the First World War (Durham, NC, 1974).

  M. H. T. Michel de Pierredon, Histoire politique de l’ordre souverain de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (Ordre de Malte), 2nd edn., 3 vols. so far (Paris, 1956– ).

  J. S. C. Riley-Smith, ‘The Order of St John in England, 1827–1858’, Fighting for the Faith and Caring for theSick, ed. M. Barber (London, 1995).

  N. Shepherd, The Zealous Intruders: The Western Discovery of Palestine (London, 1987).

  E. Siberry, ‘Tales of the Opera: The Crusades’, Medieval History (forthcoming).

  —— ‘Through the Artists’ Eyes: The Crusades’ (forthcoming).

  —— ‘Victorian Perceptions of the Military Orders’, Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick, ed. M. Barber (London, 1995).

  M. A. Stevens (ed.), The Orientalists: Delacroix to Matisse—European Painters in North Africa and the Near East (London, 1984).

  J. Sweetman, The Oriental Obsession: Islamic Inspiration in British and American Art and Architecture, 1500–1920 (Cambridge, 1988).

  H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 3rd edn. (London, 1990).

  A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978).

  J. Wolffe, The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain 1829–1860 (Oxford, 1991).

  MAPS

  Index

  Abbasid caliphate 213, 214

  and Fatimids 228

  and jihad 222, 239

  ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 231–2

  ‘Abd al-Mumin 244

  absolution, and personal confessor 72

  Abu Ghos, Church of the Resurrection 145, 163

  Abu Said, ilkhan 246

  Abu Sulayman Dawud 234

  Abu Tammam, (806?–845 /6), Hamasa 232

  Abud, church of St Mary 157

  Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 373

  Acciaiuoli, Antonio 304, 311

  Acciaiuoli, Nerio 301, 302, 304, 311

  Acciaiuoli, Niccolo 301

  Achaea, principality 111, 131, 291, 306

  and Angevins 299–302, 303–4, 313, 316–17, 321

  court 131

  and desp
ots of Morea 299, 302, 310–11