A History of the Crusades
Page 49
and Knights Hospitallers 301–2, 336
Acre: capture (1101) 112, 168
capture (1191-2) 132, 147, 231
capture (1286) 137
and crusader art and architecture 148, 149–53, 154, 164–5
defeat (1291) 4, 127, 129, 137, 153, 241–2, 259, 261, 291
development 116, 118, 132–3, 148, 164
Fatimid control 217
and Teutonic Knights 178, 185
action, and moral worth 27–8, 33
Adam, Philipe Villiers de l’Isle 347
Adhémar of Monteil, bishop of Le Puy 1–2, 35
Al-Adil, Sayf al-Din, sultan 236
Adramyttion (Edremit), Gulf of 269
Adrian VI, pope, and military orders 345
Al-Afdal, vizier 218
Aigues Mortes, and supply for crusades 53, 63
Aimery of Lusignan (1194–1205) 126, 173
‘Ain Karim, church of St John 157
Airasca, Ferlino d’ 335
Alamut, Assassin stronghold 215, 239
Alarcos, battle (1195) 187, 196, 244
Albania: Ottoman conquest 277
and Venice 308
Albert of Austria 273
Albert of Livonia 180
Albigensian Crusade (1209–29) 109
effects 65
financing 58
and St Mary of Oignies 10–11
in songs 91, 93, 108–9
Albornoz, Gil 268
Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach 344
Albrecht von Johansdorf 100
Alcántara order 179, 202, 326–8, 345–6, 360
Aleppo: Mamluk attack 136
Mongol attack 239
and Saladin 229, 234
Seljuk control 122, 214, 216, 225–7
Alexander III, pope: and crusade bulls 43
and military orders 191
Alexander VI, pope, and Livonian crusade 276–7
Alexandria, capture (1365) 247–8, 270–1, 274, 295, 335
Alexis Kallergis 309
Alexius, I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1048–1118), and First Crusade 2, 36, 61, 218
Alfonso II of Aragon 179, 185
Alfonso V of Aragon 326
Alfonso VI of León-Castile 18, 243
Alfonso VIII of Castile, and reconquest of Spain 244–5
Alfonso X of Castile 179
Alfonso XI of Castile (1325–50), and Reconquista 267, 276, 327
Algeciras: Castilian capture (1344) 267, 327
Muslim capture 246
Algiers, conquest 255, 360
Alice of Cyprus 135
Alice of Jerusalem 120–1
Allenby, Edmund 382, 384
Almaric of Franclieu (fl. 1171–9) 166–7
Almohads, and Spain 186, 244–5
Almoravids: in North Africa 243–4
in Spain 243–4, 245
Alp Arslan, and Mamluks 240
Alphonse of Poitiers: and costs of crusading 53, 55
as division al commander 64
Amadeus VI of Savoy, and Gallipoli 251, 270
Amalric of Jerusalem (1163–74) 119, 122, 134, 142
and Byzantium 123–4, 144, 158
and coinage 144
and crusader art 144–7, 158
and military orders 190
and Muslims 234
Amalric of Nesle 143
Amalric of Tyre 293, 312
Amorosa, Daimberto de 350
Ampringen, Johann Kaspar 359
Amundsen, Roald Engelbrecht Gravning 370
Anatolia: and Mongols 238–9
and Ottoman Turks 250, 251–2, 256, 284, 294, 324, 334, 335
Anavarza: castle 169
chape l 170
Andravidha, Achaean court 131
Andrew II of Hungary 149, 180
Andronicus IV Palaeologus 310
Angevins: and Aragon 313–14
in Naples 229–302, 303
and papacy 268
and Sicily 39–40, 293, 299, 303
see also Henry II of England; Richard I of England
Anglo-French war 259, 266, 267, 274, 284, 314
Ankara, battle (1402) 253, 277, 298, 302
Antalya, Cypriot capture 295
Antequera, Fernando de 328
anti-semitism 35–6, 66, 115
Antioch, principality: and Bohemond of Taranto 36, 123
and Byzantium 123
defeat 239
Frankish settlement 111, 115
and kingdom of Jerusalem 120–1, 125
and manuscript painting 148
and military orders 184–5
patriarchal cathedral 159
political development 120–1, 135
Seljuk control 112–13, 216, 218, 225
siege (1097-8) 37, 370
Apamea, Pontifical 150
Aqsa Mosque 156, 227
and Knights Templar 176
Aqua Bella, courtyard buildings 165–6
Aquinas, St Thomas, and indulgence 82
Arabic, Frankish knowledge of 233–4
Arabs: Christian 224
in Seljuk empire 216–17
Aragon: and Angevins 293, 313–14
and Castile 246, 267, 284, 326–7
and France 313
and Granada 282, 284–5
and Latin Greece 300, 303
and military orders 179, 185, 188, 192, 207, 326, 345, 354
and papacy 3, 267
architecture: cathedrals 158–61
Cilician Armenia 168–71
crusader 142–4, 149, 154, 155–75
Cyprus 171–5, 294–5
defensive 165–8, 169–70, 173–5
domestic 164, 165, 169–70
hybridization 318
and military orders 163, 167–8, 173–4
parish churches 161
and religious orders 162
secular 163–8
Armenia, Cilician: architecture 168–71
Frankish conquest 113, 168
and Latin East 114–15, 292, 293–4, 305, 312, 335
and Mamluk sultanate 168, 239, 247
and military orders 168, 183
Armenians: in Cyprus 295
in Egypt 215
in Jerusalem 158
armour, Muslim 230
army: command structures 61, 62
coordination 59–60
discipline 64
footsoldiers 25, 49
Mamluk 240–2, 247
and non-combatants 25, 47–8, 260
Ottoman 251–2, 256
payment 63–4
of Saladin 229–30, 235, 240
support services 25, 49
Teutonic Knights 333; see also cavalry; supply
Arsenal Bible 150–1
Arsuf: defeat by Baybars 239
Frankish capture (1101) 112
art, crusader 138–54, 318
and lingua franca 152, 154
secular 148, 153
Aruj Barbarossa 255
Ascalon: defensive architecture 167
Fatimid control 217
siege(1153) 112, 143–4, 168, 227
Al-Ashraf Barsbay, sultan (1422–37) 248
Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan 241–2
Al-Ashraf Shaban 248
Asia, and Genoese trade 305
Assassins: defeat 239
Isma ‘ili 214–15, 216, 224, 226, 239
Assises de Jérusalem 6
Astley, Philip 377–8
atabak 215–16
Athens, Latin duchy 291, 308, 311
and Catalan Company 300, 301, 303–4, 313, 316–17, 322
Atsisz, Turkish general 217
Aubusson, Pierre d’ 337
Audita tremendi 83–4
Auger of St Pierre de La Réole 75
Augsburg, Peace (1555) 287
Augustine of Hippo, St, and violence 18
Augustinians, in Latin East 139, 160, 162, 173
Austria, and Holy League 309
Autun, Council (1095) 2
Avignon, and papacy 267, 268, 325, 336
Avis order 179, 185, 202, 329, 345
Ayas, and trade 127, 312, 321
Aydin, beylicate 250, 251, 335
Ayn Jalut, battle (1260) 136, 239
Ayyubid empire: and Egypt 38, 134, 136, 228, 236–7
and Mamluk sultanate 236–7, 238–9, 240
and poetry 232–3; see also Saladin
Bacon, Roger 205
Badr al-Din Baktut al-Rammah 241
Baghras, castle 135, 169
Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad 237
Baha al-Din Zuhayr 233, 237
Bahr al-Fava’id 222–3, 226, 233
Bahris 238
Bait BItab, hall-house 165
Bait Jibrin, castle 163, 167, 184
Baldwin of Alna 190
Baldwin of Boulogne 36, 368
Baldwin of Ford, and preaching of crusades 45
Baldwin I (1172–1205): as king of Jerusalem 113
as Latin emperor 129
Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d. 1131) 120, 142
Baldwin III of Jerusalem (1129–62) 122, 123
coinage 143
andcrusader art 144, 158
and Melisande 120, 142, 143
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (d. 1185) 119, 124, 133, 147, 234
Baldwin V of Jerusalem 124, 147
Baldwin of Vern d’Anjou 73–4
Balkans: and Teutonic Knights 343
and Turkish advance 4–5, 252, 253, 255, 256, 269, 274–5, 277, 337
Balley Brandeburg des Ritterlichen Orderns Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem 388
Baltic: and military orders 183–4, 185, 187, 188, 206, 208, 276, 344–5, 3301; see also Estonia; Finland; Lithuania; Livonia; Poland; Prussia
Banu Munqidh 216–17, 223, 230–1
Barbary corsairs 255, 353
Barkayaruq, sultan 213, 219
Barquq, sultan (1382–99) 248
basalt, for building 155
Basilius, illustrator 141, 145
Baybars, al-Zahir, sultan (1260–77) 129, 136–7, 159, 164, 239, 241–2
Bayezid I, sultan (1389–1402) 252–3, 275
Bayezid II, sultan (1481–1512) 254–5, 277, 299, 337
Bazán, Alvaro 346
Beirut: cathedral 160
Fatimid control 217
Frankish settlement 112, 135
Bela IV of Hungary 181
Belen Keslik Kalesi, house 170
Belgium, and Godfrey of Bouillon 379
Belgrade: defeat of Turks (1456) 4, 277, 279
Ottoman capture (1521) 256, 284
Bell, Gertrude 170
Bellapais, monastery 173, 294
Belmont: castle 166, 168
Cistercian abbey 162
Belvoir castle 155, 167–8, 173, 185, 186
chapel 146, 155, 163
Benedict XII, pope, and Knights Hospitallers 335
Benedictines: and crusade history 373
in Latin East 157, 162
Berbers: and Almoravids 243–4
in Spain 243–4
Bernard of Clairvaux, St: andmilitary orders 177
and preaching of crusade 43, 69–70, 82, 83
Bertrand of Le Poujet 268
Bertrandon de la Brocquière 253
Bessarion, cardinal 278
Bethany, convent of St Lazarus 142, 145, 162
Bethelehem Order 350
Bethlehem, church of the Nativity 140, 143, 144–5, 156, 158
Bevin, Odo 78–9
Black Death: in Cyprus 295, 317
effects in west 266, 267, 305
in Mamluk sultanate 247
Black Sea: and Genoese 305
and Ottoman Turks 254
Blanchegarde castle 167
Bodrum, castle 298, 337, 339
Bohemia: crusade against Hussites 4, 280–1
and military orders 354
Bohemond III of Antioch, and military orders 183
Bohemond IV of Antioch (1219–33) 135
Bohemond of Taranto: and Byzantium 123
and First Crusade 37
and prestige as crusader 72
Bohemond VI of Antioch-Tripoli (1252–75) 136
Bongars 373
Boniface of Montferrat 64, 94
Boniface VIII, pope, and taxation 263, 265
booty 54
and Fourth Crusade 149
in jihad 223, 229, 250, 251
and military orders 191, 192, 332, 351, 352
Bosnia, crusade against heretics 4, 40
Bourchier, Basil 380–1
bow: English longbow 230
Turkish 230
Brahms, Johannes, Rinaldo 374
Brétigny, peace of (1360) 268
Breydenbach, Bernhard von 140
Brooke, Rupert 381
Brunet of Treuil 78
Brunus, Aimery 77
Buchan, John 369–70
Bulgaria, Turkish conquest 252
Bull, Marcus 13
bulls, papal, and promotion of crusades 42–3, 46, 268, 283, 284, 288–9
Burgundy, and Ottoman Turks 274–5, 279, 286
Bursa, and Ottoman Turks 250
Butler, Lionel 254
Byzantine empire: and Armenia 113
and church building 156–8
and First Crusade 2, 60–1
and Fourth Crusade 3, 38, 111, 129
and Genoa 310, 311–12
and Islam 212, 218, 222
and Latin East 118, 119, 120–1, 123–4, 129–31, 144–5, 215, 291–2, 299–302, 310–12
and military orders 181, 336
and non-combatants 48
and Ottoman Turks 2, 252–4, 311–12
and papacy 313–14
and People’s Crusade 36
and Second Crusade 3
and Third Crusade 61
and Venice 129, 130–1, 310–11; see also Constantinople; Greece
Cabaret, John, of Orville 273
Caesarea: cathedral 159, 160
defeat 239
Frankish settlement 112
Calatrava order: conventual life 203–4
foundation 179–80
leadership 329
military role 183, 185, 186–7, 326–8, 346
nationalization 345–6
organization 201–2, 339–40
resources 196, 339
Calixtus II, pope, crusade 3, 86
Calixtus III, pope 329
Calvary, site 142
Calvinism: and military orders 358–9
and opposition to crusades 285–6
Çandir, church 170–1
cannons, Ottoman use 253
Canso de la Crotzada 91
Capetian dynasty 260
Carmelites, in Latin East 163
Carolingians, and fragmentation 21–2
Carpenel, Galdemar, of Dargoire 85
Cassar, Girolamo 350
Castiglione, Sabba di 355
Castile: and Aragon 246, 267, 284, 326–7
civil war 327
and Granada 282–5
and military orders 179–80, 185, 196, 326–7, 339, 343, 345, 346, 360
and papacy 267
and power of kings 12, 18, 267
castles: in Cilician Armenia 169
in Cyprus 173–4
in kingdom of Jerusalem 148, 149, 155, 165–8, 184
and military orders 145–6, 149, 167–8, 173–4, 184–7, 199
in Spain 185
stone 22
Catalan Company 300, 301, 303–4, 313, 316–17
Cathars 40, 65; see also Albigensian Crusade
Catherine of Valois 301
Catholicism: Counter-Reformation 288–90
and Hussites 280–1
and Protestantism 287
cavalry: heavy 24–5, 49
Muslim 229, 234
Ottoman 252, 256
Cercamon, troubadour 93, 99
Chaldiran, battle (1514) 255
Chanson d’Antioche 91
chanso
n de femme 102–4
Chanson de Roland 91–2, 107
chansons de geste 91–3
charity, and military orders 177, 191, 196, 203, 362, 387–9
Charlemagne, and crusading ideal 19–20, 91–2
Charles of Anjou (1227–85): and battle of Tunis 52
as Charles I of Sicily 299–300
and costs of crusading 53
in Italy 88, 181–2
and kingdom of Jerusalem 137
Charles of Gonzaga 350
Charles the Good of Flanders 85
Charles II of Naples, and crusade treatise 260
Charles IV, emperor 262
Charles V, emperor (1500–58): and Barbary corsairs 255
and military orders 14, 345, 347
and Ottoman Turks 285, 287–8
Charles VI, emperor 271, 274
Charles VIII, emperor, invasion of Italy 277
Charlotte of Cyprus 173, 296–7
charters, as evidence 12, 23, 34, 69, 73, 83, 186
Chastel Blanc 135, 163
Chastel Pèlerin (‘Atlit) 149, 163, 164, 168, 185
Châteaubriand, François René, vicomte de 365–6, 373
Chevalier du Cygne 85
Children’s Crusade (1212) 3, 47, 69
Chios, and Latin East 291, 306, 310, 312, 316, 321
chivalry: and crusades 13, 84–9, 261, 271–2, 275, 364–5
and knighthood 24–5, 52, 66
and Latin East 131
and military orders 88–9, 273, 355, 388
Victorian interest in 369
weakening link with crusades 276
Choziba, Orthodox monastery 158
Christ, and lordship 87
Christian of Prussia 180
Christianity, and Islam 211–13, 221, 223, 234, 242, 248, 257, 311, 312–13, 364
Christianity, Latin: administrative structures 43–7, 49
in Cyprus 127–8
division 285–7
expansionism 18–19, 65
in Greece 129–31
and indigenous Christians 113, 152, 157–8, 215, 218, 220, 242, 248
and reform 12–13, 26–7, 39
and violence 17–18; see also clergy; laity; monasticism; papacy
church buildings: in Cilician Armenia 170–1
in Cyprus 171–3
and hybridization 318
in kingdom of Jerusalem 58, 157, 159–62
Mamluk destruction 242
Cilicia see Armenia, Cilician
Circassians, and Mamluk sultanate 240, 248
Cistercians: in Latin East 162–3
and military orders 202, 345
Clarke, Edward Daniel 365
Clement IV, pope, and military orders 181
Clement V, pope (1305–14): and financing of crusades 264
and military orders 208–10, 323, 325
Clement VI, pope, and recovery crusade 270
Clement VII, pope, and military orders 347
clergy: and armies 25, 49
banned from crusading 47, 177
and crusader privileges 71
and Gregorian Reform 26–7
in Latin East 158, 317–18
and lay religion 31–3
and military orders 193, 195, 198, 199, 201, 206, 340, 362