A History of the Crusades
Page 50
and preaching of crusades 45, 46
and taxation 262–4
Clermont, Council (1095) 1–2, 29, 35, 42, 43, 47, 71, 80, 138, 368
clientage, and recruitment 87
Clinton, Roger de 370
Coenaculum 147, 162
Coeur, Jacques 249
Cogniet, Leon 375
coinage: of Amalric 144
of Baldwin III 143
Byzantine influence 138, 139
Cypriot 294
increased circulation 49
supply 64
colonization: and Latin East 111–12, 125, 129, 137, 292, 320–2
and military orders 186, 331–2
Columbus, Christopher 285
confessor, personal 72
confraternities: and financing ofcrusades 54
Protestant 388–9
Conon of Béthune 85
and crusadesongs 94, 97, 103
Conrad III of Germany (1093–1153),
and Second Crusade 38, 43, 61, 62, 83, 122
Conrad IV of Germany and Jerusalem (1228–54) 133, 135
Conrad of Masovia 180–1
Conradin, and papacy 40
Constable, Giles 11, 12
Constance, Council (1414–18): and John Hus 280
and Papal Schism 337
and Teutonic Knights 276, 337
Constantinople: crusader capture (1104) 38, 111, 129, 148, 291
crusader capture (1204) 3, 38
and First Crusade 60
Greeks attempt recovery 4, 131
in Islamic thought 212
and military orders 181
Ottoman attacks 252–3, 277
Ottoman capture (1453) 253–4, 277, 299, 308, 312
St Francis chapel 148–9, 151
and Second Crusade 62
and trade 321
Turkish capture (1261) 291, 305
Constitutiones pro zelo fidei 258
contract: and crusade service 64–5, 262
shipping 61, 62–3, 65
Cor nostrum 43
Córdoba: Berber sack (1031) 243
conquest (1232-53) 3, 245
Corfu, and Venice 307, 308
Corinth: Gulf of 301, 302, 308
and Knights Hospitallers 302, 336; see also Lepanto, battle
Cornaro, Caterina 297
Cornaro family 174, 320, 322
Coron, Venetian control 130, 291, 302, 306, 307, 308
corsairs 255, 307, 352–3
corso 337–8, 339, 352–3
Cosimo I de Medici, and Knights of Santo Stefano 288, 348, 349
cost of crusading 8, 53–4, 55, 75–6, 86–7, 262
Counter-Reformation: and military orders 288, 289
and crusade as devotion 27, 288
and expansionism 288–9
and New World 285, 289
and Protestantism 289–90
Courtois, M. 371
Crac des Chevaliers, castle 135, 137, 149, 168, 184, 185, 186, 188
chapel 145–6, 149, 163
Muslim capture 239
credit, for crusaders 55–6
Cressing Temple 195
Cresson, battle (1187) 187, 189
Crete: and art 318
and Latin East 130–1, 302
and Ottoman Turks 290, 292, 359
and sugar industry 320
Venetian control 111, 292, 308–9, 316, 322, 338, 349, 352
Crimean War, and Holy Places 372, 384
Croatia, and Venice 309
cross: distinction by colour 52, 71
taking 1, 69–73, 77, 82, 123; see also Holy Cross
Cross, Orthodox monastery of 157
crusaders: criticism 72–3, 265
status 9–10, 72, 84; see also privileges
crusades: criteria for success 258, 259–62, 264
definition 9–12
effects 65–7
fifteenth-century 275–83
fourteenth-century 13, 266–75, 293–4
modern images 363–84
origins 15–34
participants 68–89
pluralist view 10–12, 37–41, 88
political 4, 39–40
practicalities 59–65, 260
recovery crusade 259–65, 274–5, 276–9, 293, 295
revival and survival 385–9
seventeenthcentury 14, 290
sixteenthcentury 14, 283–90
thirteenth-century crisis 258–66
traditionalist view 10, 11
western 3, 11–12, 39
see also financing; heretics; leadership; preaching; promotion; recruitment
culture: Islamic and Christian 233–4
shared Latin 66
Cyprus: architecture 171–5, 294–5
capture (1191) 111, 125, 147
civil war (1229-33) 127, 128
and crusader art 153
and frontier crusades 269
and Latin Church 127–8, 317
Latin kingdom 125–9, 291, 293–8, 312
and local population 318–19
and Mamluk sultanate 248–9, 293, 294, 295–6, 312, 315
and military orders 126, 181, 207–8, 294, 298, 324–5, 335
and Ottoman Turks 21, 256, 297–8, 308, 312, 351
and papacy 128
political development 125–9
and sugar industry 127, 174, 320, 322, 335
and trade 127, 293, 294–6, 305; see also
Famagusta; Genoa; Nicosia; Venice
Damascus: Ayyub conquest 238
Mongol attack 239, 248
and Saladin 225, 228
siege (1148) 122
and Zangi 227
Damietta: and papacy 109
siege and conquest (1218–19) 38, 236–7
Daniel of Chernigov 140
Danishmendid dynasty 218
Dardanelles: and Genoese-Venetian rivalry 307–8
Ottoman control 251, 335
Darum, royal castle 167, 168
Dashwood, Sir Francis (1708–81) 363
De Quincey, Thomas 374
Deësis miniature 141
deforestation 156
Delacroix, Eugène 379
Denmark, and Knights Hospitallers 345
Despenser, Henry 268
Deutsche Orden 388–9, 391; see also Teutonic Knights
Devol, treaty (1108) 123
devotion: communal 30
crusade as 27, 68, 77–80, 88, 89, 288
Digby, Kenelm Henry 369, 374
Dinmore, Herts. 376
Disraeli, Benjamin 366–7, 379
dit 109
Dobrin order 180, 181
Dodo of Cons-la-Grandville 75
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 142, 156, 162, 217
Dominican order, and preaching of crusades 45
Douglas, William 273
Dubois, Peter, and crusade treatises 207, 260
Duffield, Peter 74
Duqaq, nephew of Malik-Shah 216
economy, and stimulus of crusades 66–7
Edessa, county of: and Baldwin of Boulogne 36
and Byzantium 123
Frankish settlement 111, 115–16
and kingdom of Jerusalem 121
Muslim conquest (1144) 37, 121, 227
Edward I of England (1239–1307): and crusade planning 261
and Cyprus 125
as divisional commander 64, 369
Edward VII of Britain 368–9
Edwards, Robert 169
Egypt: and Cyprus 296, 312
and Fifth Crusade 3, 38, 134, 236–7
and First Crusade 218
indigenous Christians 215
and Latin East 122, 123–4, 132, 136
and Louis IX 3, 62, 125, 136, 189, 238, 380
and Mamluk sultanate 240–2, 248–9
and military orders 196
modern interest in 363–4
and Mongols 239
and Nur al-Din 227, 228
and Ottoman Turks 284, 296, 297
and Saladin 38, 124, 228
and Third Crusade 38, 61, 62
and Venice 316; see also Ayyubid empire; Damietta
Ehrentisch(table of honour) 273
Eisenhower, Dwight 383
élites: and central power 21–2
and First Crusade 33
as milites 24–6
Elizabeth of Hungary 376
Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy 349
encyclical, crusade 42
England: and financing of crusades 57–8
and Knights Hospitallers 345
nineteenthcentury interest in crusades 368–9, 371–2, 374–8, 379
war with France 47, 259, 266, 267, 274, 284, 314; see also Spanish Armada
Enlart, Camille 161
enlightenment, and Knights Hospitallers 356
Enrique IV 329
equipment, provision 63
Erasmus, Desiderius, and opposition to crusades 288
eschatology: and crusade ideology 261, 285; see also Last Days
L’estoire de Eracles, and Latin East 112
Estonia, and crusades 4, 39, 333
Euboea see Negroponte
Eugenius III, pope, and crusade against Wends 3, 39
Eugenius IV, pope, and the Balkans 277
Eustorge of Montaigu 171
Évêque de la Cassière, Jean 354
excusado 289
Al-Fadil, al-Qadi 229, 232, 235
Faidit, Gaucelm 93, 105, 107–8
Famagusta: defences 175, 297–8
Palazzo del Provveditore 171
St Nicholas cathedral 172, 295
as trading centre 127, 171, 270, 295, 305, 312, 315, 316, 321
family, and crusading tradition 13, 81, 85–7, 261
famine 48
fanaticism, religious 20
Farnese, Alexander 289
Fatimids: and Christians 157, 242
defeat in First Crusade 217
and disintegration of Seljuk empire 217–18, 227
in Egypt 122, 212–13, 214
and jihad 223
Felipe IV of Spain 359–60
Ferdinand of Aragon: and Granada 282–3
and Tunis 286
Fernando of Castile 345, 346
Fernando, regent of Castile 327
Ferrand of Mallorca 300
Feuchtwangen, Siegfried von 330
feudalism: in Byzantium 129–30
in court poetry 95–6
and kingdom of Jerusalem 6, 133–4; see also lordship
Fidenzio of Padua, and crusade treatise 259
Field of Blood, battle 225
Fiennes, Ingelram de 370
Fifth Crusade (1217-29): and Egypt 38, 134, 236–7
financing 57
and military orders 189
promotion and preaching 44–5
and recovery of Jerusalem 3, 133
and recruitment 48
Filangieri, Richard 128, 135
financing: of early crusades 48–9, 53–89, 109
of Granada crusade 283
of later crusades 261, 262–5; see also indulgence; taxation
Finland, and crusades 4, 39
Finn, James 368
First Crusade (1096–1102): achievement 59, 79
command structure 61, 64
and conquest of Jerusalem 2, 37, 138, 218–19
financing 55–6
and Holy Sepulchre 77
and Islam 19–20, 39, 212, 213, 218–21
and knighthood 24–6, 35–6, 47
and Latin East 2, 36–7, 111, 115
leadership 2, 35–6, 70
origins 19–24
overland route 38, 68
participants 12, 68
as penance 32–4
and People’s Crusade 36, 47, 69
and practicalities 59–61, 65
promotion 42, 78
and recruitment 34, 50–1, 81–2, 85–7
and‘second wave’ 36–7, 113
and siege of Antioch 37
and ‘third wave’ 2, 37
and Urban II 1–2, 19, 25, 27, 29, 33–4, 35–6, 37, 73, 138
and violence 15–18, 35–6
First World War, and crusade imagery 380–2
Flanders: and crusading ideal 80, 85
and Papal Schism 4, 268
and Spain 288–9
fleets see navies
Florent of Hainault 300
Folquet, bishop of Toulouse 94
Fonseca, Manoel Pinto de 353, 354
food supplies, and non-combatants 48
footsoldiers 25, 49
Forey, Alan 12
Forster, E.M. 368
fortifications, stone 22
Foulques of Vullaret 324
Fourth Crusade (1202-4): and chivalry 84
command structure 64
and Constantinople 3, 38, 129, 148, 291
financing 55, 57
promotion and preaching 44
and recruitment 51–2
and songs 93
and Venice 305, 306, 308
France: and Aragon 314
and crusading ideal 80–1, 85–6, 368
and effects of crusades 65
and financing of crusades 53–4, 55, 56–8, 264–5
and First Crusade 2, 35–6
and Fourth Crusade 51–2
and John of England 40
and leadership of crusades 35–6, 295–6, 313–14
and military orders 197, 208–10, 347, 353–4, 356–7
nineteenthcentury interest in crusades 370–1, 372–3, 379
and Ottoman Turks 274–5, 279, 353
and reconquest of Spain 109
and Second Crusade 81
war with England 47, 259, 266, 267, 274, 284, 314; see also Albigensian Crusade
Francis I of France 284, 285
Franciscan order, and preaching of crusades 45
Franco, Francisco 383
Franks: and call for crusade 123; see also Latin East
Frederick I ‘Barbarossa’, emperor (1123–90): in Asia Minor 61
and Third Crusade 38, 50–1
Frederick II, emperor (1194–1250): and Cyprus 128
and Egypt 62
and papacy 40
and recovery of Jerusalem 3, 133–5, 149, 238
and shipping 62
and Teutonic Knights 181
freemasonry, and Knights Hospitallers 356, 362
French: and Chanson de Roland 91
and crusade-songs 92–3
French regiment in the east 136–7
frescos 149, 151
church of the Nativity 144–5, 158
Cyprus 173
Holy Sepulchre Church 140
Islamic 242
St Francis chapel 148–9, 151
Friedrich von Hausen 103
frontier crusades 269–72, 276
Führich, J. 374
Fulcher of Chartres 140–1, 374
Fulk Doon of Châteaurenard 70
Fulk I of Matheflon 76
Fulk of Le Plessis-Macé 74–5
Fulk of Neuilly, and promotion of Fourth Crusade 44
Fulk V of Jerusalem (1095–1143) 112, 120, 142
and art and architecture 141, 162
and Islam 230
furusiyya(horsemanship) 241, 248
Gallipoli, and Ottoman Turks 251
Gastria, Templar castle 173
Gattilusio, Francesco 306
Gavaudan 106, 107
Gaza, castle 167, 184, 186–7
Genoa: in Aegean and Black Sea 305–6, 312
and Byzantium 310–12
and Cilicia 168
and Cyprus 127, 128, 294, 296, 312, 314–16, 321
and kingdom of Jerusalem 132, 135
and Mahdia crusade 271–2
and Mamluk sultanate 247
and Ottoman Turks 311–12
and shipping contracts 61, 66
and Venice 305, 307–8, 310, 314–16; see also trade
Geoffrey and Guy of Signes 77
Geoffrey II Villehardouin (1229–46) 131
Geoffrey of Issoudun 75
Geoffrey IV of Châteaubriand 365
Geoffrey of Le Louet 74
Geoffrey Le Râle 76
Geoffrey of Sergines, as secular armsbearer 85
Gerald of Landerron 75
Gerard of Ridefort, Templar master 189
German, and crusade-songs 93
German Crusade (1197-8), and Latin settlements 3
Germany: crusade against heretics 4, 280–2
crusade against Slavs 3, 39
and opponents of papacy 4
and Ottoman Turks 279; see also Livonia; Prussia; Teutonic Knights
Gérôme, Jean-Léon 364
Gervers, Michael 12
Géza of Hungary, and Second Crusade 62
Ghazan, ilkhan of Persia 261, 293
ghazis 222–3, 229, 250, 256
Ghiyath-al-Din Muhammad 219
Gibbon, Edward 257, 364
Gibraltar, siege 267
Gilbert, Vivian 381–2
gilds, and financing of crusades 54
Giovanni del Conte 171
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine 36, 55, 86, 139
in modern imagery 366, 367, 368, 376, 379, 384
Góngora, Luis de 346–7
Gothman, John 165
Granada: and Aragon-Castile 246, 282–3, 284–5
conquest (1232-53) 4
crusade (1309) 265
and military orders 327–8, 345
Muslim 245–6, 267
Grandclaude, Maurice 6
Great (Papal) Schism (1378) 4, 268–9, 274, 278, 317, 336–7
Greece: Byzantine reoccupation 299–302, 310
and crusader art 153
Frankish control 3, 129–31, 148, 291, 299–302, 303–4, 306–10
and Knights Hospitallers 298
Ottoman conquest 277, 292, 299, 302, 308–9, 310
Greek Orthodox: and conquest of Byzantium 129–30
in Crete 309
crusade against 4
in kingdom of Jerusalem 113, 115, 123, 157–8, 215
in Latin East 127–8, 317–19
Gregorian Reform 26–7
Gregory IX, pope, and Frederick II 133
Gregory Palamas 251
Gregory VII, pope (1073–85), and reform 26, 78
Gregory X, pope (1210–76): and crusade treatises 259
and papal taxation 58, 262–3
and practicalities of crusade 60
and preaching crusade 43
and recovery crusade 274
Gregory XI, pope (1329–78), and military orders 325, 336
Grieg, Edvard 380
Grimald, knight 75
Grossi, Tomasso 379–80
Guadix, battle (1361) 327
Guibert of Nogent 15–16, 31–2, 33, 78, 112
Guilhem Figueira 109
Guillebert of Lannoy 279
Guiot de Dijon 102–3
Gurney, Jason 383
Guy of Bré 75
Guy of Coucy, and crusade-songs 94
Guy of Flanders, as divisional commander 64
Guy II of Athens 303
Guy of Jerusalem 234
Guy of Lusignan 126