Commander in Chief
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Mitchell, John (major): and ambush of Yamamoto, 185–86, 188
Mitscher, Peter (admiral): and ambush of Yamamoto, 185, 188
Mockler-Ferryman, Eric (brigadier), 170
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939). See German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939)
Montgomery, Bernard (general): Churchill opposes, xiii
and invasion of Sicily, 262–63, 267
in Italian campaign, 354, 358, 359, 375, 380, 385, 391
in North Africa, 77, 140, 148, 170
skeptical of Italian assistance against Wehrmacht, 376
teaches battle technique, 143–44
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 160
briefs FDR, 65
Morocco: sovereignty of, 108–9, 114, 119
Morocco, Sultan of: dines with FDR, 108–11, 114
Moscow Conference of foreign ministers, 386
Cordell Hull at, 397–98
Mountbatten, Louis (admiral), 78, 85, 92, 99, 212–13, 395
Murphy, Robert: at Casablanca Conference, 109–10, 117, 121
in North Africa, 107, 108
Mussolini, Benito: arrested and deposed, 269, 278, 283, 290, 302–3, 307, 320, 388–89
and invasion of Sicily, 266
refuses to meet with Hitler, 266, 267
secret meeting with Hitler, 268–69, 273, 325, 368
N
Nibelungen myth (Nibelungentreue) and German solidarity, 195, 196, 324, 355
Nimitz, Chester (admiral), 75, 234, 395
and ambush of Yamamoto, 183–84, 185, 188
Noguès, Charles (general), 108–9
Normandy invasion (1944). See also cross-Channel landing, proposed (1943); Second Front strategy
British chiefs of staff oppose, 204–5, 208, 212, 213–14, 221, 230, 236, 292, 326
British chiefs of staff reluctantly support, 331
British predictions of defeat in, 215–16, 218, 232, 237–38, 246, 274, 327, 365
Brooke accepts necessity of, 232–33, 240
Brooke opposes, 213, 214–16, 232, 310, 330
Canada and, 252
Churchill opposes, xii, 200, 201–3, 209, 219, 229, 237, 246–47, 248, 250–51, 253–54, 272, 274, 282–83, 301, 308, 310, 313–14, 326–27, 334, 398–99
Churchill reluctantly agrees to, 241–42, 245, 255, 272, 274, 313–14, 319, 326, 341, 353, 362, 383
Combined Chiefs of Staff agree on, 99, 331
effects of Italian campaign on, 328–29
Ernest King critical of, 297
FDR and, 204, 210, 218, 221, 243–44, 278, 295, 302, 311–12, 313, 319, 332, 362, 382, 385
FDR insists on American commander for, 297–99, 314–15, 319, 326
given Allied priority, 326–27, 329, 331, 375, 386
Hitler fears, 307
Joint Chiefs of Staff support, 98–99, 204, 213–14, 221–22, 236, 326–27
Marshall and, 215–16, 257, 328, 330
Mediterranean strategy as practice for, 36–37, 52, 59, 84, 87, 93, 98–99, 100, 145, 146, 189, 196, 200, 207–8, 210, 217, 221, 238, 248, 262
planning and staging of, 164, 191, 233, 241–42, 243–44, 252, 262, 273, 274, 276, 294–98, 326, 328, 331, 332, 341, 373, 374, 384, 393
Portal opposes, 217, 218
selection of supreme commander for, 257–58, 326, 329, 330
Stimson supports, 233, 299, 310–11
U.S. Navy opposes, 275
North Africa. See also Mediterranean strategy
Allied losses in, 52–53, 58, 140–42, 144–45, 169
Allied tactical errors in, 375
Arnim in, 140–41, 197
Churchill’s mission to, 254–55, 256–58
Clark in, 255
considered part of France, 113–14
De Gaulle in, 63–64, 90
Eisenhower’s strategy in, 52, 64, 70, 88–90, 97, 114–15, 140, 144, 171, 189, 196–97, 213
FDR reviews troops in, 102–4, 120, 160
final Allied offensive in (1943), 195, 202–3, 207–8
Fredendall in, 140–41, 143
Giraud in, 85, 90, 104, 105, 113, 115, 116
Hitler orders fight to the death in, 195–96
Italian troops desert in, 195–96
military intelligence in, 169–70
Montgomery in, 77, 140, 148, 170
Murphy in, 107, 108–9
Patton in, 50, 52, 102, 144, 145, 170, 196, 255, 263
Rommel in, 52, 89, 140–41, 142, 143–46, 147, 148, 170, 322
Stimson on Wehrmacht in, 144
Vichy French in, 35, 58, 66, 70, 82, 90, 104, 107, 148, 196, 263, 375
Wehrmacht’s losses in, 195–96
Wehrmacht’s offensive operations in, 139–42, 143–44
Wehrmacht’s resistance in, xiii, 36, 53–54, 70, 82, 88, 91, 195
Wehrmacht’s surrender in, 207, 211, 213, 227, 236
North Africa landings (1942), 4, 21, 23–24, 146, 207, 272, 399
Churchill and, xiii, 69–71
Clark and, 85–86
Embick opposes, 50
FDR and, xi, 34–36, 42, 63, 125–26
Goebbels on, 69–70
Marshall opposes, 49, 90
Stimson opposes, 49, 90, 143
U.S. public reaction to, 160
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): concept of, 153, 163
Norway: Churchill proposes Allied invasion of, 273–74, 301–2
Franco-British Expeditionary Force in (1940), 274
O
Ontario: FDR’s fishing trip to, 279–81, 289, 292
Operation Anakim. See Burma: proposed reconquest of
Operation Anton. See Vichy French: Germany prepares to occupy Vichy-controlled metropolitan France
Operation Avalanche. See Italy, Allied campaign in (1943)
Operation Axis. See Wehrmacht: occupies and reinforces Italy
Operation Barbarossa. See Eastern Front
Operation Bolero. See cross-Channel landing, proposed (1943); France, proposed Allied landing in (1942)
Operation Citadel. See Eastern Front
Operation Giant II. See Rome: projected airborne assault on
Operation Gomorrah. See Hamburg: Allied bombing of
Operation Husky. See Sicily: invasion of (1943)
Operation Overlord. See Normandy invasion (1944)
Operation Priceless. See Italy, Allied campaign in (1943)
Operation Strike. See North Africa: final Allied offensive in (1943)
Operation Symbol. See Casablanca Conference (1943)
Operation Torch, xi. See North Africa landings (1942)
Operation Vengeance. See Yamamoto, Isoruku (admiral): ambushed and killed
Ottawa: FDR’s speech at (1943), 332, 335–40, 341, 347, 355, 373
P
Pacific Theater: Churchill and, 76, 101, 237, 246, 333–34
Combined Chiefs of Staff and, 331
Eleanor Roosevelt tours, 315, 359, 367
Ernest King and, 234, 256, 315, 329–30
FDR and strategy in, 25–26, 37, 40, 41–42, 59, 100–101, 179–81, 191, 211, 222–23, 293, 334, 393, 395
Joint Chiefs of Staff preference for action in, 75
Marshall on, 216
Mediterranean strategy’s impact on, 234
Navy’s preference for action in, 222, 275
skip-bombing technique in, 179–80
Soviet Union and, 153
U.S. public opinion on, 217, 232, 234
Pacific War Council meeting (1943)
Churchill at, 245–46
Mackenzie King attends, 235, 237
Panama Canal Zone, 24
Pan American Clipper (airplane), 12–14
Patterson, Cissy: as FDR’s enemy, 165
Patton, George S. (general): on Churchill, 110, 111
and Eisenhower, 89–90
erratic behavior, 375
on FDR, 110–11
and invasion of Sicily, 263, 267, 275
in Italian campaign, 375–76
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bsp; on need for Allied combat experience, 111
in North Africa, 50, 52, 102, 144, 145, 170, 196, 255, 263
Paulus, Friedrich von (general), 196
peace as war aim: FDR on, 44–45
Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941), xi, 19, 31, 117, 167, 183, 366
Yamamoto and, 178, 187, 190
Pendar, Kenneth: on FDR, 198–200
Pentagon: completed, 53
Pétain, Philippe (marshal), 64, 116
Poland: forces in exile and Katyn Forest massacre (1940), 228, 347
German atrocities in, 300–301
polio: FDR suffers from, 168, 176–77
Portal, Charles (air marshal), 78
and air power, 256
opposes Normandy invasion, 217, 218
opposes proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 98–99
postwar security, planning for, 19–23, 39, 80–81, 108–9, 115, 158, 161, 310, 335. See also United Nations
Churchill and, 370–72
FDR and, 15, 20, 26, 27–30, 32, 33–34, 107, 117–21, 152–53, 159–60, 164, 177, 231, 244–45, 248, 267, 282–83, 336, 338–40, 344–46, 353, 362–66
Pound, Dudley (admiral), 78, 256
opposes proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 98–99
president: as commander in chief, 35–37, 68, 104, 169, 175, 292, 296, 368
Prettyman, Arthur (chief petty officer), 3, 11
prisoners of war, Allied: Japan executes, 177–78
Q
Quebec Conference (1943), 386
British chiefs of staff at, 319
Brooke at, 308, 326, 328–30
Churchill and, 277–78, 291, 300, 302, 314–15, 319, 326–28, 332, 333–34, 368, 396–97
Combined Chiefs of Staff at, 291, 315, 328–31, 334–35, 337, 354, 368, 392
Cordell Hull at, 310, 315
Eden at, 310
Elsey and, 331, 332
FDR and, 277–78, 290, 293, 300, 315, 326, 327–28, 331, 332–35, 338–39, 341, 353
Joint Chiefs of Staff at, 293, 296, 299, 308, 326–30, 331
large British contingent at, 302, 308, 314, 319
Mackenzie King at, 333, 341–42, 344
Marshall at, 326–29, 331
Stimson and, 296
R
Rayburn, Sam, 48
Reilly, Mike: and security at Casablanca Conference (1943), 66–68
Republican Party, 24, 48, 162, 234, 349–50, 361
Reynolds, David, xiii, 327
Reynolds, Maurice (colonel), 290
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 361
Richelieu (French battleship), 63–64
Ridgway, Matthew (general): in Italian campaign, 376, 378, 391
Rigdon, William, 181–82
Ritchie, Neil (general), 177
Robinett, Paul (colonel): on lack of command experience among Allies, 143
Romania: Allied bombing of oil refineries in, 214–15, 227–28, 330
Rome: Allies bomb, 269, 320, 360, 372
Churchill and capture of, 274, 276, 277, 311, 327, 373
lack of strategic value, 354
as possible open city, 280, 366
projected airborne assault on, xii, 354, 376–78, 380, 382
Rommel, Erwin (field marshal), 279, 388
British Eighth Army flees from, 36, 220, 365
in Italy, 269, 391
in North Africa, 52, 89, 140–41, 142, 143–46, 147, 148, 170, 322
Rommel, Manfred, 391
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 4, 10, 168, 175, 205–6, 218
tours Pacific Theater, 315, 359, 367
Roosevelt, Elliott (colonel): at Casablanca Conference, 66–68, 77, 78–81, 82, 91–93, 103–4, 108–10, 111, 117, 118–20, 124
Roosevelt, Franklin, Jr. (lieutenant), 68–69, 92
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: on air power, 42–43
and ambush of Yamamoto, 178, 184, 188–89, 190–91
angered by Stalin, 333, 334, 335, 341–42, 343, 353, 396
atomic bomb development as his political trump card, 313, 319
attacks isolationism, 45–47, 336, 350
attitude toward British Empire, xii
Brooke on, 258
Butcher briefs, 169–71
at Casablanca Conference, 4, 11–12, 40, 60, 71–72, 77–81, 82–88, 90–93, 100–104, 105–10, 112–23, 124–31, 139–40, 145, 164, 170, 198
on Casablanca strategic agreement, 243
character and personality, 27, 110, 123, 166, 309, 349, 359–60, 367
on Churchill, xii, 79–80, 110
and communism, 22, 30–32, 119, 229, 362–63, 364–66
confers with Churchill at Hyde Park, xiv, 299, 300, 302, 308–12, 313–15, 319, 335, 381–83
considers fourth term, 32, 45, 349–50, 362–63, 367, 399
controls Allied war planning and prosecution, xi, xv, 15, 25, 28–29, 37, 43–44, 100–102, 129, 131, 160, 164, 170, 207, 209, 236, 250, 276, 284, 308, 314–15, 325, 353, 392, 393–94, 398
on De Gaulle, 80, 119, 122
De Gaulle on, 116–17, 121
demands Churchill’s cooperation, 252, 253–54
distrusts Churchill, 244
domestic political opposition to, 24, 48, 162, 234, 349–50, 361, 394
on Eastern Front, 42–43
on Eisenhower, 169–71
and “endgame” war strategy, 396–97, 398–99
expects postwar struggle with Soviet Union, 347–48, 350, 361–65, 397, 399
fears Soviet-German armistice, 342
Fireside Chats, 278–79, 284, 292, 381
first sitting president to fly, 5, 13, 125
and flying, 12–14, 64–67
on Four Freedoms, 28, 44–45, 339
friendship with Mackenzie King, 313, 348–49
“Germany First” strategy, 29, 202, 211, 213, 217
Giraud visits, 261
on Grant, 28–29, 284
Handy critical of his war strategy, 293–94, 319
health problems, 33, 64–65, 164–69, 175, 176, 349, 353, 359, 367–68, 399
on Holocaust, 300–301
insists on American commander in Normandy invasion (1944), 297–99, 314–15, 319
inspection tour of military facilities (1943), xiv, 171, 175–77, 179, 181–82, 187, 189, 191
interest in Berbers, 65
and Italian campaign, 294–95, 297–98, 311, 326, 354, 374, 381, 385, 392, 396
Joint Chiefs of Staff dissent from his strategy, 48–49
journey to Casablanca Conference, xiv, 4–9, 11–14, 63–68, 165, 167
Kenney briefs, 179–81
knowledge of history and geography, 4, 155, 180–81, 349
Leahy as information conduit for, 331, 354
Mackenzie King confers with, 243–44, 247–48
Mackenzie King on, 24, 27–32, 33, 341–42, 349
Mackenzie King visits, 23–32, 33–38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 84, 149, 165
makes tactical suggestions, 140, 145
Mary Churchill on, 359–60, 367, 383
McIntire as physician to, 3, 7, 13, 165, 167, 169, 280, 367
and Mediterranean strategy, 25–26, 36, 40, 59, 84, 92, 210, 238, 241, 252, 263, 326
meets with Combined Chiefs of Staff, 77–78, 82, 92–93, 240–41, 243
meets with De Gaulle, 111, 112–17, 219
meets with Eisenhower, 88, 90–93
Message to Congress, 392–94, 395–96
on moral basis for war, 336–40, 392–94
Morison briefs, 65
and necessity of unconditional surrender, 28–31, 59–60, 101, 104, 120–21, 127–30, 152–53, 157, 160, 188–89, 192, 217, 232, 244, 264, 283, 315, 348, 350, 385, 392–93
and need for Allied combat experience, 36–38, 40, 50, 51–52, 59, 82–83, 84, 86, 93, 143, 148, 169
and Normandy invasion (1944), 204, 210, 218, 221, 243–44, 278, 295, 302, 311–12, 313, 319, 332, 362, 382, 385
and North Africa landings (1942), xi, 34–36, 42, 63, 125–26
&n
bsp; Ontario fishing trip, 279–81, 289, 292