Commander in Chief
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opposes imperialism, 23, 26, 30, 64, 79–80, 107, 108–9, 110, 114, 117–20, 282, 364
opposes proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), xi–xii, 35–38, 40, 50, 84–85
opposes proposed invasion of Balkans, 221, 223, 295, 296, 298, 301, 344
Ottawa speech (1943), 332, 335–40, 341, 347, 355, 373
Pacific war strategy, 25–26, 37, 40, 41–42, 59, 100–101, 179–81, 191, 211, 222–23, 293, 334, 393, 395
Patton on, 110–11
on peace as war aim, 44–45
Pendar on, 198–200
personal invitation to Stalin, 230–31, 235, 244, 247, 271
personal relationship with Churchill, xiv, 199, 229, 244, 309, 313–14, 334–35, 359, 367–68, 383, 396, 399
and planning for postwar security, 15, 20, 26, 27–30, 32, 33–34, 107, 117–21, 152–53, 159–60, 164, 177, 231, 244–45, 248, 267, 282–83, 336, 338–40, 344–46, 353, 362–66
plans United Nations, 19–23, 25, 30, 79, 80–81, 153–54, 157–59, 222, 290, 309–10, 335, 362–63
polio and, 168, 176–77
on postwar division of Europe, 365–66
postwar political strategy, 148, 150–51, 362
on postwar trusteeships, 23, 80, 115
projected Alaska summit with Stalin, 247, 255, 266–67, 271, 277, 280, 282, 289–90, 333, 341–42
promotes unity among Allied coalition, 93, 106–7, 115, 125–27, 129, 207, 258, 279, 292–93, 312, 334–35, 337, 344, 353, 358–59, 368, 385–86, 396–97
and Quebec Conference, 277–78, 291, 293, 300, 315, 326, 327–28, 331, 332–35, 338–39, 341, 353
reaction to invasion of Sicily, 265–66
realistic view of Soviet Union, 152–53, 344–45, 361–66
reviews troops in North Africa, 102–4, 120, 160
and Salerno landing, 385–86, 391–92, 396
and Second Front strategy, 35–36, 38, 42–43, 59, 73, 87, 99, 148, 170, 191–92, 196, 200, 210, 217, 223, 229, 230–31, 235, 237, 243, 255, 271–72
sensitivity to feelings of others, 7–8, 49, 54, 55, 58–59, 92, 359
at Shangri-la camp, 218–19, 250, 262
on social reform, 31–32
Spellman confers with, 360–66, 368, 396
on Stalin, 30–31
as stamp collector, 176, 219
State of the Union address (1943), 41–47, 48, 53, 160, 161, 363, 393
Stimson on, 166, 253–54, 298–99
strategic meeting with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 55–60
Suckley as confidante of, 11, 13–14, 15, 64–67, 80, 102, 106, 121, 175–77, 183, 261–62, 266–67, 280, 310, 382
Sultan of Morocco dines with, 108–11, 114
and Tehran Conference, 386
unable to visit Great Britain, 12
urges summit with Churchill and Stalin, 25–26, 31, 38, 39–40, 60
use of the media, 103, 123, 125–29, 160, 170–71
view of Germany, 283–84, 338, 396
visits Marrakesh, 198–200
on war criminals, 300–301
War Department mutiny over his strategy, 34, 49–51, 53, 84
war strategy discussions with Churchill, 74–75, 77–81
and Washington strategic conference (Trident) (1943), 204, 217–19, 243–44, 250–54
and Wehrmacht, 35–36, 51, 284–85, 298
Roosevelt, Theodore, 110, 166
Rosenman, Samuel: as FDR’s speechwriter, 41, 278, 332, 336, 340, 362
Russia. See Soviet Union
S
Salerno, Allied landing at, xii, xiv, 327, 372, 379–80, 390. See also Italy, Allied campaign in (1943)
Churchill and, 383–85
Clark commands, 354, 359, 375–76, 377, 378, 380–81, 382, 383, 385, 391
FDR and, 385–86, 391–92, 396
as tactical trap, 381, 383–85, 391
Whitehead on, 381
Sauckel, Fritz, 301
Second Front strategy. See also cross-Channel landing, proposed (1943); Normandy invasion (1944)
Beaverbrook and, 207, 218–19
Churchill and, 73, 83, 97, 201, 203, 207, 212, 219–20, 222, 229–31, 237, 244, 246–47, 257–58, 272–73, 282–83, 290
FDR and, 35–36, 38, 42–43, 59, 87, 99, 148, 170, 191–92, 196, 200, 210, 217, 223, 229, 230–31, 235, 237, 243, 255, 271–72
given Allied priority, 234
Goebbels and, 146, 268, 389
Soviet Union depends on, 40, 87, 93, 106, 146, 150, 159, 200, 227, 229–30, 235, 244, 255, 266, 268, 271–72, 290–91, 294–95, 306, 307, 308, 310, 386
Second World War, The (Churchill), xiii, 71, 301
secret weapons, German. See jet fighter planes; V-bomb weapons (Vergeltungswaffen)
Shangri-la (camp), xiv
Churchill at, 218–19, 220, 232, 238, 265
FDR at, 218–19, 250, 262
Sherwood, Robert: as FDR’s speechwriter, 41, 278, 332, 336
Sicily, invasion of (1943), 56, 59, 76, 99, 100, 143, 145, 146, 148, 169, 196, 201, 207–8, 210, 214, 217, 221, 230, 237, 245, 248, 251, 254, 261–64, 265–69, 275, 277, 285, 292, 294, 374, 375. See also Italy, Allied campaign in (1943)
Bradley and, 263, 267
Canada in, 261, 263
Eisenhower and, 261–63
FDR’s reaction to, 265–66
Goebbels reacts to, 267–69
Hitler reacts to, 265–69, 271, 278, 294
Kesselring and, 262–63
Leahy on, 261–62
Montgomery and, 262–63, 267
Mussolini and, 266
Patton and, 263, 267, 275
Stalin on, 290
Wehrmacht evacuates, 293, 374
Wehrmacht reinforcement in, 267, 276, 322
Singapore, 333–34
slave labor: German use of, 301, 304, 305
Smith, Walter Bedell (general): as Eisenhower’s chief of staff, 67, 73, 91, 376
Smuts, Jan (field marshal), 22–23, 273, 309–10, 368–69
social reform: FDR on, 31–32
“soft underbelly” strategy: Churchill promotes, 42, 201, 208, 327
Soviet Union: Allied air bases prohibited in, 227–28, 229
and atomic bomb development, 313
Bullitt as U.S. ambassador to, 49, 364
Bullitt’s report on postwar situation, 150–59
Churchill’s realistic view of, xiv–xv, 346, 347, 368–69
commits atrocities, 228, 347
depends on Second Front strategy, 40, 87, 93, 106, 146, 159, 200, 227, 229–30, 235, 244, 255, 266, 268, 271–72, 290–91, 294–95, 306, 307, 308, 310, 386
expected Western postwar struggle with, 229, 347–48, 350, 361–65, 397, 399
FDR’s realistic view of, 152–53, 344–45, 361–66
Harriman as U.S. ambassador to, 360
losses on Eastern Front, 22, 158, 228, 346–47, 386
massacres Polish officers (1940), 228, 268, 347
official oppression in, 360–61
and Pacific Theater, 153
patriotic nationalism in, 152, 347, 364–65
possible separate peace with Germany, 229, 306–7, 310, 342, 345, 356–57
as postwar world power, 344–48, 368–69
proposed demarcation line with Europe, 154–55
and proposed UN Security Council, 154, 159
proposed war with Japan, 29, 153, 222–23, 229, 284, 310
and race against western advance by, 154–56, 159, 237, 279, 327, 361
relationship with Great Britain, 272
relationship with U.S., 149–50, 152, 227
Stalin proposes summit in, 289–90, 292
as threat to Europe, 148, 149–50, 153–55, 204, 222–23, 229, 279, 298, 301, 313, 334, 345–46, 360–66, 367–69, 372
and United Nations, 310, 386
U.S. military aid to, 39, 60, 127, 153, 222, 227, 230, 290, 342, 347
U.S. popular view of, 149–50
Spain: fear of German counterattack through, 50–51, 52, 140, 144–
45
Speer, Albert, 133, 304
Spellman, Francis (cardinal): and Allied bombing of Rome, 360, 366
confers with FDR, 360–66, 368, 396
ignores Holocaust, 360
Stalin, Joseph, 25, 104, 148, 200, 222
angers FDR, 333, 334, 335, 341–42, 343, 353, 396
apprised of Casablanca strategic agreement, 200, 230
blames Nazis for Katyn Forest massacre (1940), 228
Bullitt on, 151–52, 222–23
character and personality, 227–28, 343, 347–48, 367, 369
Churchill and, 342, 345, 347, 353
Churchill meets with, 247–48
claims of personal military command, 39–40, 289
complains of being ignored, 333, 343
Davies mission to, 230–31, 239, 271–72, 282–83, 289
declines to attend Casablanca Conference, 11, 22, 93, 113, 126, 227
declines to attend proposed summit, 38, 39–40
demands inclusion in Italian surrender negotiations, 333, 343, 348
Donovan on, 364
FDR on, 30–31
FDR’s personal invitation to, 230–31, 235, 244, 247, 271
Harriman on, 343, 345–46, 348
on invasion of Sicily, 290
on Italian campaign, 386–87
lack of interest in proposed United Nations, 22
Mackenzie King and, 341–42, 343, 345
projected Alaska summit with FDR, 247, 255, 266–67, 271, 277, 280, 282, 289–90, 333, 341–42
proposes summit in Soviet Union, 289–90, 292
refuses to allow Allied air bases in Soviet Union, 227–28, 229
suspicious of British intentions, 271–72
and Tehran Conference, 386, 397
threatens Allied unity, 343–44, 346–47, 348, 357, 386, 396
and unconditional surrender, 279
as unreliable and uncooperative, 227–29, 333, 334–35, 342–43, 345–46, 358
view of communism, 151–52, 154, 284
Stalingrad: defense of, 11, 25, 39, 78, 113, 126, 130–32, 133, 139, 142, 149–50, 195–96, 197, 227, 230, 255, 322
Starling, Edmund (colonel), 6–7
Statute of Westminster (1942), 282
Stimson, Henry, 37, 178, 191, 223
and atomic bomb development, 313
on Battle of Kasserine Pass, 144–45
and Bullitt, 49
confronts Churchill, 274–75
critical report on Allied strategy, 293
on FDR, 166, 253–54, 298–99
fears German counterattack through Spain, 50–51, 52, 140, 144–45
and Italian campaign, 297
on limits of Mediterranean strategy, 274–75
not invited to Casablanca Conference, 53, 202
opposes Mediterranean strategy, 49–50, 97
opposes North Africa landings, 49, 90, 143
and Quebec Conference, 296
on rank and status, 147
supports Normandy invasion (1944), 233, 299, 310–11
supports proposed cross-Channel landing (1943), 49–53, 57, 87, 143, 145, 221–22, 229
suspicious of British intentions, 202–3, 234, 254, 272–73, 274, 297
and Washington strategic conference (Trident) (1943), 206, 233–34
on Wehrmacht in North Africa, 144
Strong, Kenneth (brigadier), 376
Suckley, Margaret (“Daisy”): on Churchill, 309, 359
as FDR’s confidante, 11, 13–14, 15, 64–67, 80, 102, 106, 121, 175–77, 183, 261–62, 266–67, 280, 310, 382
and FDR’s health, 164, 166–69, 353, 367–68
on Hopkins, 315
as White House hostess, 359
Sumatra: Churchill obsessed with, 333–34
surrender, unconditional: Churchill and, 128–29, 158, 246, 373
FDR and necessity of, 28–31, 59–60, 101, 104, 120–21, 127–30, 152–53, 157, 160, 188–89, 192, 217, 232, 244, 264, 283, 315, 348, 350, 385, 392–93
German reaction to insistence on, 129–30, 132
Stalin and, 279
T
Taft, Robert A., 361
as isolationist, 24
Taylor, Maxwell (general): and projected assault on Rome, 376–78
Tedder, Arthur (air marshal), 92
Tehran Conference (1943), xiv, 371–72
FDR and, 386
Stalin and, 386, 397
Thompson, Tommy (commander), 206
“total war”: Germany proclaims, 130, 132–33, 134–35, 142, 150, 390
U.S. wages, 43–44, 160
Trident Conference. See Washington strategic conference (Trident) (1943)
trusteeships, postwar: Churchill and, 26
FDR on, 23, 80, 115
France and, 107
Tully, Grace, xiv, 12, 190, 280, 349
Tunis: capture of, 71, 99, 100, 197, 202, 207, 227, 236, 255, 292
Turkey, 214
Churchill visits, 157–59
urged to join Allies, 157, 159, 201, 208, 237, 327, 374
U
U-boats: air campaign against, 189–90, 197, 256
“Ultra” (secret intelligence), 89, 141, 170, 179–80, 181, 182–84, 185, 187, 284–85
United Nations. See also postwar security, planning for
Churchill and planning of, 21–22, 369–70
Congress and planning of, 20–21
FDR plans, 19–23, 25, 30, 79, 80–81, 153–54, 157–59, 222, 290, 309–10, 335, 362–63
Halifax on, 162
Litvinov on, 162
proposed Security Council, 21, 25, 30, 60, 80–81, 154, 161–62, 229, 244–45, 364–65, 398
Soviet Union and, 310, 386
Stalin’s lack of interest in, 22
Welles plans, 19–21, 60
United States: British resentment against, 314
election of 1944, 110, 165, 234, 236, 362–63
Halifax as ambassador to, 160–63, 164, 205, 245
and imperialism, 106–7, 119
midterm elections (1942), 24, 41
military aid to China, 100, 127, 210, 333–34
military aid to Soviet Union, 39, 60, 127, 153, 222, 227, 230, 290, 342, 347
military mobilization of, 33, 175, 191
political relationship with Free French, 106–7, 113
possible return to isolationism, 362, 363, 366, 397
public opinion on Pacific Theater, 217, 232, 234
public opinion on progress of war in Europe, 276, 294–95
public reaction to North Africa landings, 160
reaction to Beveridge Report, 31–32
relationship with Soviet Union, 149–50, 152, 227
shift in public opinion, 160–63, 164
sovereignty and isolationism in, 161
wages “total war,” 43–44, 160
war production, 43, 70–71, 132, 250, 304, 393–94, 395
wartime relationship with France, 117
as world power, 46–47, 104, 106–7, 120, 161, 346, 348, 350, 362–63, 365, 372, 396
U.S. Army: 82nd Airborne Division, 354, 376, 377–78, 380–81, 382, 391
Fifth Army, 375, 380, 391
Second Armored Division, 102
VI Corps, 391
U.S. Congress: Churchill addresses, 233, 236, 239, 246
Churchill confers with leaders of, 239–40, 244, 245
plans for United Nations, 20–21
U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 34, 70, 381, 399
at Casablanca Conference, 48, 53–54, 59–60, 66, 68, 82–85, 97–98
develop strategies for defeat of Germany, 293–95
dissent from Mediterranean strategy, 48–54, 55, 84, 221