Lincoln's Code
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Mason, George, 34
Mason, James, 165–68, 317
Mason, John, 68, 91–92, 133
Mason-Dixon line, 202
Massachusetts, 41, 92, 109–11
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 91–92, 265
Massachusetts militia, 202
Massachusetts Republican Party, 205
Matamoros, 152–53, 154
Matthew, Gospel of, 288
Matthews, James, 39
Matthews, John, 40
Mayer, Jane, 5
Meade, George Gordon, 119, 253
Mediterranean Sea, 115
Memorial of the Rule of the War of 1756 (Pinkney), 82
Memory of Solferino, A (Dunant), 339, 341
Memphis, Tenn., 276, 314
Mercer, Hugh W., 302
Mercer, Samuel, 157
merchant fleet, British, 144, 147, 152–54, 165–69
merchant fleet, U.S., 154
Merryman, John, 150n
Mexican Army, 117–19, 138
guerrilla forces in, 120–22, 124–28, 129, 132, 134
San Patricio Battalion of, 125
Mexican National Guard, 120
Mexican War of 1846, 86, 117–26, 137, 141, 152, 179, 182, 323, 332
civilian deaths in, 121, 122
first engagement of, 152
lawlessness on both sides in, 118–24, 131
Winfield Scott and, 119–20, 122–28, 130–32, 134, 138, 193, 195, 230, 289, 332, 368–69
Mexico, 47, 153, 289
U.S. border with, 117
Mexico City, 121–24, 126
Middleton, Henry, 76
Milan Decree, 64
Miles, Nelson A., 335, 356, 359
military commissions, 5
after the Civil War, 289–304, 308–13, 316–18
in the Civil War, 219–30, 264, 266–73, 289–90
early forerunners of, 24–27, 98–99
Henry Wirz and, 298–302, 303, 334
Lincoln assassination and, 289–96, 310
in Mexican War, 123–28, 130, 131, 132, 264, 289, 293, 370
trials of Indians by, 330–34, 331, 336
Military Law Review, 267n
military necessity, 4, 17–18, 40, 50
Andrew Jackson and, 79, 93–94, 100
Caroline case and, 112
Francis Lieber on, 183–84, 234–37
Lincoln on, 198–99, 208, 211–12, 218, 237–39
Sumner and, 205
Military Reconstruction Act, 314–16
Military Service Institution, U.S., 357
military technology, 19, 129
Mill, John Stuart, 175, 225
Miller, Samuel, 290
Milligan, Lambdin, 308–9, 316
trial of, 311–13
Milligan case, 311–13, 314, 315
Milwaukee, Wis., 142
Milwaukee Daily Press & News, 142
minié balls, 4
Minnesota, 239, 328, 330–32
Minnesota, University of, 359
Minnesota, USS, 147
Minutemen, 9
Mirabeau, Comte de, 341
Mississippi, 95, 102, 190, 201
secession of, 136–37
Mississippi River, 105, 108, 200, 278
Missouri, 116, 142, 187–89, 198, 332
Missouri Republican, 190
Missouri State Guard, 188
Mitchel, Ormsby M., 191
Mobile Register, 201
Modern Laws of War of Civilized States (Bluntschli), 343
Modoc Indians, 334–35
clash of U.S. Army with, 328–30
Mohegan Indians, 89
Monmouth, Battle of, 54
Monroe, James:
presidency of, 76, 79, 87, 93, 99–100, 103, 104, 105
as secretary of state, 63
Monterey, 119, 120, 123
Montesquieu, Baron de La Brède et de, 28, 30, 31, 228
Montgomery, James, 221, 247
Monthly Law Reporter, 199
Monticello, 28
Moore, Thomas, 157
Moravian Church, 38
Morgan, John, 190
Mormonism, 132
Morocco, 47
Morris, Robert, 27
Morse, Jedidiah, 51–52
Morse, Samuel, 52
Mosby, John Singleton, 303
Moscow, 50
Moses, 369
Mound City, Mo., 187–88
Moylan, Stephen, 22
Moynier, Gustave, 341
Mudd, Samuel, 291–94, 311
Booth treated by, 291–92
pardon of, 322
Muraviev, Count, 347–48
Nagasaki, U.S. bombing of, 6
Namur, 174, 175
Napier, Sir William, 122
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 64, 84, 100, 120, 127, 144, 173–74, 177, 200, 231, 242
exile of, 174
Peninsular Campaign of, 49, 50, 194, 253, 298
plunder by, 233
political rise of, 280
puppet governments of, 286
Russian invasion by, 50, 52, 122
Waterloo defeat of, 174, 175, 352
Napoleonic Wars, 56, 122, 144, 154, 173–74, 177, 184, 185n, 194
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 338
Narragansett Indians, 91
Nashville, Tenn., 170
Nassau, 153–54
Nation, 95n
National Intelligencer, 65, 103
nationalism, 3
National Republican, 330
Naval War College, 346
Navy, U.S., 56–59, 62–65, 115, 156, 347, 354, 362
chaplains in, 87
laws of war for, 86–88
officers of, 87–88, 109
size of, 135, 145
Navy Department, U.S., 87, 145, 148–49, 346–47
Nazi leaders, trials of, 3
necessity, see military necessity
Neely, Mark, 267n
Nelson, Samuel, 161–62
Nelson, Thomas, 100
Nereide case, 58
Netherlands, 44, 53
U.S. treaty with, 47
neutrality, 6, 17–18, 19
Civil War and, 146, 149–50, 152–56, 166–68, 223, 263
Declaration of Paris and, 134–35
early U.S. policy of, 52–66
Geneva Convention and, 339–40
The Hague and, 352
Washington’s proclamation of, 51–53
Newark (Canada), 67
New France, 14
New Hampshire, 105
New Jersey, 20, 23, 54
New London, Conn., 39, 40
New Mexico Territory, 335
New Orleans, La., 157, 202, 216, 314
Union occupation of, 1, 189, 238, 244
Newton, Isaac, 85
New York, 20, 83
criminal justice system of, 115–17
Long Island, 21
New York, N.Y., 25, 180
Central Park in, 339
harbor of, 21, 162, 187, 296
machine politics of, 147–48
Tombs prison in, 158, 162
water supply of, 295
New York Children’s Aid Society, 341
New York Herald, 142–43, 246, 247, 329–30
New York Independent, 318
New York Journal of Commerce, 205
New York Republican Party, 265
New York Supreme Judicial Court, 114
New York Times, 181, 227, 259, 260, 295, 305, 313, 340
New York Tribune, 143
Niagara, USS, 147
Niagara Falls, 111–12
Niagara Falls, N.Y., 67
Niagara River, 111–12
Niblack, William, 305–6
Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 347–48
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 253
Nightingale, Florence, 338–39
Nobel Peace Prize, 373
Norfolk, Va., 54, 62
North, Frederick, Lord, 43
No
rth Africa, 47
North American Review, 115, 200
North Carolina, 145, 201, 228, 359
Nueces River, 117, 118
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, 112
American-made charter of, 6
Obama, Barack, 373
Ohio, 34, 37, 38, 92, 115, 271–73
Ohio, 109
Ohio River, 13, 26
Ohio Valley, 19, 33, 38, 47
junction of three rivers in, 13, 169
Oklahoma, 335
O’Laughlin, Michael, 291, 294
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 339
Onis, Luis de, 105
Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (McPherson), 301n
Oregon Territory, 197, 328, 332–35
Ottawa Indians, 36
Ottomon Empire, 133, 174–75
Ould, Robert, 256, 259, 262, 287, 299, 301
Overton, John, 103
Owsley, Frank, 155
Oxford University, 30
Pacific Ocean, 105, 164, 328, 353–54, 363
pacifism, 3, 111, 131–32, 151, 177–79
Paine, Tom, 41
Palasciano, Ferdinando, 339
Palmerston, Lord, 114–15, 135, 136
Palmyra, Mo., 189, 274
Panay, 359
Paris, 54, 72, 339
1856 peace conference in, 133
Parker, Joel (governor), 217
Parker, Joel (professor), 201, 217
Parliament, British, 36, 136
prisoner of war legislation in, 43
parole, see prisoners of war
Partisan Ranger Act, 190, 192
patriotism, 103, 109, 177–78
Patterson, Robert, 202
Peace of Utrecht (1713), 45
Peace of Westphalia, 348
peace societies, 131–32, 137, 182, 188, 191, 265
Peel, Robert, 115
Peninsula Campaign, 209, 230, 235
Peninsular Campaign, 49, 50, 194, 253, 298
Pennsylvania, 33, 36, 81, 91, 107, 150
Pennsylvania militia, 92
Pequot Indians, 91, 92, 253
Pequot War of 1637, 91
Perry, Aaron Fyfe, 272
Perry, Matthew, 88
Peterhoff, 154
Petrel, 159
Phelps, John W., 224, 244
Philadelphia, Pa., 53, 63, 80–81, 83, 147, 161–62, 176, 315
“Killers” gang of, 118–19
Philippines, 353–62, 368
Philippine War of 1899–1902, 6, 7, 354–62
guerrilla warfare in, 354–55
U.S. use of torture in, 355–56, 359–61, 360, 363, 364–65
Pickett, George, 302, 340
Pierce, Franklin, 133–36, 141, 224
Pillow, Gideon, 170, 173
Pinckney, Thomas, 60
Pinkney, William, 81–82
piracy, 21, 87, 115, 134, 146, 159, 161–63
Pitt, William, 60–61
Pittsburgh, Pa., 92
Poindexter, George, 102
poisons, 67, 325
prohibition of, 2, 3, 4, 18, 183
police forces, 143
Polk, James, 117, 123, 124, 128n, 141
Polk, Leonidas, 253
Pontiac’s War, 92
Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin), 43
Pope, John, 214, 229, 330, 334
Porter, Fitz John, 214
Port Royal, S.C., 164
Powell, Lewis, 291, 292, 294
“Précis Relative to Negroes in America” (Carleton), 204
Price, Sterling, 188, 192
Priestley, Joseph, 11
prisoners of war, 382–85
black, 256–61, 257, 258, 265, 274, 288, 297, 298
British, 21, 22–23, 24–27, 28, 33–37, 39–41, 67–69
capture of, 13–14, 17, 21, 24, 26, 28, 33–37, 40
Confederate Army, 230, 264, 278, 309
as criminals, 143
death rates among, 21, 80, 260–61, 263, 300–301
escape of, 68–69
exchange of, 21, 22–23, 37, 68–69, 118, 181, 230, 245, 254–56, 258–63, 262, 278, 388–89
execution of, 4, 13–14, 17, 21, 23–27, 24, 30, 31, 35, 38, 40–41, 42, 66, 66, 99, 107, 114, 120–21, 127, 256–59, 257, 258, 265, 274, 281–82, 297, 298, 302, 355–56
Filipino, 355–56
French, 21
high-profile, 21, 24–26
Indian, 335–36
laws governing treatment of, 2, 4, 8, 17, 20, 21, 23, 67–68, 90
parole of, 21, 23, 37, 38, 68, 127, 230, 232, 254–56, 344, 389–90
as slaves, 30–31
slaves as, 30
Union Army, 163, 230, 232, 255–63, 257, 258, 278, 288, 298–301, 302, 333
U.S., 21–23, 27, 28, 34, 38, 66, 66, 67–69
wounded, 21, 24, 66, 66, 68, 79–80
prison ships, 21, 34, 80
privateering, 44, 45–46, 53–54, 88, 134–36, 157–65, 159, 200, 223–24, 366–67
Prize Cases, The, 150–51, 152, 155, 306–7, 323
property, at sea, 44–47, 56–60, 133–36, 150–55, 202, 352
property, on land, 4, 40, 50, 70–72, 139, 211, 233–34, 379–81
Sherman and, 275–77, 282
slaves as, 70–77, 139, 198–99, 205, 226–27
Providence Gazette, 63
Prussia, 133, 182
Austrian war with, 328, 341, 343
French wars with, 52, 173–74, 177–78, 184, 194, 231, 340, 343
U.S. treaty with, 46, 47, 134
Prussian army, 2, 173–74, 184
Colberg Regiment of, 174
Puebla, 120, 123
Puerto Rico, 353
Pufendorf, Samuel, 103
Punta Agua, 119
Quantrill, William, 189, 189, 268, 275
Queen’s College (Ireland), 225
Queenstown, Battle of, 122
race riots, 314
Raisin River, Battle of, 66, 66
Rancho Agua Nueva, 121
Rancho Guadalupe, 121
Randall, James G., 370
Randolph, George, 192–93
Randolph, John, 36
Randolph, Tenn., 191
Rappahannock River, 208
Rawle, William, 81, 269
Raymond, Henry, 305, 340
Reagan, John, 287
Reconstruction, 311–13
Congressional debates on, 304–7, 316–17
theories on, 306, 307
Red Cross, 341, 370
Reid, John, 65
Remarks Upon Alchemy and Alchemists (Hitchcock), 254
Republican Party, 148, 264–65, 272, 371
antislavery platform of, 151
congressional majorities of, 304–6, 312
moderate wing of, 315
Reynolds, Martha, 52
Rhode Island, 39, 70, 91
Richmond, Va., 74, 190, 202, 208–9, 224, 230, 232, 244, 254, 259, 295
Richmond Enquirer, 65, 313
Rio Grande River, 117, 118–19, 152, 153
Rocky Mountains, 105
Roman Catholics, 125
Romans, ancient, 30, 88, 124, 200
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 372
Roosevelt, Theodore, 353
presidency of, 7, 352, 355, 359, 361, 365
Root, Elihu, 7, 352, 353, 357, 359, 362, 365
Ross, Robert, 49–50
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 129, 233, 271, 276
Royal Navy, 26, 51, 60, 62–65, 112, 352
U.S. seamen impressed into, 55
vessels of, 135
Royster, Charles, 275–76
Rubens, Peter Paul, 348
Ruffin, Edmund, 190
Ruggles, Daniel, 197
Rule of 1756, 60–62, 64
Rules of Land Warfare (Glenn), 363–65
Rush, Benjamin, 24
Russell, John, Lord, 144, 148, 155, 161, 166–68
Russell, William Howard, 160, 340
Russia, 133, 347–50
British wars with, 133
French wars with, 50, 52, 122, 133
U.S. relations with, 47, 76
Russian Army, 184, 191
Russian Ministry of Affairs, 343
Russo-Japanese War of 1905, 3
Rutledge, John, 39
Saint-Domingue, 200
St. John’s River, 221
St. Louis, Mo., 187–88, 198
St. Marks, Fla., 98, 100
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 154
Salamanca, 17
Salem Gazette, 68
Salisbury prison camp, 303, 322
Samar, 356, 359
Sand Creek, Colo., 336, 337
Sands, Philippe, 5
Sanitary Commission, U.S., 173, 278, 339
San Jacinto, 164–66
Saratoga, Battle of, 23, 28
Sardinia, 133
Sartiges, Eugène de, 136
Savannah, 161–62, 163
Savannah, Ga., 302, 303
Savannah River, 29
Saxony, 19
Saxton, Rufus, 222
Saybrook, Conn., 92
scalping, 33–36, 38, 88–90, 97–98, 103–4, 336
Schade, Louis, 299
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 52n
Schmitt, Carl, 6–7
Schofield, John M., 325, 334, 357
Schooner Exchange case, 58
Scotland, 19, 42, 286
Scott, Sir Walter, 109
Scott, Sir William, 64, 154
Scott, Winfield, 86, 115, 159, 166
as general-in-chief of Union Army, 138, 159
General Orders No. 20 of, 123–24
General Orders No. 372 of, 126
in Mexican War, 119–20, 122–28, 130–32, 134, 138, 193, 195, 230, 289, 332, 368, 369
military commissions and councils of war convened by, 123–28, 130, 131, 132, 264, 289, 293, 370
in War of 1812, 122
secession:
as crime vs. act of war, 138, 142–43, 143, 146
grounds for, 201
of Southern states, 136–37, 142–43, 263, 275
Second Confiscation Act, 211–12, 229
Seddon, James, 245–46, 249, 255–56, 262, 287, 299
Sedgwick, John, 253
self-defense, 111, 112–13
preemptive, 112n
Seminole Indians, 89, 96–99, 97, 102, 107–8, 107, 206, 230
Seminole Wars, 97, 107, 108, 141, 206, 222, 253, 332
Semmes, Raphael, 308
Semmes, Thomas Jenkins, 216
Senate, U.S., 117, 151, 229, 304, 313, 356
Foreign Relations Committee of, 137, 148, 205
Johnson’s impeachment trial in, 322
select committee of, 104–5
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 5, 370, 371, 372
Sequalteplan, Battle of, 125
Sequestration Act, 224
Seven Days Battles, 209, 232
Seven Pines, Battle of, 209
Seven Years’ War, 60–61
Washington’s involvement in, 13–15
Seward, William Henry:
attempted assassination of, 291, 317
law career of, 148
as New York governor, 116–17, 137, 147, 148
political skills of, 147–48, 149