The Shadow King
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11. Lucas, A., “The Use of Natron by the Ancient Egyptians in Mummification,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1, 1914, 119–123.
12. Brier, B., “A Thoroughly Modern Mummy,” Archaeology, Jan./Feb. 2001.
13. Mummifying Alan: Egypt’s Last Secret, first broadcast on Channel 4 (Britain) on October 24, 2011.
14. Derry, D. E., “Note on the Skeleton Hitherto Believed to Be That of King Akhenaten,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 31, 1931, 115–119.
15. Engelbach, R., “The So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 31, 1931, 98–114.
16. Finn, C., “Recreating the Sound of Tutankhamun’s Trumpets,” BBC News. November 7, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13092827.
17. Haines, W. R., “D. E. Derry,” British Medical Journal 1(5228), 1961, 832–833.
18. Letter from Douglas Derry to Dora Mansfield, dated June 5, 1950 (kindly made available to me by Derry’s grandson, Ramsay Derry), in which he describes the incident.
19. Haines, “D. E. Derry.”
20. Pollak, E., “When They Dug Up King Tut!” The Milwaukee Journal. October 28, 1952.
Other sources include:
Engelbach, R., “Mummification I: Introduction: Herodotus, with Notes on his Text.” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 41, 1942, 235–239.
Gilberg, M., “Alfred Lucas: Egypt’s Sherlock Holmes,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36(1), 1997, 31–48.
Ikram, S., and A. Dodson, The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998.
Rivas, B., and A. Bullen, John Derry: The Story of Britain’s First Supersonic Pilot. Sparkford: Haynes, 2008.
Taylor, J. H., Egyptian Mummies. London: British Museum Press, 2010. Thompson, J., A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present. London: Haus, 2009.
Chapter 7: Letters from Liverpool
1. Letter from anatomist R. Harrison to pathologist E. G. Evans, dated June 9, 1960, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
2. Harris, R., and R. G. Harrison, “The Effect of Low Temperature on the Guinea Pig Testis,” Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Fertility, 1955, 23–34.
3. Fairman, H. W., “Once Again the So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 47, 1961, 25–40.
4. Smith, G. E., The Royal Mummies. London: Constable, 1912.
5. Derry, D. E., “An X-ray Examination of the Mummy of King Amenophis I,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 34, 1934, 47–48.
6. Harrison, R. G., “An Anatomical Examination of the Pharaonic Remains Purported to Be Akhenaten,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52, 1966, 95–119.
7. Correspondence between Harrison and Ali Abdalla, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
8. Letter from Harrison to Johnstone dated May 25, 1967, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
9. Photograph no. 256-p1566, taken by Harry Burton, held in the archive of the Griffith Institute in Oxford, UK. Available online at: http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/tutankhamundiscovery.html.
10. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ahram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.
11. “Tutankhamen Postmortem,” part of the BBC’s Chronicle series. Directed by P. Johnstone; first broadcast on BBC2, October 25, 1969.
12. Correspondence between Frank Leek and John Harris, held in the archive of the Griffith Institute, Oxford, UK.
13. Forbes, D., “. . . And (2) Carter Not Guilty? (Editor’s Reply).” Kmt 5(2), 1994, 3.
14. As of September 2012, these photographs are available online here: https://picasaweb.google.com/115265054906687312356/Luxor1943, and described in a Luxor News blog post here: http://luxor-news.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/1943-photos-from-all-over-egypt.html.
15. “Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by the SCA, Cairo, March 8, 2005.
Other sources include:
“Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by the SCA, Cairo, March 8, 2005.
“A Mummy in the Closet,” Time. October 31, 1960.
Thomas, H., Harry Thomas’ Memory Lane Volume 1. Rhyl, UK: Gwasg Helygain, 2003.
Correspondence between Harrison and Madeleine Smith of the British Museum, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
Dawson, W., Foreword in Diseases in Antiquity, ed. D. S. Brothwell and A. T. Sandison. Illinois: Thomas, 1967.
UK press clippings from summer 1960.
Correspondence between Ronald Harrison and others, including Ali Abdalla and Paul Johnstone, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
“Sir Archibald Douglas Reid,” British Medical Journal, 1924, 174.
Chapter 8: Secrets from Blood and Bone
1. Harrison, R. G., and A. B. Abdalla, “The Remains of Tutankhamun,” Antiquity 46, 1972, 8–14.
2. Leek, F. F., “Observations on the Dental Pathology Seen in Ancient Egyptian Skulls,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52, 1966, 59–64.
3. Leek, F. F., “Teeth and Bread in Ancient Egypt,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 58, 1972, 126–130.
4. Leek, F. F., “The Human Remains from the Tomb of Tut‘ankhamūn,” Tut‘ankhamūn’s Tomb Series Part V. Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1972.
5. Leek, F. F., “A Technique for Oral Examination of a Mummy,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, 1971, 105–109.
6. Leek, F. F., “How Old Was Tutankhamun?” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 63, 1977, 112–115.
7. Harrison, R. G., “The Tutankhamun Post-Mortem,” in Chronicle: Essays from Ten Years of Television Archaeology, ed. R. Sutcliffe. London: BBC, 1978, 52.
8. Connolly, R. C., “Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Affirmed by Serological Micromethod,” Nature 224, 1969, 325.
9. Harrison, R. G., unpublished book manuscript, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
10. Harrison, R. G., Connolly, R. C., and A. B. Abdalla, “Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Demonstrated Serologically,” Nature 224, 1969, 325–326.
11. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Ali Abdalla dated January 19, 1970, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
12. Connolly, R. C., Harrison, R. G., and S. Ahmed, “Serological Evidence for the Parentage of Tut‘ankhamūn and Smenkhkare,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 62, 1976, 184–186.
Other sources include:
Correspondence between Ronald Harrison and others, including Soheir Ahmed, Ali Abdalla, and Paul Johnstone, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
Chapter 9: X-raying the Pharaohs
1. Harris, J. E., and K. R. Weeks, X-raying the Pharaohs. London: Macdonald, 1973, 126.
2. Ibid, 70.
3. Wente, E. F., “Who Was Who Among the Royal Mummies,” The Oriental Institute News and Notes 144, 1995.
4. Smith, G. E., The Royal Mummies. London: Constable, 1912.
5. Harris, J. E., et al., “Mummy of the ‘Elder Lady’ in the Tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian Museum Catalog Number 61070,” Science 200, 1978, 1149–1151.
6. Letter from Soheir Ahmed to Ronald Harrison, dated December 5, 1974, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
7. Harrison, R. G., et al., “A Mummified Foetus from the Tomb of Tutankhamun,” Antiquity 53, 1979, 19–21.
8. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Ali Abdalla, dated May 1, 1972, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
9. Harris, J. E., and K. R. Weeks, X-raying the Pharaohs.
10. Harris, J. E., and E. F. Wente, eds. An X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
11. Connolly, R. C., et al., “An Analysis of the Interrelationships Between Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty,” Masca Journal 1(6), 1980, 178–181.
12. Germer, R., “Die Angelbliche Mumie de Teje: Probleme Interdisziplinaren Arbeten,” Altaegyptischen Kulture 11, 1984,
85–90.
13. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Soheir Ahmed, dated March 19, 1982, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
14. Steve Martin first performed his homage to King Tut on Saturday Night Live, April 22, 1978. It was subsequently released as a single, reaching no. 17 in the U.S. charts.
15. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania,” The New York Times. March 8, 1978.
16. Hoving, T., Making the Mummies Dance: Inside the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993, 402.
17. Kron, J., “Egyptian Fever: A Rise of the Nile Style,” The New York Times. June 23, 1977.
18. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania.”
19. McAlister, M., Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, 126.
20. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania.”
21. Thompson, J., A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present. London: Haus, 2009.
Other sources include:
For more on the identities of the royal mummies, see: Bickerstaffe, D., Refugees for Eternity: The Royal Mummies of Thebes. Book Four: Identifying the Royal Mummies. Chippenham, UK: Canopus Press, 2009.
Chapter 10: Living Image of the Lord
1. “Tells of Opening Pharaoh’s Tomb,” The New York Times. October 13, 1923.
2. Bucaille, M., The Bible, the Qur’an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an, 2003 (first published in 1976).
3. Selin, H., ed., Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.
4. Bucaille, M., Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
5. Ibid., 43.
6. Ibid., 49.
7. Ibid., 26–27.
8. Freud, S., Moses and Monotheism. New York: Vintage, 1996 (first published in 1939).
9. Osman, A., Moses and Akhenaten: The Secret History of Egypt at the Time of the Exodus. Rochester, VT: Bear, 2002 (first published in 1990).
10. Osman, A., Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs: The Essene Revelations on the Historical Jesus. Rochester, VT: Bear, 2004 (first published in 1992).
11. Redford, D., “The Monotheism of the Heretic Pharaoh: Precursor of Mosaic Monotheism or Egyptian Anomaly?” Biblical Archaeology Review 13(3), 1987, http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=13&Issue=3&ArticleID=1.
12. Nkrumah, G., “Ahmed Osman: Akhenaten as Moses, and Jesus, Tutankhamun. A Case of Double Identities,” Al Ahram, January 2004, 8–14.
13. Gadalla, M., Tutankhamun: The Living Image of the Lord. Greensboro, NC: Tehuti Research Foundation, 1997.
14. “A Special Letter to Prof. Zahi Hawass: Is Tut-ankh-amun the Biblical Jesus?!” Editorial in The Ambassadors online magazine, January 2008, http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue23/editorial.htm.
15. Woodward, S., et al., “DNA Sequence from Cretaceous Period Bone Fragments,” Science 266, 1994, 1229–1232.
16. Griggs, C. W., et al., “Evidences of a Christian Population in the Egyptian Fayum and Genetic and Textile Studies of the Akhmim Noble Mummies,” BYU Studies 33(2), 1993, 215–243.
17. Greenfield, J., “Secrets of the Ancient World Revealed Through DNA,” Ostracon 12(1), 2001, 21–23.
18. Lobdell, W., “Bedrock of a Faith Is Jolted,” The Los Angeles Times. February 16, 2006.
19. El-Jesri, M., “Drop the Mummy, and Nobody Gets Hurt: Recent Controversy over Moving King Tut Puts Egyptologists in the Spotlight,” Egypt Today. January 2005.
20. http://www.smgf.org/faqs.js.
21. Greenfield, J., “Secrets of the Ancient World Revealed Through DNA.”
22. “Researchers to Test DNA of King Tut,” The Japan Times. November 8, 2000.
23. “Delay in DNA Probe of Egypt’s Legendary Pharaoh Tutankhamun,” Al Bawaba News. December 11, 2000.
24. “DNA Tests Halted on King Tut’s Mummy,” ABC News. December 13, 2000.
25. Hirano, S., “Team Told Not to Probe Tutankhamen’s DNA,” Yomiuri Shimbun/Daily Yomiuri. February 21, 2001.
26. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ahram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.
27. Rose, M., “Who’s in Tomb 55?” Archaeology. March/April 2002.
28. McAlister, M., Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
29. For example, see “Blood Types and Ancient Egypt: Debunking Neo-Nazi Appropriation of Ancient Egyptian Heritage” (http://www.africanamericanculturalcenterpalmcoast.org/historyafrican/bloodtype.htm) and “The BEST Evidence of White Egypt: Death Blow to Afrocentricism” (http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=15;t=002315).
30. “Outraged Black Activists Protest That King Tut Has Been Whitewashed,” American Renaissance. June 16, 2005.
31. For example, see “Obama Akhenaton” (www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrHBJD8PKo) and “Is Obama the Clone of Akhenaten?” (www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fhTkpv9OYo).
32. Freeman, “Barackhenaten and Renaissance Tiye,” in Freeman’s Blog: Explore the Sorcery of Your Government (http://thefreemanperspective.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/barackhnaten-and-renaissance-tiye.html).
Chapter 11: Evil Pyramids and Murderous Mold
1. Däniken, E. V., Chariots of the Gods? New York: Souvenir Press, 1969 (reprinted by Berkley in 1980).
2. Vandenberg, P., The Curse of the Pharaohs. London: J. B. Lippincott, 1975 (reprinted by Hodder and Stoughton in 1976).
3. See http://us.macmillan.com/author/philippvandenberg.
4. Gruber, E., Salama, E., and W. Ruhm, “Real-time Measurement of Individual Occupational Radon Exposures in Tombs of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry 144, 2011, 620–626.
5. Dean, G., “The Curse of the Pharaohs,” World Medicine, June 1975, 17–21. Also discussed in correspondence between Ronald Harrison and Soheir Ahmed, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.
6. Dean, G., “The Curse of the Pharaohs.”
7. Di Paolo, N., et al., “Acute Renal Failure from Inhalation of Mycotoxins,” Nephron 64(4), 1993, 621–625.
8. Bucaille, M., Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990.
9. Russell, K., et al., “Gardening Can Seriously Damage Your Health,” The Lancet 371(9629), 2008, 2056.
10. Janinska, B., “Historic Buildings and Mould Fungi: Not Only Vaults Are Menacing with ‘Tutankhamen’s Curse,’” Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2, 2002, 43–54.
11. Cox, A. M., “The Death of Lord Carnarvon,” The Lancet 361(9373), 2003, 1994; El-Tawil, S., and T. El-Tawil, “Lord Carnarvon’s Death: The Curse of Aspergillosis?” The Lancet 362(9386), 2003, 836.
12. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2. London: Cassell, 1927.
13. “Curse of Pharaoh Denied by Winlock,” The New York Times. January 26, 1934.
14. Nelson, M. R., “The Mummy’s Curse: Historical Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 325(7378), 2002, 1482–1484.
15. Brier, B., The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1998 (reprinted by Berkley in 2005).
16. Ibid., 2.
17. Introduction to The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story. New York: Berkley, 2005, xv.
18. Ibid., xix.
19. The Assassination of King Tut, 120 min., first aired on the Discovery Channel on October 6, 2002.
20. Boyer, R. S., et al., “The Skull and Cervical Spine Radiographs of Tutankhamen: A Critical Appraisal,” American Journal of Neuroradiology 24, 2003, 1142–1147.
Chapter 12: Sliced, Diced, Brought Back to Life
1. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun,” Sharm Time 3–4, July 2008, 4–6.
2. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ah
ram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.
3. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun.”
4. Boehm, M., “Eternal Egypt Is His Business,” Los Angeles Times. June 20, 2005.
5. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore.”
6. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun.”
7. Quilici, B., King Tut’s Final Secrets, 95 min., first aired on National Geographic Channel on May 31, 2005.
8. Ibid.
9. Marchant, J., “Virtual Fossils Reveal How Ancient Creatures Lived,” New Scientist. May 27, 2009.
10. Marchant, J., Decoding the Heavens: A 2000-Year-Old Computer—and the Century-Long Search to Discover Its Secrets. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2009.
11. “Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by Egypt’s Supreme Council for Antiquities (SCA), March 8, 2005. See also Hawass, Z., et al., “Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, ca. 1300 BC,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 81, 2007 (published in 2009), 159–174.
12. “Tutankhamun CT Scan.”
13. “Tutankhamun Facial Reconstruction,” press release issued by Egypt’s SCA, May 10, 2005.
14. “Egyptian First Lady Inaugurates the Tutankhamun Exhibition in Basel,” Kuwait News Agency. April 6, 2004.
15. “Pharaonic Exhibit to Have Political, Cultural, Civilization Influence,” ArabicNews.com, April 11, 2004, http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041104/2004110427.html.
16. Knight, C., “RN Was the Man Behind ‘The Treasures of Tutankhamen’ in 1976,” The New Nixon blog, The Richard Nixon Foundation, August 28, 2005, http://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2005/08/rn-was-the-man-behind-the-treasures-of-tutankhamen-in-1976/.
17. Puente, M., “King Tut Reigns Again,” USA Today. June 6, 2005.
18. Waxman, S., “King Tut Treasures Will Return to U.S., but Won’t Stop at the Met,” The New York Times. December 1, 2004.
19. “King Tut, Part 2,” The New York Times. December 7, 2004.
20. “Tut’s Tissue Box,” Artnet.com blog, July 20, 2005, http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artnetnews/artnetnews07-20-05.asp.